General nutrition technology. Specialty: food industry technologist. Preparing fish for stuffing

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The main stages of the technological process of production of public catering products.

1) Goals. Item. Objectives of the discipline.

2) Stages of the production process.

3) Classification of catering products.

1) Food service technology– a technical discipline that studies the rational preparation of culinary products in mass production conditions.

The purpose of the discipline is acquiring knowledge about technological processes of processing raw materials, preparing, processing and dispensing culinary products, assessing their quality and safety.

The subject of the discipline is:

Technology for the production of semi-finished and finished products at catering establishments;

Physico-chemical and biochemical processes occurring in products during heat treatment;

Requirements for the quality of culinary products;

Technological process control methods.

Objectives of the discipline:

Ensuring the quality and safety of culinary products;

Production of culinary products balanced according to the main nutritional factors (protein-amino acid, carbohydrate, fat, mineral, vitamin composition);

Ensuring good absorption of food by giving it good taste, aroma, and appearance;

Reducing waste and loss of nutrients during culinary processing of products;

Use of low-waste and non-waste technologies;

Maximum mechanization and automation of production processes. Reduce manual labor, energy and material costs.

Interdisciplinary connections with other disciplines:

Chemistry is necessary to manage numerous processes during food preparation and control the quality of raw materials and finished products.

When processing products and producing finished products, a number of chemical processes occur: hydrolysis of disaccharides, caramelization of sugars, oxidation of fats, etc.

Most processes are colloidal: coagulation of proteins (when heating meat, fish, eggs), obtaining stable emulsions (many sauces), obtaining foam (whipping cream), aging jellies (hardening of baked goods), syneresis (separation of liquid from jelly, jellies), adsorption (clarification of broths);

Commodity research of food products - allows the technologist to correctly solve the problem rational use raw materials and serves as an important criterion for the justification and organization of technological processes, allows you to know about the composition and consumer properties product;

Product safety (sanitation and food hygiene) - its knowledge and compliance with the rules of food hygiene and sanitation ensure the production of sanitary products and establish a strict sanitary regime in public catering establishments;

Economics of public catering and organization of production and service;

Ethics and Aesthetics;

Psychology;

Equipment for public catering establishments.

2) General stages of the technological process:

1. Reception of food raw materials and food products.

The initial raw materials in the technological processes of public catering enterprises are:

a) Fresh potatoes, vegetables, herbs, fruits, berries, citrus melons, live and chilled fish, game birds, etc.

b) products industrial processing: cereals, flour, pasta, mayonnaise, canned cucumbers, fermented milk products, gastronomic products, granulated sugar, sausages, etc.

Food raw materials and food products must meet standards and hygienic requirements in quantity and be accompanied by documents certifying their quality.

It is prohibited to take:

1) Food raw materials and food products without documents confirming their quality and safety;

2) Meat and meat products of all farm animals without a brand and veterinary certificate;

3) Fish, crayfish, poultry without a veterinary certificate;

4) Not gutted poultry (kromedici);

5) Eggs with contaminated shells, broken, cracked, or leaking;

6) Duck and goose eggs;

7) Canned food with broken cans, bombed cans, cans with rust, deformed, without labels, expired;

8) Cereals, flour and other dry products infested with pests;

9) Fresh fruits and vegetables with signs of rot;

10) Inedible, uncultivated edible, wormy, crushed mushrooms;

11) Food products with expired expiration dates and signs of poor quality;

12) Homemade products.

Containers and packaging of incoming food products must be intact, undamaged and uncontaminated.

2. Transportation food raw materials and products.

In accordance with current sanitary and epidemiological According to the rules, the transportation of raw materials and food products must be carried out by special clean transport, for which a sanitary passport must be obtained in the prescribed manner, issued by the local sanitary and epidemiological inspection authority. The vehicle must be specialized.

The internal surface of the body must be lined with stainless sheet metal. Body doors must close tightly and be provided with locks to prevent accidental opening while driving.

The driver of a vehicle can also be a freight forwarder and a worker moving goods.

In this case, the driver must have a personal health book.

To transport food products, special transport of two types is used:

1) with an isothermal body;

2) with a refrigerated body.

The duration of transportation of food products in isothermal bodies should not exceed two hours, including loading and unloading operations.

The duration of transportation of food products in refrigerated bodies is not limited.

3. Storage of raw materials and products.

Dry products - flour, sugar, cereals, pasta, tea, confectionery, etc. Store in dry, well-ventilated areas at a temperature of about 20 ° C and a relative humidity of 70-75%. The content in dry products varies: sugar - 0.1%, starch - up to 20%.

Meat, meat products, poultry and fish are stored in refrigerated chambers at a temperature of 0 to 5 ° C and a relative humidity of 90-95%. The chamber is equipped with racks and hangers with hooks for storing meat products in a suspended state.

Chilled meat in carcasses, half-carcases and quarters at a temperature of 0 to 5°C can be stored for up to 5 days.

Chilled poultry meat can be stored for no more than 2-3 days.

In freezers, meat is stored at a temperature of about -10°C.

Dairy products, fats, meat and fish gastronomy, eggs, cheeses are stored in refrigerators at a temperature of 5°C and a relative humidity of 85-90%. All food products are stored separately from each other.

Frozen food products are stored in low-temperature refrigerators at a temperature of -15°C.

Bread, flour, confectionery and bakery products are stored in separate rooms in production, products with cream in refrigerated cabinets for 12 to 24 hours at a temperature of 0-5°C, products with custard Store for no more than 6 hours.

4. Mechanical and hydromechanical processing of raw materials and preparation of culinary semi-finished products.

The ultimate goal of mechanical and hydromechanical processing of raw materials is to obtain semi-finished products intended for heat treatment and preparation of dishes and culinary products.

All stages are carried out in procurement workshops:

Unpacking;

Defrosting - this is a hydromechanical treatment in which raw materials restore everythingtheir properties lost during freezing.

Defrosting is carried out in two ways:

a) in the air;

b) in water.

Depending on the type of raw material.

The end of defrosting is determined if the temperature in the thickness rises to -1°C;

Sorting

Goal: selection of quality raw materials;

Calibration

Purpose: calibration is necessary to separate specimens of equal size;

Washing – removing dirt and mechanical particles;

Separation of inedible and nutritionally insignificant parts (cleaning, post-purification).

Goal: increasing the nutritional value of raw materials;

Grinding;

Breading of meat, fish and vegetable semi-finished products.

5. Heat treatment of semi-finished products and preparation of ready-made food.

During heat treatment, the temperature in the thickness of the raw material or semi-finished product reaches a temperature of 80°C and above;

6. Storing prepared food.

Temperature conditions for storing prepared food are regulated sanitary rules, according to which the temperature of cold appetizers and cold sweet dishes when distributed to consumers should be 12-14°C. Hot soups and drinks 75°C. Meat, vegetables and other hot dishes 65°C. To store prepared food, they use: cold snacks are stored in refrigerated counters and cabinets, soups - on air warmers, hot drinks in thermostats.

In exceptional cases, food remaining unsold is quickly cooled and stored at a temperature of 2-4°C for no more than 18 hours.

7. Organization of food consumption

Mass food systems:

The principle of a buffet is that a fixed fee is set for entering the hall, where the visitor, on a self-service basis, selects snacks, dishes and drinks for himself.

Pre-setting and setting tables - used when organizing meals for individual groups, in cases where it is necessary to serve food in a short time big number of people.

Free choice in the hall with subsequent payment

3) Classification of catering products.

Public catering products are divided into:

1) Culinary products:

1. Semi-finished products;

2. Cold and hot snacks;

3. Soups;

4. Potato dishes and side dishes;

5. Dishes and side dishes from vegetables and mushrooms;

6. Dishes and side dishes from cereals, legumes and pasta;

7. Dishes made from meat and offal;

8. Dishes from fish and non-fish raw materials from the sea;

9. Dishes from poultry, game and rabbit;

10. Dishes made from eggs and cottage cheese;

11. Hot and cold drinks;

12. Cold dishes;

13. Flour and sweet dishes;

14. Flour culinary products.

2) Flour culinary, confectionery and bakery products - rolls, sponge cakes, shortbread, custard cakes.

Methods and techniques of thermal cooking.

1) Methods and techniques of thermal cooking;

2) Principles of formulation.

1) As a result of thermal cooking, the temperature of the product rises to 80-100 0 C. And in the surface layer during frying to 120-130 0 C. Under the influence of thermal energy, complex physical and chemical processes arise in the product.

I. A method based on surface heating (the product is in contact with the heating surface). Practical significance have the temperature of the product, the temperature of the heat-conducting medium, the duration of heating of the product, power density thermal apparatus and the ability to smoothly regulate the heat flow density from the source of thermal energy to the heated product. The duration of heat treatment depends on the properties of the product, its temperature and the temperature of the heating medium (fish and meat - temperature 80-100 0 C, cereals and pasta, etc. about 100 0 C).

1. Cooking in a liquid medium with complete immersion of the product in the liquid.

The ratio of water and product during cooking (hydraulic module), the initial temperature of the liquid and the boiling mode depend on the type of product. The quantitative ratio of dry substances during cooking decreases, because they move into Wednesday. Energy is supplied to the cooking medium in two stages:

a) Maximum heating;

b) After the liquid boils, use minimal heat to maintain a quiet boil (the integrity of the product is not compromised).

When cooking potatoes, vegetables and meat, the prepared products are poured with hot or cold water so that the water covers the product by 1-2 cm. Hydromodule 1:1.5. Pieces of fish are poured with hot water, brought to a boil and cooked at a temperature of 90-95 0 C, without boiling. Whole fish, stuffed fish, fillets and pieces of sturgeon fish are poured with cold water. Shrimp, lobsters, lobsters, crayfish, pasta, dumplings, dumplings are placed in boiling salted water. With a hydraulic ratio of 5:6.

When cooking multi-component soups, after adding raw ingredients to the boiling broth, the temperature drops.

Briefly cooking food in water for 2-10 minutes is called blanching or cooking until half cooked. The hydraulic module is high.

2. Cooking products in an environment of moist saturated steam.

It is carried out in steam chambers equipped with an automatic steam generator. Temperature at atmospheric steam pressure is 105-107 0 C. At pressure up to 120 kPa - 120 0 C.

Steam cooking has the following advantages:

1) The product is not deformed; less dissolved substances pass into the condensate from the product. This method is widely used in dietary and therapeutic nutrition ( combi oven).

3. Poaching products.

Carry out in a closed space in which there is water 10-30% by weight of the product and moist saturated steam formed during the heating process. When poaching, a smaller part of the product is in water, and a large part is in a steam environment. The temperature is about 100 0 C. The duration of poaching is close to the duration of cooking. Hydromodule 0.1:0.3.

4. Stewing food.

Like poaching, it is carried out in a closed space in a steam-water environment. The difference is a higher hydraulic module (0.3:0.5). The duration is 10 - 20% longer than when cooking and poaching.

Braising is a process of heat treatment in a small amount of water.

When stewing, products can be stewed in sauces.

5. Frying foods with a small amount of fat (5 – 8% by weight of the product).

Represents dry heating of the product. The surface of the product is in contact with fat heated to 150 - 160 0 C.

To bring semi-finished products to culinary readiness, one of the following methods is used:

Semi-finished products are fried on an open surface on both sides, after which, if necessary, they are fried in an oven for 5-7 minutes at 250 - 270 0 C;

Place the container with the semi-finished product in oven and fry without turning;

6. Frying foods completely immersed in fat (deep fat).

Use electric fryer. When deep-frying, the weight of the semi-finished product should not exceed 50-80 grams. The ratio between fat and product should be 4:1. Frying fat is heated to 170-180 0 C, the product is fried on it for 3-5 minutes. In this case, the temperature in the thickness of the product reaches 85 - 100 0 C, and in the surface layer 120-130 0 C - a crispy crust is formed. A prerequisite for deep frying is that the product must be dry.

7. Frying foods in semi-deep fat (frying).

Used for frying chickens and game whole carcasses and half carcasses, followed by further frying in the oven. For frying, use high-quality animal fats or ghee. The ratio with the product is 3:1. Heated to 160-170°C. The fried carcasses are placed on baking sheets with their backs down and placed in an oven at a temperature of 250-270°C for 15-20 minutes.

8. Frying foods without fat.

Used for preparing portioned meat products (steaks). Portioned pieces of natural meat are leveled in thickness to 5-8 mm, salted, peppered, placed on a frying surface heated to 160-170°C and fried for 3-4 minutes on both sides.

9. Baking.

For baking, use an oven heated to 280°C. The readiness of the food is determined by its golden crust.

10. Baking.

Used for preparing culinary products from dough. The baked product is placed on pastry sheets or functional containers. Small-piece products are baked for 8-10 minutes at 230-240°C. Larger ones (kulebyaki, pies) 30-40 minutes at a temperature of 220-230°C.

11. Temperature control prepared food.

Temperature control necessary for ongoing food storage. They use water and air food warmers, which ensure that the temperature of soups is maintained at 85°C, and the temperature of other dishes up to 65°C for two hours.

12. Passing.

An auxiliary method of thermal cooking. Shredded products heated in fat at 120-130°C. Vegetables are sautéed either until done or half done. When sautéing a product, flavoring and aromatic substances pass into fat (the fat retains (fixes) them). Anhydrous fats are used to brown flour:

Without changing the color of flour (white sauces, some soups).

Deeper heating of flour until yellow color different shades (red sauces).

II. A method of heat treatment based on the use of IR radiation.

The radiation energy is converted into thermal energy and transferred to the lower layers of the product up to the central region. In this case, the temperature of the deep layers of the product reaches 80-85°C, and the surface layer 130°C. Which contributes to the formation of a colored, crispy crust on the surface of the product, i.e. treatment with IR radiation is frying (grills with skewers, barbecues on coals, wood).

III. Method of heat treatment of products by volumetric heating (high frequency currents).

Thermal energy spreads spontaneously throughout the entire volume of the product, as a result of which it heats up to 100°C in a few minutes. However, the product does not reach culinary readiness. In this regard, microwave devices are more effective when heating prepared, chilled and frozen food.

IV. Combined way .

Each method of thermal cooking has certain disadvantages. Therefore, surface heating is combined with volumetric heating, microwave heating and infrared heating, etc.

2. The collection of technical standards is the main document for public catering establishments. Published in several volumes. Each collection of recipes has a content that indicates the groups of dishes that are presented in this collection. Each group of dishes is divided into subgroups. At the beginning of each group, a brief description of each group of dishes is given.

Recipe: Each recipe is assigned a number specifically for this collection of recipes. Next in bold is the name of the dish. The name indicates the ingredients that make up the dish.

I – layout of products for preparing dishes in a restaurant;

II – layout of products for preparing dishes in a cafe;

III – layout of dishes for cooking in canteens.

The quality of the products is decreasing.

Under the numbers there is a division into Gross mass of products (mass of unrefined raw materials) and Net mass of products (mass of purified raw materials).

When working with a collection of technical standards, be sure to look at the footnotes.

Below the recipe line, the yield of the dish is indicated per serving or per 1000 g. (soups, broths, sauces, side dishes, and some other types of cereals) taking into account the added components.

Below the layout is a brief cooking technology.

Collections of recipes do not always indicate the rate of addition of salt and spices, so you need to look at the table “Consumption of salt and spices when preparing dishes.”

The table “Duration of heat treatment of some products” indicates the time during which a particular product is prepared.

Also in the collections of technical standards there is a table “Interchangeability of products when preparing dishes.”

Soup technology.

1) Organization of the soup department of the hot shop.

2) Classification of soups.

3) Soups with broths and goods.

4) Milk soups.

5) The soups are cold.

6) Sweet soups.

1) For the preparation of soups, a separate soup shop or soup departments of a hot shop are provided at the POP. The workshop must be equipped and equipped with the necessary equipment.

Type of heating: gas, electricity, steam.

Soups stimulate appetite and activate the digestive glands.

The calorie content of soups is not high. However, the nutritional value is increased by the addition of vegetables that enrich soups with vitamins, minerals and dietary fiber.

Products for preparing soups must comply with the requirements of regulatory documentation (ND) and technical documentation (TD).

The yield of soups is 500, 400, 300 and 250 grams.

2) Based on serving temperature, soups are divided into:

1. Hot (all soups with broths and decoctions, milk, dressing) - serving temperature 75-85°C.

2. Cold (okroshka with bread kvass) – serving temperature 14°C.

3. Sweet soups (with fruit and berry infusions) - can be either cold or hot. Hot sweet soups are prepared only in the autumn-winter period, and cold soups in the autumn-winter and spring-autumn periods.

Soups by the nature of the foundations are divided on :

1. Soups with broths and decoctions:

a) filling soups (solyanka, borscht, cabbage soup, with potatoes, vegetables, stews);

b) clear soups (broth with croutons, dumplings, meatballs, fish soup);

c) purees (vegetables, meat, liver). The consistency is homogeneous, puree-like.

2. Milk soups - prepared with milk (whole, skim, reconstituted) with pasta, cereals, potatoes, mushrooms.

3. Cold soups - prepared with kvass, whey, kefir, chilled broth (cold borscht, beetroot soup, okroshka, botvinniki).

4. Sweet soups - prepared with fruit and berry decoctions with the addition of starch.

General technology system preparing soups:

1. Mechanical and culinary processing of products (cleaning, post-cleaning, slicing).

2. Preparation of individual components (sauteing, poaching).

3. Connection in a certain sequence with a liquid base.

4. Bringing to taste (adding spices, salt).

5. Storage on a steam table until sold (temperature 75°C for hot dishes, 14°C for cold dishes).

Pasta is bad retain their shape and this also reduces the duration of their storage. Dressing, puree and clear soups are stored at a temperature of 75°C for no more than 2 hours. Dressing and milk soups with pasta at a temperature of 75°C for no more than 0.5 - 0.7 hours.

6. Distribution of ready meals.

3) Broths are made from bones, meat and bones, poultry, fish, and decoctions of vegetables, mushrooms, legumes and pasta are also used.

3.1. Seasoning soups:

Feature: presence of sautéed vegetables. Sautéed tomato puree is added to many soups. Sometimes cabbage soup and borscht are seasoned with flour sauté (to give the necessary viscosity).

The organoleptic properties of first courses deteriorate when stored on food warmers, so the cooking technology provides for separate preparation and storage of some components.

As sales progress, new portions of soup are prepared.

Preparation of components:

1. Bone: bones are used: beef - articular heads of tubular bones, pectoral, vertebral and sacral; pork and lamb - breast, vertebral, pelvic, tubular and sacral.

The bones are crushed into pieces 5-7 cm long. Young beef and pork bones are fried before cooking. The prepared bones are poured with cold water. Bring to a boil, removing foam and fat and cook at low boil for 3.5 - 4 hours (beef) and 2 - 3 hours (pork and lamb).

Fat is removed periodically. 30 - 40 minutes before the end of cooking, add parsley roots cut lengthwise, carrots and onions baked without fat, and salt into the broth. The cooked broth must be filtered.

2. Meat - bone: first, the bones are boiled, the meat (pieces weighing 1.5–2 kg) is placed in the broth, taking into account the simultaneous readiness of the meat and bones. Boil beef for 2 -2.5 hours, lamb and pork for 1.5 - 2 hours. The cooked meat is removed and the broth is filtered.

3. Broth from poultry: cooked from bones, offal and whole carcasses. Chopped bones and carcasses tucked into a “pocket” are poured with cold water and brought to a boil. Skim off the foam and fat and cook until tender at a low boil. The broth is filtered. Add baked roots 30-40 minutes before the end of cooking.

4. Fish broth: cooked from food waste fish, they use heads without gills, large fish The eyes are also removed. Large heads and vertebral bones are cut into pieces, poured with cold water, brought to a boil, foam and fat removed, and boiled over low heat. Add parsley root to the broth and onion, the broth is filtered. The heads of fish from the sturgeon family are boiled for about one hour, removed, the pulp is separated, and the cartilage is cooked for another hour and a half, poured in, brought to a boil, and stored on a steam table until it is released.

5. Mushroom broth: boiled from dried mushrooms, mushrooms are poured with cold water for 10-15 minutes, washed, and filled with cold water (1:7). Leave to swell for 3-4 hours, remove, wash, boil in the same water but strained. The cooked mushrooms are washed again, and the broth is carefully filtered.

Stewed cabbage: sauerkraut is subjected to mechanicalcooking, add water or broth, add a little fat and tomato puree, simmer for 1.5 - 2.5 hours. For day-old cabbage cabbage is stewed until reddish in color for 3-4 hours.

Passed flour: heat the flour so that its color does not change or acquire a light yellow tint, cool, dilute with a small amount of broth, stir, boil for 5-10 minutes and filter. Soups are seasoned 5-10 minutes before the end of cooking.

Passed vegetables: vegetables are cut and sautéed in saucepans, placed in a layer no more than 40 mm high, with the addition of 15% fat. It is recommended to sauté vegetables separately. Onions and carrots in small quantities can be sautéed in one bowl. First, onion for 5 minutes, then carrots and heat for another 15 minutes.

Poached pickled cucumbers:cucumbers with rough skin and large seeds are peeled, seeds removed, cut and simmered in broth for 15 minutes. It is added to soups at the end of cooking.

Stewed beets: cut, pour water or broth (15-20% of the beet weight), add vinegar, tomato puree, fat and stew for 20-30 minutes (young beets), and up to 1-1.5 hours (old beets) .Before the end of stewing, the beets are combined with sautéed roots and brought to readiness along with the beets. To speed up the process, beets can be stewed without vinegar, and add tomato and vinegar only 10 minutes before readiness.

Beetroot paint: chopped or grated beets are poured with water or broth in a ratio of ½. Add vinegar, bring to a boil, leave for 20-30 minutes and filter.

Passed tomato puree: tomato paste before passivation diluted with twice the amount of water.

General rules for preparing seasoning soups:

For most soups, vegetables are chopped or cut to match the shape of other foods. When cooking soups, the products are placed in a boiling broth and brought to a boil. Then use minimal heat.

First, products whose medium reaction is close to neutral are placed in the broth and brought to readiness, and before the end of cooking, sauerkraut and pickled cucumbers subjected to heat cooking are added.

Some products produce dark infusions (red beans) or with a bluish tint (pearl barley), so they are boiled separately and then added to the broth.

5-10 minutes before the end of cooking, add spices to soups.

Cooked soups are kept for 10-15 minutes without boiling so that the fat floats and becomes transparent.

When leaving, put chopped pieces of meat into a plate or soup bowl, pour a portion of soup, add sour cream without stirring if provided for in the recipe and sprinkle finely chopped parsley or dill. You can add beetroot coloring to borscht.

Assortment of seasoning soups:

Borscht: to prepare it, put cabbage in a boiling broth and cook it, then add sautéed roots, potatoes if according to the recipe, stewed beets, and borscht can also be seasoned with flour sauté. Add spices in 10-15 minutes. Vegetables are chopped, beets are cut into strips.

Cabbage soup: cabbage is placed in a boiling broth, after boiling, sauteed roots, tomato puree or fresh tomatoes are added, spices are added in 10-15 minutes, you can season with flour sauté. Vegetables are either cut into slices or shredded, cabbage is cut into strips or checkers.

Pickles: vegetables are chopped,potatoes are cut into cubes or slices, cucumbers into diamonds orwith straws. Rassolniki can be with cereal.

Potato soups, potato soups with vegetables, cereals, legumes and pasta: characteristic products are used to prepare this group of soups.

Soups with pasta, homemade noodles, cereals and legumes: carrots and onions and white roots are cut into cubes or strips.Easy boiled pasta deformed Therefore, they are boiled in small portions.

Solyanka: add sautéed onions with tomato puree, poached pickles, a selection of meat products, capers with brine, spices into a boiling broth and boil for 5-10 minutes. When leaving, add black olives, olives, sour cream, chopped parsley, peeled lemon slices.

3.2. Soups - puree.

Puree soups are a homogeneous pureed mass with the consistency of thick cream.

General preparation scheme:

The ingredients included must be cooked and chopped. Various methods of thermal culinary processing are used: boiling, frying, poaching.

Before the end of the heat treatment, sautéed onions and roots are added to the main product and brought to softening. The finished products are turned into a puree mass, for this they are passed through a grinding machine.

Poultry, game, and liver are ground using a meat grinder and then passed through a grinding machine.

The most labor-intensive way to make soups is to puree cereals (some of the cereals are not crushed).

To prepare the liquid base of the soup, the flour sauté (fat) is diluted with hot broth or decoction in which the main product was cooked. Everything is boiled.

The amount of flour for sautéing ranges from 8 to 40 grams per 1000 grams and depends on the rate of main products.

3.3. Soups are clear.

This group includes soups consisting of clear broth and garnish.

Clear or clarified soups are obtained from traditionally produced broths.

To clarify, a protein solution (raw meat extract, egg white extract) is added to the prepared broth.

To ensure uniform distribution throughout the entire volume, the broth is stirred and then heated. When heated, the proteins denature and coagulate to form flocs that trap suspended particles, causing it to become clear.

4. Milk soups.

Milk soups are prepared with whole or diluted milk with water or from canned milk (powdered milk, condensed milk without sugar).

Soups are cooked with: cereals, pasta, flour products, vegetables.

Technology for the production of soups with whole milk:

Mechanically processed products are added to the milk brought to a boil and boiled until tender. Add salt and sugar before finishing cooking.

Before serving, soups are seasoned with butter.

5. Soupy and cold.

Ready-to-eat kvass can serve as a liquid base for cold soups.

To prepare okroshka, hard-boiled yolks are ground with sugar, salt, mustard, and some sour cream. The mixture is diluted with kvass. The whites are finely chopped. A quarter of the green onions specified in the recipe are ground with salt and added to the prepared liquid soup base.

The rest of the dill is used for serving. Fresh cucumbers with rough skin and large seeds are peeled and the seeds are removed. All products for okroshka are cut into small cubes or strips.

For beetroot soup, carrots and beets are cut into cubes or strips and simmered separately (3% vinegar is added to the beets). Cool and place in bread kvass. For young beets, the tops are used, which are cut into pieces 20-30 millimeters long and boiled separately.

When cooked, add a side dish: cucumbers, onions, eggs, as well as sour cream and dill.

6. Sweet soups.

Prepared from fresh whole or dried fruits and berries, they are sorted and washed. Apples and pears are peeled and the seed nests are removed, from which decoctions are made.

The fruits are cut into slices or cubes, dried fruits and berries, sorted and washed, sorted by type and soaked to speed up their softening during cooking. For cooking, dried fruits and berries are poured with cold water, and fresh ones are placed in hot water and boiled.

Juice and pulp are squeezed out of fresh fruits and berries, filled with water, boiled and filtered.

Cinnamon, cloves, citric acid, citrus zest, etc. are used as flavoring additives.

Sauces.

1) Classification. Preparation of semi-finished products.

2) Hot sauces.

2.1. Sauces based on meat broth.

2.2. Sauces based on fish broth.

2.3. Mushroom broth sauces.

2.4. Milk sauces.

2.5. Sour cream sauces.

2.6. Egg-butter sauces.

3) Cold sauces.

5) Vinegar-based sauces.

6) Oil mixtures.

1)Classification:

1. By supply temperature:

Hot;

Cold.

2. For liquid basis:

In broths (bone, meat and bone, chicken, fish), in decoctions (mushroom);

With milk;

In melted butter and vegetable oils;

With sour cream (sour cream sauces);

On vinegar.

3. For adding thickeners:

With thickeners;

No thickeners.

4. By consistency:

Liquid (for serving with dishes and for stewing);

Medium thickness (for serving with dishes, for baking);

Thick (for stuffing).

5. By color:

Red;

6. According to cooking technology:

Basic;

Derivatives.

Preparation of semi-finished products:

Serving temperature 75-80°C. Before sale, they are stored on food warmers. The taste is acquired by adding various spices, and various types of wine are also added.

Semi-finished products:

1) Broths:

a) White broth - prepared from meat and chicken bones. Difference: these broths are more concentrated (1.5 liters of water per 1 kg of bones)

b) Brown broth - the bones are crushed into pieces 5-6 cm long. The articular heads of the tubular bones are removed. They are placed on baking sheets and fried until dark golden in color at a temperature of 160-170°C in an oven for 1-1.5 hours. 20-30 minutes before the end of frying, add the roots. The fried bones and roots are placed in a cauldron, poured with hot water (2.5 - 3 liters per 1 kg of bones) and cooked for 5-6 hours at a low boil. An hour before the end of cooking, you can add stems of dill and parsley (unbaked roots). The broth is filtered and boiled again for 2-3 minutes.

To obtain a brown concentrated broth Fume - the boiled broth is evaporated to 1/8 - 1/10 of the volume. Store for 5-6 days at a temperature of 4-6°C.

c) Fish broth - boiled the same way, but more concentrated.

d) Mushroom broth - prepared in the same way as for soups.

2) Sautéing flour.

Flour is added to sauces to give it a certain consistency. Raw flour gives sauces an unpleasant stickiness and taste. Dry or fat-free sautéing is prepared by heating sifted flour in a layer of no more than 5 mm.

Types of sauteing:

Fat (heat to 120°C and warm up);

Without fat (120°C).

The color should change from white to a slightly milky hue (no discoloration).

2) Red (flour temperature 150°C).

Color change to light brown.

3) Sautéing vegetables and tomatoes.

Various roots are sautéed. If you don’t have enough sauces to prepare, you can first sauté the onion with fat for 3-4 minutes, and then add the carrots and sauté for another 5-6 minutes.

Tomato puree is sauteed with the addition of fat (5-10% of the tomato weight).

2) Hot sauces:

2.1. Meat broth sauces:

Red base sauce:

Floury red sauté is diluted with brown broth, cooled to 50°C. Stir until smooth. Next, pour in the remaining broth. Then sautéed roots with tomato puree. And cook for 45 minutes to 1 hour. Salt is also added. Before the end of cooking, add sugar, ground pepper and bay leaf (10-15 minutes). The sauce is filtered (wipe), rubbing the boiled vegetables, and brought to a boil. The finished sauce is seasoned with butter or margarine. Served with cutlet paste dishes, ham, sausages, sausages, etc.

Red base sauce derivatives:

Various flavorings and ingredients are added to the red base sauce:

1. Red sauce with wine (Modera sauce);

2. Onion sauce (Miraton);

3. Red sauce with onions and cucumbers (Spicy);

4. Red sauce with roots (for stew);

5. Red sauce with vegetables for meatballs (Greek);

6. Red sauce with tarragon;

7. Sweet and sour sauce (for savory meat dishes).

White base sauce:

The difference is that it is less spicy and has a more delicate taste. White sauces have less juice properties than red ones. Therefore, citric acid is added to them during vacation. To prepare the basic white sauce, white fat sauté is diluted with white meat broth. Add finely chopped sautéed roots (onion, parsley root) and cook for 25-30 minutes, then season the sauce with citric acid or lemon, salt, pepper, bay leaf 10-15 minutes before the end of cooking. Strain (wipe) and bring to boiling. Served with boiled meat dishes, poached poultry, etc.

White base sauce derivatives:

If derivatives are prepared, the main sauce is not seasoned with citric acid or lemon. Various ingredients are added to the main sauce:

1. Steam sauce;

2. White sauce with egg (Syuprem);

3. White sauce with vegetables;

4. Tomato sauce.

2.2. Sauces with fish broth:

Fish sauce:

White sauces are prepared using fish broth. Their taste is more delicate than meat. They are served with dishes of boiled and poached fish.

Range:

1. Basic white fish sauce;

2. Steam;

3. Tomato;

4. White wine sauce;

5. White sauce with brine;

6. Tomato sauce with vegetables;

7. Russian sauce;

8. Sailor sauce;

9. Crayfish sauce.

2.3. Mushroom broth sauces:

Main mushroom sauce:

White fatty sauté is diluted with mushroom broth. Cook for 45-60 minutes. Salt, filter. Boiled mushrooms and onions are cut into strips and finely chopped. The onions are sautéed. Combine with mushrooms and fry for 5 minutes. Then add it to the strained sauce and cook for 10-15 minutes. The finished sauce is seasoned with margarine or butter.

Range:

1. Mushroom sauce with tomato;

2. Sweet and sour mushroom sauce.

2.4. Milk sauces:

There are:

1. Liquid – for serving with dishes (150g flour per 1 liter of sauce);

2. Medium thickness - for baking (100-110g per 1kg of sauce);

3. Thick – for stuffing poultry and game cutlets, etc. (130g flour per 1kg sauce).

Milk sauce:

White fat sauté is diluted with hot milk, boiled for 7-10 minutes, salted, filtered, and brought to a boil. Served with vegetable dishes.

Range:

1. Sweet milk sauce;

2. Milk sauce with onions (Subiz);

2.5. Sour cream sauces:

Natural sour cream sauce:

Wheat flour is heated at a temperature of 110-120°C without fat. Cooled to 50-60°C and mixed with butter. Bring the sour cream to a boil and gradually pour it into the flour mixture. Season with salt and pepper and boil for 3-5 minutes. Strain and bring to a boil again.

Sour cream sauce (white based):

Wheat flour is prepared in the same way as for sour cream, diluted with broth and boiled for 10-15 minutes. Then combine with boiled sour cream, salt and boil for 3-5 minutes. Strain and bring to a boil.

Range:

1. Sour cream sauce with tomato;

2. Sauce, sour cream with onions;

3. Sour cream sauce with tomato and onion;

4. Sour cream sauce with horseradish.

2.6. Egg-butter sauces:

Polish sauce:

Add chopped hard-boiled eggs, salt, chopped parsley or dill, lemon juice or diluted citric acid to the melted butter. The sauce is served with boiled fish, cauliflower and white cabbage.

Polish sauce (economical):

To reduce the cost and reduce the energy value, Polish sauce is prepared on a white basis. Add butter, chopped eggs, parsley, and citric acid to the finished white sauce.

Rusk sauce:

White bread crumbs are ground, sifted and stir-fried until golden brown. The butter is melted and heated until it becomes clear and forms a light brown sediment. The oil is drained from the sediment, toasted crackers, salt, and citric acid are added.

Hollandaise sauce:

Yolks of raw eggs are combined with cold boiled water. Stir in a bowl with a thick bottom. Add 1/3 of the butter prescribed according to the recipe in a piece, boil in a water bath at a temperature of 75-80°C, stirring and lightly beating until a homogeneous, slightly thickened mass is formed.

After this, the heating is stopped and, continuing to stir, pour in the remaining melted butter in a thin stream. The finished sauce is seasoned with salt, citric acid or lemon juice and filtered.

Types of egg-butter sauces:

1. Non-emulsified(Polish, rusk);

2. Emulsified(Dutch).

Assortment of hollandaise sauces:

1. Hollandaise sauce with mustard (Muttar);

2. Hollandaise sauce with vinegar (Béarnaise);

3. Hollandaise sauce with cream (Muslin);

4. Hollandaise sauce with capers.

3) Cold sauces:

Mayonnaise sauce (Provencal):

Mayonnaise is made from refined oil, mustard, raw egg yolks and vinegar. Egg yolks are ground with salt and mustard; to emulsify, oil is poured into the ground yolks gradually, in a thin stream, with continuous stirring. Vinegar can be added during emulsification, alternating it with oil or at the end when all the oil is emulsified.

Range:

They are obtained by beating vegetable oil with vinegar, adding sugar, salt, pepper, and sometimes mustard. They are emulsions in which vegetable oil is emulsified in a vinegar solution. Served with mincemeat and salads.

5) Vinegar sauces:

They have a pungent taste and are used to prepare cold appetizers. It is better to use wine or fruit vinegar.

This group includes: vegetable marinades with and without tomato.

6) Oil mixtures:

Used for serving hot meat and fish dishes, as well as for making sandwiches. Prepared by rubbing butter with various products.

Green butter - served with steak.

Technology of culinary products from potatoes, vegetables and mushrooms.

1) Characteristics of raw materials;

2) Hygienic requirements to product quality;

3) Production of semi-finished products;

4) Production of hot snacks, dishes and side dishes.

1) Dishes made from potatoes and vegetables have high nutritional value due to the significant content of carbohydrates, minerals and vitamins.

Mushroom dishes are inferior in nutritional value to vegetable dishes. They have a unique taste and aroma.

The calorie content of dishes made from vegetables and mushrooms is not high, which allows them to be used in dietary and therapeutic nutrition.

Adding various fats, milk, cottage cheese, sour cream, sauces and other products to dishes can increase their calorie content.

The technological properties of vegetables and mushrooms allow the use of various methods of heat treatment: boiling, poaching, frying, stewing and baking.

Vegetables are also sautéed, blanched and baked.

Tubers: potatoes, topenaburg, sweet potatoes.

Root vegetables: carrots, beets, turnips, parsley root, radishes.

Brassicas: white cabbage, cauliflower, Brussels sprouts.

Alliums: onions, garlic, leeks.

Tomato: eggplant, peppers, tomatoes.

Fresh mushrooms: champignons cultivated in special greenhouses, oyster mushrooms, porcini mushrooms, dried mushrooms, salted mushrooms (only those produced in production).

2) According to sanitary requirements, fruits and vegetables that are rotten, moldy, affected by pests and diseases, damaged by rodents, insects, insect larvae, as well as with a strong foreign odor, including toxic chemicals, are not allowed for sale.

The presence of eggs and larvae of helminths and cysts of intestinal pathogenic protozoa is not allowed in fresh and freshly frozen table greens and vegetables.

To avoid darkening and drying out, it is recommended to store peeled potatoes, root vegetables and other vegetables in cold water for no more than two hours.

3) Production of semi-finished products:

Classification:

1. Based on the type of vegetables, semi-finished products are divided into groups:

1. Semi-finished potato products;

2. Semi-finished products from root vegetables;

3. Cabbage vegetables;

4. Onion vegetables;

5. Fruit (tomato, pumpkin, legumes, grains) vegetables;

6. Salad;

7. Spinach and dessert vegetables;

8. semi-finished mushroom products.

2. By processing method:

1. Semi-finished products in the form of raw peeled vegetables and mushrooms;

2. Semi-finished products that have undergone mechanical cooking have also undergone thermal cooking;

Technological scheme for the production of semi-finished products:

1) Sorting of raw materials (calibration);

Purpose: removing contaminants from the surface of vegetables;

3) Cleaning:

Purpose: removal of low-value layers of the product;

4) Slicing.

4) Production of hot dishes, snacks and side dishes:

I. Hot appetizers :

To prepare hot appetizers, boiling, stewing and baking are used. They differ from main hot courses in their sharper taste, original design and presentation. Hot appetizers are prepared immediately before serving, served in small quantities without side dishes, or with those side dishes that are included in the dish. Hot snacks are served in portioned refractory containers. Which is placed on plates covered with napkins.

Hot snacks can be served in vol-au-vents, in baskets or tartlets made of rich or puff pastry.

Range:

1. Spinach English;

2. Mushroom pudding;

3. Mushrooms stewed with tomatoes;

4. Tomatoes stuffed with mushrooms, etc.

II. Hot dishes:

Vegetable dishes are divided into groups:

1. Dishes from boiled vegetables;

2. Dishes of steamed vegetables;

3. Dishes of stewed vegetables;

4. Fried vegetable dishes;

5. Roasted vegetable dishes.

Mushroom dishes are distinguished:

1. Stewed mushrooms;

2. Fried mushrooms;

3. Baked mushrooms.

They serve dishes made from potatoes, vegetables and mushrooms with butter, margarine, sour cream or sauces. When leaving, it is recommended to sprinkle with finely chopped herbs.

II.1. Boiled vegetable dishes:

Vegetables are boiled in water and steamed. When cooking in water, vegetables are placed in hot or cold salted water (10 g of salt per 1 liter of water). Beets, carrots, and dried green pea. Since beets and carrots, when cooked in salted water, acquire an unpleasant taste, and green peas are poorly cooked.

Water is taken in the amount of 0.6-0.7 liters per 1 kg of vegetables so that it covers them by no more than 1-1.5 cm. When the liquid boils, reduce the heat and cook the vegetables until tender: potatoes 30 minutes, carrots 25 minutes, beets 1.5 hours.

Canned vegetables in jars are heated together with the broth, which is then drained.

Range:

1. Steamed vegetables;

2. Boiled potatoes: peeled potatoes are placed in a cauldron in a layer of no more than 50 mm, poured with boiling water, salted, covered with a lid, and cooked until almost done. Then the water is drained and the potatoes are dried by heating them without water for 5-7 minutes. And steam the potatoes until tender.

3. Potatoes in milk;

4. Mashed potatoes;

5. Boiled cabbage;

6. Vegetable peas or beans;

7. Spinach puree with egg.

II.2. Dishes of steamed vegetables:

Poach carrots, pumpkin, turnips, etc. Vegetables for poaching are placed in a dish in a layer of no more than 50 mm. Cabbage slices in one row. For 1 kg of vegetables take 0.2-0.3 liters of liquid.

Poach vegetables in a container with a closed lid.

The duration of poaching for various types of vegetables is: beets 30 minutes, carrots, pumpkin, zucchini - 15-20 minutes, cabbage - 30 minutes.

Can also be cooked in microwave ovens.

Range:

1. Vegetables in milk or sour cream sauce.

II.3. Dishes of stewed vegetables and mushrooms:

Cabbage is stewed raw, potatoes, zucchini and pumpkin are cut and fried. Carrots and onions are sautéed before stewing. Beets, cauliflower and green peas are boiled. Mushrooms are fried. Prepared vegetables are stewed in broth or sauce with the addition of spices.

Range:

1. Stewed cabbage;

2. Beets stewed in sour cream or sauce;

3. Vegetable stew;

4. Mushrooms with potatoes.

II.4. Dishes of fried vegetables and mushrooms:

Vegetables are fried raw or pre-boiled. In addition, products made from vegetable and cutlet mass are fried.

Methods for frying vegetables and mushrooms:

a) In a frying pan with a small amount of fat (5-8%):

Heat it to 150-160°C. Then the vegetables are fried;

b) Deep frying (1:4);

c) Frying in ovens.

Range:

1. Fried potatoes;

2. Fried cabbage;

3. Cabbage schnitzel;

4. Potato, cabbage, carrot and beet cutlets;

5. Potato zrazy;

6. Potato croquettes;

7. Fried tomatoes, eggplants, zucchini and pumpkins, etc.

II.5. Dishes of baked vegetables and mushrooms:

Vegetables and mushrooms are baked, usually after thermal cooking. Apples and tomatoes are baked raw. The baking dish is greased with unmelted fat and sprinkled with breadcrumbs so that during baking the vegetables do not stick to the bottom and walls.

Vegetables are baked at a temperature of 250-280°C, which promotes the formation of a golden brown crust on the surface. The duration of baking depends on the type of vegetables and preliminary cooking.

Dishes from the baked food group:

1. Vegetables baked in sauce (vegetables are pre-cooked);

2. Stuffed vegetables;

3. Casseroles (vegetables are mixed with eggs and baked).

1. Assortment:

1. Potatoes baked in sour cream sauce;

2. Baked cabbage or zucchini;

3. Mushrooms baked in sour cream sauce.

2. Assortment:

1. Peppers, eggplants stuffed with vegetables;

2. Peppers stuffed with vegetables and rice;

3. Zucchini, stuffed tomatoes.

3. Assortment:

1. Carrot, cabbage or vegetable casserole (be sure to add an egg);

2. Pumpkin casserole;

3. Potato roll;

4. Carrot pudding;

5. Carrot soufflé.

In terms of organoleptic indicators, the finished product must meet the following requirements:

In potato and vegetable dishes, they should be well peeled whole or sliced, the cut shape should be uniform and preserved during heat treatment. Boiled and stewed vegetables should be soft, but not overcooked. The vegetable puree is homogeneous without any dark or unpureed particles. Stewed vegetables are soft, but not steamed. The surface of fried and baked vegetables and mushrooms should be golden in color and crispy without cracks or burnt areas. The taste and smell must correspond to the incoming components.

II .6. Side dishes of vegetables and mushrooms:

Side dishes of potatoes and vegetables are the main integral part for meat, fish and other dishes.

There are:

1) Simple side dishes - side dishes consisting of one component (product);

2) Complex side dishes are side dishes consisting of two simple side dishes.

Technology of culinary products from cereals, legumes and pasta:

1. Technology of culinary products from cereals;

2. Technology of culinary products from legumes;

3. Technology of culinary products from pasta.

1. 1.1. Characteristics of raw materials:

For the preparation of culinary products, the following cereals are used: rice, buckwheat, pearl barley (barley), semolina, oatmeal, wheat, including crushed wheat, polished millet, and coarse concentrates.

Cereals of increased biological value are subject to higher requirements than regular ones, since they can be used in dietary and baby food.

Cereals must meet the requirements of current GOSTs.

1.2. Mechanical culinary processing of cereals:

Mechanical and hydromechanical processing consists of:

1. Sifting;

2. Bulkhead;

3. Washing.

Purpose of sifting: removal of mechanical impurities and unhusked grains.

Purpose of sorting: removal of defective grains.

Purpose of washing: removal of shell particles and defective large grains.

Millet, rice and pearl barley are washed first with warm water at 30-40°C, and then with hot water at 55-60°C.

Semolina, barley, small Poltavskaya and rolled oats are not washed.

The frequency of washing is 2-3 times. For this purpose, pour 3-4 times the amount of water into the cereal, mix carefully and carefully drain the water (decant).

The amount of water absorbed by cereals during washing (on average 30%) should be taken into account when dosing liquid for cooking porridge.

To reduce the cooking time of pearl barley, it is recommended to soak it for 4 hours after washing.

The duration of hydromechanical treatment can be reduced by washing it with a solution of table salt, followed by short-term exposure before cooking.

To obtain crumbly porridge, buckwheat and millet groats are sometimes fried in an oven in a layer of no more than 30 mm at a temperature of 100-150 ° C until light brown.

Semolina is not fried, but only dried in an oven.

1.3. Thermal cooking of cereals:

Porridge is cooked in water or broth, whole or diluted milk.

There are different types of porridges:

1) Crumbly porridge (humidity 60-72%);

2) Viscous porridge (humidity 79-81%);

3) Liquid porridge (humidity 83-87%);

Liquid porridges are not prepared from pearl barley, and crumbly porridges are not prepared from oatmeal.

Porridge is usually cooked in two stages:

Stage 1: pour the prepared cereal into the boiling liquid and cook for 15-20 minutes while boiling and stirring evenly, the viscosity of the porridge increases - it thickens.

The duration of this stage is 10-15% of the total cooking time for liquid porridges and about 20-25% for viscous and crumbly porridges.

Stage 2: heating - the porridge is covered with a lid and placed in an oven at a temperature of 150°C.

Do not stir the porridge during steeping.

The cooking time for crumbly porridges is 2-2.5 hours, viscous porridges 2 hours, liquid porridges 1-1.5 hours.

1.4. Cereal dishes:

1. Loose porridges:

They are boiled in water from all types of cereals, except semolina, oatmeal, buckwheat, and oatmeal.

Millet and rice porridge is prepared in a large amount of water, 5-6 liters of water and 50 g of salt per 1 kg of cereal.

The millet is boiled for 5-6 minutes, after which the excess water is drained and the porridge is cooked until cooked.

Rice cereals are cooked until tender, drained in a colander (folding rice) and washed with hot boiled water. Rice cooked in a small amount of broth is called steamed rice.

2. Pilaf is a dish made from rice cooked in a special way.

For most pilafs, rice grains are washed before cooking and soaked in warm water for 1 hour to swell.

a) Method I: Place the washed rice in salted water and cook until the outside grains become soft. Next, the rice is thrown into a sieve and poured with cold water. Then in a deep container melt some of the fat spread add boiled rice and pour in the rest of the fat. Close the container with a lid and heat at a temperature of 100°C for 35-40 minutes.

To prevent the rice from sticking to the bottom of the container, place a thin cake of unleavened dough on it.

b) Method II: In boiling salted water, the ratio of water to cereal is 2:1, add part of the butter or melted lard, add washed rice and cook at a gentle boil without stirring. When rice will absorb all the water being poured the rest of the fat. Close the pan and put it on hold for 30-40 minutes.

3. Viscous porridges - they are cooked in water or milk. The porridge should be thick so that at a temperature of 65-75°C it can retain its mound shape on the plate.

Cereals with whole grains cook worse and more slowly in milk than in water. Therefore, they are first boiled in water for 20-30 minutes, after which the excess water is drained, hot milk is added and brought to readiness.

4. Liquid porridges - they are cooked from all types of cereals, except pearl barley, buckwheat, barley and sago, mainly with milk.

Porridges are a fairly homogeneous liquid-like mass consisting of boiled and partially disintegrated grains.

1.5. Porridge based dishes:

1. Meatballs and cutlets: prepared from viscous porridges;

2. Casseroles, cereals and puddings.

2. 2.1. Characteristics of raw materials:

For production, shelled (whole), split (hulled) peas are used, as well as fine crushed grains and unprocessed legume seeds (beans, beans, lentils, chickpeas, cowpeas).

2.2. Mechanical and hydromechanical processing of legumes:

Consists:

1) Bulkhead;

2) Washing;

3) Soaking.

After removing impurities and defective seeds, the legumes are washed 2-3 times with cold water and soaked at a temperature not exceeding 15°C. Soaking is considered complete when the mass of legumes doubles. The duration of soaking peas and beans is 6-10 hours, lentils 5-6 hours, shelled peas are not soaked.

2.3. Thermal cooking of legumes. Bean dishes.

Beans are soaked before cooking. The water is drained, poured with fresh cold water, and cooked without salt with the lid closed at a low boil until softened, salt is added 10-15 minutes before readiness, then the broth is drained. Duration of cooking legumes: lentils - 1 hour, peas - 1.5 hours , beans – 2 hours.

In addition, salt can be added after cooking and the legumes can be kept in the broth for 15-20 minutes. Then the water is drained.

The yield of finished boiled legumes ranges from 210 to 250%. Moreover, after cooking, legumes should not change shape.

3. 3.1. Characteristics of raw materials:

The range of pasta is varied.

3.2. Mechanical culinary and hydromechanical processing of pasta.

They are inspected, foreign impurities are removed, long tubular products are broken into pieces of 10-15 cm.

3.3. Thermal culinary processing of pasta. Pasta dishes.

Pasta is cooked in boiling salted water (6 liters of water, 50 g of salt, per 1 kg of dry pasta). Cook pasta for 30-40 minutes, noodles for 25-30 minutes, vermicelli for 12-15 minutes.

Technology of culinary products from fish, non-fish seafood and crustaceans.

1. Culinary products from fish, quality requirements;

2. Mechanical and hydromechanical processing of fish.

1. Requirements for fish quality:

1. Live fish: In fish restaurants and other specialized catering establishments high class Aquariums are equipped for storing live fish. The oxygen content in the aquarium water should be 5-8 milligrams per 1 liter of water. The solubility of oxygen in water depends on its temperature. As the temperature decreases, the solubility of oxygen increases. In this regard, the water temperature in aquariums should be 3-15°C.

To create favorable conditions for keeping fish, the water temperature in the aquarium should differ from the water temperature of the reservoir by no more than C.

Live fish do not tolerate noise, vibration and bright light.

The number of fish introduced into the aquarium depends on its species.

The aquarium must be equipped with devices for continuous water change. The optimal storage period for live fish in an aquarium is two days.

2. Chilled fish is fish whose body temperature has dropped from 0 to C within two hours (ice to fish ratio 1:1). Can be stored in barrels for 5-6 days.

The optimal ratio of fish and ice is 1:1 (placed in barrels with ice).

Under these conditions, the fish is stored for 5-6 days without changes. At POP, such fish are stored for no more than two days.

Signs of good quality of chilled fish:

1. Bright color of the surface of the fish;

2. The presence of a moderate amount of mucus on the surface;

3. Elastic consistency of muscle tissue;

4. Eyes are light, protruding;

5. The gills are bright red or pink without mucus and have a sour or putrid odor;

6. There is no annular tubercle around the anus.

3. Frozen fish: supplied to the production facility in the form of frozen blocks. Temperature in the thickness of the body, which is -18- (-6) ° C. Maximum shelf life frozen fish from 1 to 8 months.

Full or partial defrosting as a result of improper storage and re-freezing is not allowed.

2. Mechanical and hydromechanical processing of fish:

Mechanical processing of fish must be carried out away from other products. Before starting work, you need to prepare your workplace. Before processing live fish, they must be killed. It is not recommended to delay processing of live fish, as its quality when cooked will deteriorate.

If damage to the skin is detected, the defective areas must be cut out with a sharp knife along with part of the adjacent muscle tissue.

Semi-finished fish products with bone skeleton:

Technological scheme of mechanical processing:

1. Defrosting: There are two defrosting methods:

a) in water;

b) in the air.

Most quick way defrosting in water. The water temperature in the baths is maintained at 20-25°C. The duration of defrosting depends on the size of the fish and is 2-3 hours. The defrosting process is considered complete if the temperature of the muscle tissue is -1°C.

Defrosting fish in air is accompanied by a decrease in its weight by 8-11% due to the leakage of juice and evaporation of moisture. It is recommended to cover the fish with plastic wrap to reduce weight loss.

2. Removing scales: Scales are removed from the skin of fish using scale cleaning machines or manually. When cleaning fish from scales, mucus is removed from its surface, the amount of which is 3% or more of body weight.

3. Fin removal: Remove by hand or by special machines– fin cutters of various designs. The fins are cut off at the level of the skin. The caudal fin is cut off 10-20mm above the end of the skin.

4. Removal of heads: Separated using special head-cutting machines, the working body of which is a knife made in the form of a full cylinder with pointed edges.

5. Removal of entrails: Using a special knife, open the abdominal cavity from the anus to the anus, remove the entrails and clean the inner abdominal surface from blood clots, as well as from black film. individual species The fish's entrails are removed through the hole created after the head is removed.

6. Washing: The processed carcasses are thoroughly washed in running water and placed on racks for 10-15 minutes to drain the water.

7. Preparation of semi-finished products:

Semi-finished fish products:

a) with the head;

b) without a head.

2. Layered semi-finished products: round pieces.

3. Layered semi-finished products:

a) with coffee and rib bones;

b) with coffee without rib bones;

c) without skin and rib bones (fillet).

Portioned pieces of fish are cut from carcasses whose weight does not exceed 1 kg, as well as from fillets of larger fish. Portioned pieces must have a certain weight; underweight is not allowed. For cooking, portioned pieces of fish are cut in the usual way. Directing the knife blade at an angle of 90°C to the table plane. When cutting pieces for poaching and frying, the knife blade is held at an angle of 45°C to the plane of the table. Portioned pieces of fish are salted and peppered before cooking. Cutlet mass from fish is prepared in the same way as from meat.

Processing salted fish:

First, it is mechanically processed and soaked in cold water in a ratio of 1:2. One of two soaking methods is used - in running or in changing water. According to the first method, soaking continues for 12 hours with a complete change of water after 1, 2, 3, 6 hours from the start of soaking. According to the second method, soaking lasts 5...6 hours. The residual sodium chloride content in fish intended for cooking should be no more than 5%, for frying - 3%.

The water temperature during the soaking process should not exceed 12°C. In the warm season, it is recommended to add food ice to the water or soak in refrigerators.

As a result of soaking, the weight of the fish increases by 15...20% as a result of water absorption. Since this water is weakly bound to fish proteins, during heat treatment it is completely released into the environment. When fish is soaked in water, along with sodium chloride, a certain amount of extractive, mineral substances and proteins passes into water, which reduces nutritional value finished products.

Semi-finished products prepared from soaked salted fish cannot be stored; they must be immediately sent for heat treatment.

Preparing fish for stuffing:

The fish is stuffed whole, in portions and as fillets.

In general, pike perch and pike are stuffed. After cleaning the scales and gutting, the fish is washed well, then the rib bones and spine, as well as part of the flesh, are cut out through the abdomen. At the same time, they strive to maintain the integrity of the skin. The entire internal cavity of the fish is filled with specially prepared minced meat. The belly of the fish is sewn up with a harsh thread, the fish carcass is trimmed, wrapped in gauze, tied with twine, placed belly down on the grate of a fish boiler, poured cold water, add salt, spices, onions, aromatic roots and heat slowly. After boiling, reduce the heat and cook the fish without boiling for about 30 minutes.

Semi-finished products from fish with a cartilaginous skeleton:

Defrost fish in air.

Fish cutting:

The head is separated, why? pectoral fins make two deep oblique cuts towards the head and cut the cartilage connecting the head to the carcass of the fish. Then, starting from the tail, the dorsal fin and dorsal bones are cut off, the pelvic fins are cut off, the flesh of the caudal fin is cut and, separating it, the dorsal chord (vizig) is removed. After which the carcass is placed belly down and cut lengthwise into two symmetrical halves. Each of which is cut crosswise into 2 or 3 pieces depending on the size of the fish.

Snacks, dishes and culinary products from fish and non-fish seafood.

Boiling fish: Whole fish, fish fillets, and sturgeon fish links are boiled in special fish kettles. At a temperature of 90-95°C. The cooking time is approximately 15 to 30 minutes, depending on the type of fish.

Poaching the fish: Portioned pieces are placed skin down, broth, spices, onions, parsley, salt, lemon juice or dry grape wine are added. Pieces are poached for 10-15 minutes, whole fish and links for 30 to 45 minutes.

Range:

1) Steamed fish;

2) Fish in white wine sauce;

3) Fish in brine;

4) Fish in Russian;

5) Whole stuffed fish;

Stewing fish: Medium-fat and fatty fish are used for stewing; it is fashionable to use various sauces when stewing. When stewing, various spices are added. Fish meatballs are also stewed. Side dishes are light dietary; they can also be stewed along with side dishes.

Frying fish:

Range:

1) Deep-fried fish;

2) Fish fried in dough;

3) Grilled fish;

4) Fish on a spit;

5) Cutlets, meatballs and zrazy.

Baking fish: Fish is baked raw, poached or fried. Raw fish is baked with white sauce. Dusted with milk sauce, fried fish with sour cream and tomato sauce with mushrooms. Before baking, the fish is sprinkled with grated cheese and sprinkled with oil.

Range:

1) Fish in Russian;

2) Fish with egg;

3) Fish according to Moscow;

4) Fish baked with tomatoes;

5) Fish solyanka in a frying pan;

Technology of culinary products from poultry, game birds and rabbit.

1) Requirements for the quality of raw materials;

2) Mechanical and hydromechanical processing of poultry meat;

3) Thermal cooking.

1) Poultry meat, especially chicken and turkey, has high nutritional value and good digestibility of proteins and lipids. Poultry meat of the first fatness category must contain at least grams of protein and fat per 100 grams: broiler chickens 19 and 16, chickens 18 and 18, geese 15 and 39, turkeys 20 and 22, ducks 18 and 38. Poultry meat proteins are biologically complete, fat has a high biological value, since it contains fat-soluble vitamins such as: A, D, E, K. Poultry muscle tissue contains vitamins B1, B2, B6, PP and others.

Classification:

1) By age:

a) Young - carcasses of chickens, broiler chickens, ducklings, goslings, turkey poults, guinea hens, distinguished by a non-ossified (cartilaginous) keel of the sternum, delicate elastic skin on the legs of carcasses of chickens, broiler chickens, ducklings, goslings, turkey poults, guinea fowls, tightly adjacent scales, undeveloped spurs;

b) Adult - carcasses of chickens, ducks, geese, turkeys, guinea fowls with an ossified keel of the sternum, a keratinized beak, rough scales on the legs, and hard spurs on roosters and turkeys are sent to the FPP.

2) By the nature of industrial processing:

A) Half gutted- their intestines with cloaca, filled crop, and oviduct in chickens have been removed, all other organs remain;

b) Gutted - all internal organs have been removed.

3) By fatness and quality of processing:

c) poultry carcasses that do not correspond to the second category in terms of fatness are classified as lean and are not allowed for use at the POP.

4) By heat treatment:

Cooled meat - the temperature in the thickness of the muscles is not higher than 25°C;

Chilled meat - temperature in the thickness of the muscles from 0 to 4 ° C;

Frozen meat – the temperature in the thickness of the muscles is not higher than -8°C.

Thawing and re-freezing poultry meat is not permitted.

At the poultry farm, each carcass of a beaten bird is subjected to veterinary examination and branding.

Rabbit carcasses:

Rabbit carcasses are released skinned, without the head and lower parts of the legs, gutted. The head is removed at the level of the first cervical vertebra. The lower part of the front legs was removed at the metacarpal joints, the hind legs - at the hock joints. The kidneys and perinephric fat were not removed. Veterinary and merchandising branding of rabbit carcasses is carried out in the same manner as meat. The color of meat in rabbit carcasses ranges from pale pink to white, the fat is white and soft. There is no marbling on the section; fat is concentrated in the abdominal area.

Quality defects in poultry and rabbit meat:

1) Tanning - the skin turns green, the muscle tissue turns copper-red, an unpleasant odor of hydrogen sulfide appears; the cause of tanning is the activity of anaerobic bacteria or muscle tissue enzymes during slow cooling of carcasses after slaughter;

2) Greening of the surface is the result of the interaction of hydrogen sulfide and myoglobin in muscle tissue during storage of chilled carcasses at elevated temperatures;

3) Putrid odor in the abdominal and oral cavity occurs when poultry meat is stored chilled at elevated temperatures, especially when evisceration is incomplete (leaving the lungs);

4) Mold - white mold appears on the surface of chilled carcasses when stored at a temperature of 10...12°C and poor ventilation; white mold affects the surface layers of carcasses; black mold develops when long-term storage frozen poultry and penetrates into the deeper layers;

5) Oxidation of fat under the influence of atmospheric oxygen is usually observed during long-term storage of frozen poultry; light accelerates the oxidation processes; oxidation products (peroxides, hydroxy acids, etc.) have an unpleasant taste and smell;

6) Darkening of the surface layers of the carcass - usually occurs as a result of the concentration of pigments and the transition of myoglobin to metmyoglobin.

By-products formed during mechanical processing of poultry and rabbit:

The heads are scalded and the remaining feathers are removed. The beak is cut off, eyes, tongues, and remains of the neck are removed. The scallops are scalded and the skin is removed. The legs are scalded, the skin is removed, and the claws are cut off. The stomach is cut, the contents are removed, and the rough inner lining (cuticle) is removed. The gallbladder is separated from the liver.

The by-products are washed and sent for heat treatment. Raw fat is used as part of cutlet meat when using lean poultry meat or rendered with a yield of 86% and used as cooking fat.

By-products formed during mechanical processing of game birds:

Feathered game is divided into upland (forest) game - wood grouse, black grouse, white and gray partridges, pheasants, etc.; mountain - mountain partridges and turkeys; steppe - gray partridges, quails; waterfowl - ducks, geese; swamp - waders, snipe, etc.

Rules for processing game birds:

The intestines are removed; the head is tucked under the wing; the wings are pressed tightly to the carcass without covering the fillet (breast); the legs are pressed against the carcass and pulled along the tail. Molded carcasses are packed in wrapping paper and frozen individually, using rapid single-phase freezing to a temperature in the thickness of the muscle tissue not higher than -12°C.

Bird meat differs from poultry meat in that it has a darker color of muscle tissue, less fat content, and a specific bitter taste with a resinous odor. The meat of females is more tender and juicy. Males have brighter plumage and larger carcasses.

Based on quality, game is divided into two grades - 1st and 2nd. 1st grade carcasses - properly processed, not damaged during harvesting, with clean and strong plumage, not wrinkled, with unsunken eyes, a non-dry neck, solid and strong plumage in the lower part of the abdomen. Carcasses of the 2nd grade - with minor damage during harvesting, with clean and strong, slightly dirty plumage, with a non-dried neck.

Game with a dull and gray beak, sunken eyes, greenish skin, mold, sour and unpleasant odor is not allowed for use at the POP.

Bird by-products are not used as food because they have a bitter taste.

Microbiological indicators:

In chilled and frozen poultry carcasses, the total number of microorganisms (KMAFAiM CFU/g) should not exceed 1·10 5 . Pathogenic bacteria, including salmonella, should not be contained in 25 g of product.

2. Mechanical and hydromechanical processing of poultry meat. Production of semi-finished products. Poultry and game meat are carriers of Salmonella bacteria, which are potentially dangerous to humans. They are completely destroyed by heat cooking.

Technological process of mechanical and hydromechanical processing of poultry and game meat:

1. Defrosting poultry and game in the air. To do this, the carcasses are laid out on the shelves of the rack or on the table so that they do not touch each other. For poultry and game, the rate of defrosting of poultry and game in workshop conditions is 5...8 hours. Defrosting is accelerated if the carcasses are first unpacked;

2. Feather plucking;

3. Searing carcasses;

4. Gutting and separation of offal;

5. Washing carcasses;

6. Preparation of semi-finished products:

Semi-finished products from poultry and game birds are produced in the following assortment:

1) Carcass prepared for cooking;

2) Carcasses that have undergone mechanical and hydromechanical processing, tucked into a pocket;

3) Molded carcasses in one thread;

4) Molded carcasses in two threads;

5) Carcasses of poultry and large game;

6) Fillet – is a group of pectoral muscles stripped of skin and films;

7) Ham - a semi-finished product, which is a part of a chicken carcass consisting of the femur, tibia and fibula;

8) Duck breast is a part of the carcass consisting of the breast bone with adjacent muscles and skin;

9) Neck skin from a duck carcass is a part of the neck skin 7...9 cm long, intended for stuffing;

10) A turkey thigh is a part of the breast consisting of the femur with adjacent bones and skin;

11) Turkey drumstick consists of the tibia and fibula with adjacent bones and skin;

12) The broth set is produced from all types of poultry from parts of the carcass remaining after separating the portioned semi-finished products listed above;

13) In sets for jelly and stew, along with the remains of carcasses after separating portioned semi-finished products, they include processed legs, heads, as well as offal - liver, stomach, heart;

14) Stuffed chicken fillet cutlets;

15) Semi-finished chopped products;

16) Souffles, quenelles and other dishes are prepared from chicken and turkey meat.

3. Thermal culinary processing of semi-finished products from poultry, game birds and rabbit. Preparation of finished culinary products.

1. Cooking poultry in the form of whole dressed carcasses, rabbit carcasses for cooking are divided crosswise into two halves. The carcasses are placed in hot water and boiled at a gentle simmer, periodically removing foam and fat from the surface of the broth. For 1 kg of poultry, take 2-2.5 liters of water for cooking. Young chickens and chickens are boiled for about 30 minutes, ducks, geese and turkeys - 1...1.5 hours, small game - 20...30 minutes, large game - 40...50 minutes.

The readiness of poultry and game is checked by piercing the flesh of the legs with a chef's needle. The finished poultry, game and rabbits are taken out of the broth onto a baking sheet, the water is allowed to drain, and when the carcasses have cooled to 40...50°C, they are sawn or cut into portions of two pieces: one from the chest part, the other from the hip. Portioned poultry, game and rabbit are placed in a gastronorm container in one row, poured with salted broth, heated to a boil and stored on a steam table at 70.80°C. Boiled poultry, game and rabbit are served with boiled and stewed vegetables, green peas, spatulas of beans and peas , crumbly rice porridge;

2. Steam chickens prepared by poaching;

3. Natural cutlets from poultry and game fillets prepared by poaching;

4. Rabbit stewed in sour cream prepared in the form of portioned pieces;

5. Game stewed in red sauce with wine;

6. Home-fried duck, prepared with sauerkraut;

7. Etc.

No matter what happens in human society, no matter what direction of development civilization chooses, only one thing remains unchanged - our need for food. The absence or excess of food has always dramatically affected the development of human society. In some cases, it was the complete lack of food that led to the outbreak of wars, in the flames of which more than one ancient civilization burned down. It is not surprising that in our time technologist Food Industry is a very important specialty, and people’s lives and health depend on his professionalism.

How it all began?

Food production has been constantly improved, following the development of scientific and technological progress. Once upon a time in time immemorial Our ancestors baked meat and vegetables over fire, but technology has come a long way since then.

According to research by nutritionists, the average person eats more than a hundred varieties of foods every month! And the production of each of them is under the strict control of competent specialists. In general, without this circumstance, it will be difficult for an enterprise to count on any kind of fame and popularity of its product, since modern consumers simply will not pay for low-quality products. In addition, even one case of poisoning can put an end to a prestigious, long-cultivated brand. There are no errors here.

In general, those people who supervised the preparation of food almost always existed, but in their own way modern form The profession of “food industry technologist” appeared relatively recently. Nowadays, there is a shortage of quality food products, and therefore control over food production is becoming increasingly important. In addition, agricultural technology has now stepped far forward, which has led to the possibility of growing in large quantities those crop products that were not available in the recent past.

Therefore, industrial technologies were required to process such quantities of food. Technologists have an extremely important role in this area, since they are the ones who develop and control all stages of the production of high-quality and safe products suitable for human nutrition. This is especially important if it is intended to produce products that will be used in baby food.

Where is this profession in demand?

As employment service statistics for all regions of our country show, a food industry technologist will definitely not be left without work. This especially applies to those areas where the food industry is traditionally developed (Kuban, for example). It should be remembered that this profession is closely related to the need for maximum automation of labor and constant maintenance of high interest in their products on the market. Think about this right away when deciding where to study to become a food industry technologist! Otherwise, you risk simply being disappointed in your chosen profession, and this will definitely not bring you anything good.

Therefore, a person who decides to connect his life with this path must not only have a perfect knowledge of the theoretical basis, but also be a good innovator, capable of making practical adjustments to the food production process. In many cases, the degree of competitiveness in the industry depends on the technologist. modern market, which does not forgive any mistakes in principle.

Main advantages and disadvantages of the profession

As in all cases of human activity, the profession of “food industry technologist” has both undoubted advantages and certain disadvantages. The positive aspects include the high demand for these specialists in the labor market and the high social significance of their activities. As for the negative qualities, it should be remembered that working conditions will not always be ideally comfortable.

Type and class of professional activity

According to the type of activity, the profession of a technologist should be classified as the “Man - Nature” variety. This means that specialists will have to actively interact with living and inanimate nature, they need to have good perseverance and observation. Of course, the profession of “food industry process engineer” may well be classified as a “Human-Technology” type, since it presupposes a good knowledge of the features of numerous mechanisms for their proper management. This requires individuals to have good motor skills as well as a love of manual and technical activities.

In addition, the profession also belongs to the “performing” class, since in many cases there is no need to show special creative imagination, but you need to work in strict compliance with the requirements of standard instructions. Organization, diligence and a high degree of accuracy are required.

What does the activity involve?

What does a food process engineer actually do? He controls the sequence and quality of execution of all stages of food production, gives comments and suggestions on how to correct any shortcomings identified during the process. The whole purpose of his work is to provide the consumer with high-quality and absolutely safe products, the use of which does not threaten human life and health.

What else should a food processing technician do? For example, he studies and analyzes the quality of the raw materials from which the products will be made, as well as the materials used in production and the finished product itself. He is responsible for conducting technological calculations and drawing up all the necessary documentation, studying the reasons that led to the appearance of defective products on sale. Accordingly, the specialty “food industry technologist” presupposes the ability to draw up a plan to prevent such situations in the future and eliminate the consequences of an already occurring production defect. In addition, in many enterprises, the same people are also responsible for ensuring that employees comply with safety regulations.

Now let’s give a more expanded list of job responsibilities for the specialty in which you may intend to work in the future:

• In some cases, it is the technologist who is responsible for organizing production, correct placement of equipment, etc. In addition, he almost always trains personnel in the correct handling of the machines and devices that are available at the enterprise.
• In restaurants and canteens, he also creates the menu.
• Distributes work among workers or cooks, simultaneously monitoring the results of the execution of his orders.
• He is responsible for monitoring the final yield of finished products and comparing this indicator with accepted technological standards.
• Introduction of new and progressive methods of preparing food products with optimization of processes to suit the existing capabilities of the enterprise.
• He is also responsible for monitoring the operation of the equipment - it is the technologist who calls the technicians in the event of a breakdown. The same specialist is responsible for complete quality control of food produced in production.
• By studying existing regulatory documents, he compiles new prescription combinations.
• It is the technologist who can and should study the emergence of new trends in the market in order to introduce something new and useful in production.
• Engaged in the development and “presentation” of new dish options to the market, at the same time being responsible for their “promotion”.
• Monitors how fully the enterprise complies with sanitary and epidemiological standards, and, if necessary, corrects this issue.
• When creating new dishes, the process engineer composes them technological maps, determining the exact composition and nutritional value of products.
• In some cases, these specialists are responsible for the completeness and timeliness of production supply with all necessary tools, materials and raw materials.
• If necessary, takes part in various programs to improve the skills of employees in order to better meet all the requirements of our time.

In which sectors of the food industry are technologists most in demand?

There are many industries in which these specialists are especially in demand, but the largest number of them is noted in the following industries:

• Production of bakery products.
• Milk production, as well as its processing with subsequent production of dairy products.
• Production of food products from meat, as well as enterprises that produce meat.
• Sugar production, as well as the entire confectionery industry.
• Preservation of fruit and vegetable products.
• Production of wines and beer products.
• Production of food products associated with the intensive use of microbiological cultures.

That's what a food technologist does. The profit of the entire enterprise and the attitude of people towards its products often depend on the results of his work, attentiveness and resourcefulness. So it is not surprising that rather high demands are placed on future specialists!

What should a future specialist know and be able to do?

To successfully master a specialty, mathematics, biology, chemistry, and natural science are extremely important. Every qualified technician should know the following:

• Properties, range, and structure of products produced in production.
• List of equipment used, have an idea of ​​its operation.
• List of standard consumption of all materials, water, raw materials and Supplies, be able to prevent defects and eliminate the consequences of its occurrence.
• Ideally, know all the rules for drawing up technical documentation.

All this is necessary in order to, if necessary, be able to master any modern technology that has been installed at your enterprise.

What skills should he have?

What else does this work involve? A food industry technologist must have the following skills:

• Work in any team, ability to find a common language with different people.
• Know all safety regulations at work and follow them unconditionally. This is all the more important because he (as we already indicated above) may have to be responsible for compliance with these rules by production workers.
• Ability to work with all types of technological equipment available in a particular production.

The individual qualities of the future specialist are no less important. To successfully work as an industrial food production technologist, it is important to have the following aptitudes:

• Have a passion for working with large amounts of information.
• Be able to concentrate on one issue and be as diligent as possible.
• Be not too squeamish, since when working you often have to deal with objects of living (and not too living) nature.
• A person must have pronounced mathematical abilities, since he has to count a lot and constantly.
• Have and want to work a lot with your hands. You can't do without this either.

About the working conditions of specialists

In some cases, technologists work alone, but more often they have to join fairly large teams. As a rule, the profession of food industry technologist involves working indoors. These are workshops of various plants, workshops, slaughterhouses, fish processing facilities, etc. They have to work while constantly on the move, often resorting to manual labor. The work of a technologist requires constant stress, not only physical, but also mental.

These specialists are often severely limited in their work. job descriptions and the requirements of company managers. It should be especially emphasized that this type of activity necessarily requires a medical record. According to current legislative norms, without this document no one even has the right to be inside the production workshops where the direct production of food products takes place.

Are there any medical restrictions for working in this specialty?

As you may have already noticed, technologists spend a lot of time on the move and often do manual labor. It is not surprising that some diseases can become an obstacle to obtaining a job. Before studying to become a food technologist, check with your doctor for the following problems:

• All pathologies of the musculoskeletal system.
• Diseases of the nervous system.
• Diseases of the cardiovascular system.
• Pathologies of the organs of hearing and vision.
• Immune system problems.
• Severe forms of food allergies, which can be life-threatening when exposed to food production.
• All types of contagious infectious and viral diseases.

If a person has at least some of these diseases, then the hard work of a technologist will inevitably lead to deterioration in health. In addition, in some cases, specialist diseases are simply dangerous for consumers of production products (tuberculosis, dysentery).

Where to get basic education?

Only a person who has received secondary specialized or higher education can work in their specialty. Upon graduation, he receives the profession of food industry technologist. What exams do you need to take for this? Typically, most educational institutions require the following:

• Mathematics.
• Russian language exam.
• Physics and/or chemistry.
• In some cases, computer science is required.

If you want to get a profession as a food industry technologist, where to study? In general, it is difficult to specifically answer this question, since in every more or less large city in our country there are specialized technical schools or universities. Of course, if you want to work in a particularly large production facility, you should choose an educational institution that is located in the local regional center. As a rule, it is much easier for their graduates to find higher-paying jobs. Here's how to get a job as a food industry technologist. Where to study for this purpose, you should find out specifically in your city.

What kind of objects can technologists work on?

If we talk about specific food industry facilities where a graduate can work after training, they are most in demand here:

• Enterprises for milk processing and production of dairy products.
• Slaughterhouses and workshops engaged in meat processing.
• All other factories and factories that are in one way or another connected with the production of food products.
• Catering establishments, including canteens, cafes, bars and restaurants.

This is why you need training to become a food industry technologist. It should be said that in many cases these specialists receive a decent salary. Finally, we have repeatedly mentioned their demand in the labor market, which is clearly important in our difficult times.

Are there opportunities for further career growth?

For some reason, it is generally accepted that technologists do not have much prospects for further career growth. Fortunately, this is far from the case. There are several ways to move on, not limited to running around the workshops. Firstly, there are many related areas in which you could put your efforts. So, in the same food industry there are vacancies for leading developers and engineers, and you can also become a director! Most often, people from this industry do not leave anywhere, preferring to receive the position of “food industry process engineer.” What exams will you have to take for this? Most likely, you will need to complete preparatory retraining courses for personnel, which are available at almost all more or less large enterprises.

There is an opportunity to retrain as a cook at a prestigious restaurant, a pastry chef, and knowledge in the same 1C (and without this program, anyway) will definitely not hurt you. As we said, some technologists prefer to become managers. Often you can get a second specialized education in the same place where you study to become a food industry technologist. The most enterprising students immediately receive two specialties, which greatly facilitates their future employment.

After that, they manage shifts and workshops. In principle, if you succeed in this field, you can get the education of the same manager, since management most often does not interfere with such aspirations of promising employees. That's what a food industry technologist is for! A technical school or university that trains such specialists will never be left without a constant influx of applicants.

Class hour

“The relevance of my future profession.

Catering Technologist"

Target: contribute to the formation of professionally important personal qualities of a future specialist in the field of public catering.

Tasks:

familiarizing students with the history of the profession;

instilling interest in the chosen profession;

development , correlated with the general context of his future professional activity.

General competencies:

Understand the essence and social significance of your future profession, show sustained interest in it.

Organize your own activities based on the goal and methods of achieving it, determined by the manager.

Analyze the work situation, carry out current and final monitoring, assessment and correction of one’s own activities, take responsibility for the results of one’s activities

Search for information necessary for the effective performance of professional activities

Use ICT in professional activities

Work in a team, communicate effectively with colleagues, supervisors, and clients.

Prepare the production area for work and maintain its sanitary condition

Equipment: computer presentation
Form: conversation with game elements

Progress of the event
1. Opening speech by the class teacher
Good afternoon guys!

V.A. Sukhomlinsky said: « Not everyone will become a scientist, writer, artist,Not everyone is destined to discover gunpowder,but everyone should become a poet, an artist in their own field.”.
Today on class hour we will talk to you about the profession that you have chosen and are masteringfor the second year already.

A catering technologist is a specialist in the development, production, sale and quality control of culinary and confectionery products, serving consumers and providing services as a technologist at catering establishments

Messages from students

Contents and working conditions

Many who are not familiar with the peculiarities of the specialty “Catering Technologist” listen with curiosity, catching the word “technology”. And they are disappointed to learn that we're talking about for example, about food production technologists. But representatives of this specialty are often engaged in no less serious work than their namesakes - industrial engineers. They develop and improve existing production processes, monitor the efficiency of labor organization and resolve emerging issues. production problems. The technologist determines the quality of the products, calculates their quantity to obtain ready-made dishes. Creates a menu. Distributes responsibilities between cooks and supervises their work. Responsible for the serviceability of equipment and the quality of prepared dishes. Promotes the introduction of progressive technological processes for producing products and improving the organization of services to the population. Develops programs to ensure improved quality of food services. Carries out the development and approval of new recipes for dishes, confectionery and culinary products with the preparation of relevant regulatory documents. Prepares proposals to expand the range and introduce new types of raw materials. Carries out operational control over the quality and compliance with food preparation technology. Takes part in the training, retraining and advanced training of production personnel, taking into account the requirements of a market economy. Explores factors that matter to successful implementation services provided, demand, reasons for its increase and decrease, differentiation from the purchasing power of the population. Promotes the balanced development of the catering services sector, prepares proposals for choosing and changing directions for the development of the assortment, production, economic and entrepreneurial activity. Studies the market for similar services and its development trends.

2. Historical reference about the specialty “Technology of public catering products”

Food production technology has improved along with more “serious” areas. From simple slaughter of livestock and harvesting, people moved on to processing individual products and synthesizing new ones from them. The profession of a technologist itself is not new, but it took shape in its modern form after a period of general shortage, when products poured in from all sides and the need to make their own led to companies’ need for specialists to control the production process.

The profession of food preparation technologist has existed for a very long time, although the name of this profession appeared relatively recently. Back in Ancient Greece, the cult of Axlepius, a mythical physician healer, arose. His daughter Hygeia was considered the patroness of health science, and their faithful assistant was the cook Kulina. She became the patroness of cooking, which was called "cooking" (from the Latin culina - kitchen). Records of various recipes are found in the written monuments of Babylon, Egypt, and China. Great development cooking originated in the ancient East. In the Middle Ages, French cooks became famous for their art. In Russia, cooking as a science arose only at the end of the 18th century. The emergence of out-of-home catering enterprises (taverns, taverns, etc.) is associated with the same event. It was at this time that people appeared who simultaneously managed such establishments and supervised the preparation of food. The first representatives of the profession of “food preparation technologist” can be called people who tasted and tasted royal or royal food. These people have always enjoyed the respect and trust of kings and kings.

Today, due to the availability large quantity various public catering enterprises, this profession does not lose its relevance.

3. Misconceptions about the earnings of catering technologists

The demand for food production technologists often exceeds supply, especially when it comes to highly specialized industries. This was largely influenced by the stereotype about low wages, which, due to the dynamic development of the food industry and active exports, is gradually being destroyed: food industry technologists often earn more than economists or enterprise managers.

4. Mass character and uniqueness of the profession

Like many other professions related to labor automation and the need to maintain market interest in their products, the profession of a technologist requires, first of all, not a theoretical basis, but a certain “creative spirit.” A specialist in this field must be both unique and universal in his own way - such conditions are dictated to him by the modern economy.

5. Problems that may arise

When young professionals start work, they can feel all the “charm” of it - first of all, considerable physical endurance is required of them. A technologist’s working day is often not limited to eight hours, if only because it is impossible to know in advance what problems and malfunctions will arise during the production process.

6. Where to get a profession

Special education necessary for any applicant for such a position. Its “start” could be a technological university specializing specifically in food technologies, so, say, a chemical institute - it all depends on how highly specialized the work awaits him. The most authoritative are considered educational establishments, specializing in several technological areas. The graduate goes through the ranks from junior to chief technologist and can subsequently become a production manager. Our “Shebekinsky Agrotechnical Craft College” for short story training in the specialty “Technology of public catering products” achieved success in educational, methodological and educational work, expands its staff, strengthens its financial technical base, managed to accumulate significant potential in all areas of activity.

7. What have we learned?

Apply current legislation and regulatory framework on issues of professional activity; carry out production planning, draw up menus of daily food rations for various categories of consumers; ensure rational and efficient organization of the technological process of production and sale of finished products, possess practical skills in the preparation of culinary and confectionery products; predict changes in the properties of raw materials during culinary processing, reduce commodity losses and standardized technological waste; monitor compliance with the standards for laying raw materials, the sequence of operations of the technological process; make the necessary technological calculations; develop new types of products, regulatory and technological documentation for them; ensure the provision of services taking into account requests different categories consumers; introduce progressive forms and methods of service; carry out quality control of raw materials, finished products, and services provided; identify defective products, identify and prevent the causes of their occurrence; monitor compliance with sanitary and hygienic requirements at all stages of the technological process of production and sales of products; ensure rational selection and proper operation of technological equipment; prevent and regulate conflict situations; develop and implement measures to prevent industrial injuries and occupational diseases.

8. The basis for a successful career for college graduates – good basic training and providing them with adequate practice.

Employment prospects are promising for graduates of all technical school specialties: technologists, pastry chefs. In the future, the demand for them will increase. For past years our technical school has acquired a special face, a special creative style. We can not only observe the wonderful fruits of his work at various exhibitions and festive events, but also taste them in our cafes and restaurants. The competition entries of students and teachers are always impressive, drawing us to the idea that food can also bring aesthetic pleasure.

We are happy with our chosen profession!

Quiz

What art provokes overeating?(Cooking.)

What city is served for tea?(Cake “Prague”, Prague is the capital of the Czech Republic.)

What is the name of both the document required to obtain medicine at the pharmacy and the method of preparing the dish?(Recipe.)

The pie with which fruit filling is considered the national English dish.(Apple.)

What is the name of a cake born from foam?(Merringue.)

A twisted food is... What?(Roll.)

What turns fruit juice into jelly?(Starch.)

Diet to reduce your waistline is... What? (Diet.)

Big pastry? (Cake)

Jelly in the cake?(Jelly)

Emperor cake?(“Napoleon”)

Name a flour confectionery product baked in a Russian oven, passed many tests and eaten because of its naivety.(Kolobok).

An oval pie of an oblong shape, wider and at the same time narrower than a closed pie. It is prepared from yeast or puff pastry with different types of fillings.(Kulebyaka).

The oldest delicacy of many nations. At first it was used for ritual purposes, and then as a delicacy. The recipe includes the following ingredients: herbs, seeds, bark, roots.(Gingerbread).

The name of this product comes from Slavic word"wheel". This word in Rus' characterizes a person who has seen the world, experienced, and has experienced a lot in life. Hint: “If you want to eat..., don’t sit on the stove.”(Kalach).

What was called in Rus' the symbol of the Sun?(Crap).

Summarizing. Reflection.

And life is a game, and we are all actors in it.
Everyone has their own role:
Hero, criminal or saint -
Sometimes we decide for ourselves
Who to be, who to become,
Make your own destiny
Or just go with the flow,
To lead or to be followed.
But anyone can change
The story of your destiny,
Make your dreams come true
And choose the right path.
I will also choose...
After all ,
Who should he become next in life?

Classroom teacher: Thanks everyone for participating! I would like to know your impression of the class hour.
- Did you like the class hour?
- What new did you learn during class?
- What is the relevance of your chosen profession?

( Students express their opinions about the event )

Nutritious food provides a person with normal development, growth, full-fledged activity, helps adapt to changing conditions and the influence of the external environment, fight infections, and ensures active longevity. That is why the development of scientific fundamentals of nutrition, expansion of the range of food products and improvement of their quality is very relevant.

The subject of the course "Technology of public catering products" is the technology of semi-finished products and finished culinary products in public catering establishments; physical, chemical and biochemical processes occurring in products during culinary processing; methods of controlling technological processes in order to obtain high quality culinary products.

The objective of the course is to systematically familiarize future process engineers with all the stages, methods and techniques of processing products and the physical and chemical changes occurring in them, as a result of which they acquire new organoleptic properties inherent in the finished culinary product.

Interdisciplinary connections with other disciplines. The basis for studying the discipline is the knowledge acquired by students while studying general education and a number of related general technical and special disciplines.

During the processing of products and the production of finished products, a number of chemical processes occur: hydrolysis of disaccharides, caramelization of sugars, oxidation of fats, etc. Most culinary processes are colloidal: coagulation of proteins (when heating meat, fish, eggs), obtaining stable emulsions (many sauces) , obtaining foam (whipping cream, egg whites, etc.), aging jellies (staling baked goods, porridges, separating liquids from jelly, jelly), adsorption (clarification of broths). Knowledge of chemistry is necessary to manage numerous processes in food preparation and control the quality of raw materials and finished products.

Data on the composition and consumer properties of products that a student receives while studying a course in commodity science of food products allows a technologist to correctly solve the problem of rational use of raw materials and serve as important criteria for justifying and organizing technological processes.

Recommendations of nutritional physiology are necessary for organizing a balanced diet. They take into account the needs for essential nutritional factors of various population groups and make it possible to differentiate the use of products. Academician I.P. Pavlov said that physiological data put forward a new point of view regarding the comparative value of nutrients. It is not enough to know how much protein, fat, carbohydrates and other substances are contained in food. It is practically important to compare various forms cooking the same food (boiled and fried meat, hard-boiled and soft-boiled eggs, etc.).

The most important indicator of food quality is its safety for the consumer. Knowledge and adherence to the rules of food hygiene and sanitation ensure the production of sanitary products and allow the establishment of a strict sanitary regime in public catering establishments.

Processing of raw materials and preparation of culinary products are associated with the operation of complex mechanical, thermal and refrigeration equipment, which requires the technologist to have knowledge acquired in a cycle of technical disciplines.

The discipline "Technology of public catering products" is directly related to such disciplines as economics of public catering and organization of production and service. The study of these disciplines is an indispensable condition for the proper organization of production and increasing its economic efficiency, rational use of material and technical resources and labor resources, and reducing production costs. Catering specialists constantly communicate with consumers, and the organization of service depends on their general culture, knowledge of psychology, and ethics.

Catering enterprises receive from food industry enterprises not only raw materials, but also semi-finished products of varying degrees of readiness. Food industry enterprises have workshops for the production of culinary products suitable for direct consumption: chips, ready-made sauces (mayonnaise, ketchup, etc.), soup concentrates, meat, fish, vegetable culinary products, frozen meals, etc. Introduction with technologies used in the food industry, with special types of equipment will allow to improve technological processes in public catering establishments.

Food preparation technology is based on the achievements of nutrition science, on the traditions of folk cuisine, and the experience of professional chefs

Catering Technologist is a specialist in the development, production and quality control of culinary and confectionery products at catering establishments. The profession is suitable for those who are interested in work and farming (see choosing a profession based on interest in school subjects).

Short description

The work of a catering technologist is primary in the food preparation process and determines the quality of food in public catering, its safety and taste. A technologist, knowing food production technology, food recipes, food storage, food safety precautions, helps turn raw materials into a high-quality product. The quality of the prepared food, and, accordingly, the prestige of the restaurant or canteen, depends on his conscientiousness in determining the quality of the initial products and compliance with the full norm for their laying.

Specifics of the profession

The job of a food service technologist involves more than just working with food. The activities of a technologist are much broader and more responsible.

Technologist:

• organizes production (places equipment, teaches how to use it);
• creates a menu;
• distributes responsibilities between cooks and controls their work;
• checks product yield standards;
• introduces advanced technologies into production;
• Responsible for the serviceability of kitchen equipment and the quality of prepared food;
• develops new recipes, drawing up relevant regulatory documents;
• studies new trends in the catering market and coordinates work in accordance with them;
• offers a new range of dishes to increase demand;
• monitors compliance with sanitary standards;
• draws up technological maps of new dishes (calculation of the amount of food, calorie content, etc.);
• carries out timely supply of production with raw materials, tools, inventory, etc.;
• takes part in retraining and advanced training of production personnel, taking into account the requirements of our time.

Pros and cons of the profession

• Constant demand in the labor market, relatively high salary level, authoritative position in public catering.

• High responsibility for the results of the work of other people (chefs, confectioners); responsibility for the results of inspections of supervisory authorities: SES, Veterinary Supervision, certification bodies, State Trade Inspectorate in terms of technology, etc.

Place of work

• restaurants
• cafes, cafeterias
• canteens
• meat processing plants
• fish processing plants (canning)
• dairy plants
• bakeries
• confectionery
• procurement factories.

Salary

Salary as of 10/14/2019

Russia 25000—60000 ₽

Moscow 40000—80000 ₽

Personal qualities

• high sensitivity to shades of smells and tastes
• correct color discrimination
• good volumetric and linear eye
• tactile sensitivity
• good memory (short-term, long-term, visual)
• high level of distribution and switching of attention
• cleanliness
• emotional stability
• Creative skills
• aesthetic taste
• accuracy
• exactingness
• communication skills
• organizational skills
• responsibility
• physical endurance
• honesty, decency

Career

Career opportunities for a food service technologist are limited. With sufficient work experience, career advancement to the position of head of a group of technologists is possible. To obtain the position of production manager or manager of a public catering establishment, a specialized higher education is required.

The salary of a catering technologist depends on the place of work: the level of a budget canteen cannot be compared with an elite restaurant. The average salary of a technologist in Moscow is 50 thousand rubles, in the regions it is approximately 30 thousand rubles.

Training to become a catering technologist

Courses for catering technologists and calculators also give the right to work as a catering technologist and allow you to master the most modern technologies cooking (low-calorie, dietary, world cuisine, etc.).

In this course you can obtain the profession of a food service technician in 3 months and 10,000 rubles
— One of the most affordable prices in Russia;
— Diploma of professional retraining of the established form;
— Training in a completely distance format;
— Certificate of compliance with professional standards worth 10,000 rubles. For a present!;
— The largest educational institution additional prof. education in Russia.

Conducts the course: “Catering technologist-calculator”. Course program: 1. Introduction to the profession(Job responsibilities of a calculator technologist; the concept of technology and technological processes in catering; sanitary requirements for storage and culinary processing of products; calculation of seasonal waste, types of defrosting; practical classes in the Store House program). 2. Working with documents(correct execution of documents; write-off acts; damage acts; inventory sheets; practical exercises in the Store House program). 3 Working with a collection of recipes(technological maps; costing sheets; development reports; work with tables; calculation of raw materials for semi-finished products and ready-made dishes; losses during heat treatment, cost minimization).