Aerial cities of the distant future. Cities of the future that have not yet been built. Complex "No Man's Land"

Incredible facts

As the world's population grows, people move to other cities. But many big cities face the problem of how to accommodate more people in the same space.

For many, the answer has been architectural projects that incorporate the latest environmental and design ideas.

Architects, sociologists and science fiction writers have always dreamed of futuristic cities built on water, land or in space. Here are the most unimaginable projects of cities of the future:

Lilypad – green villa on the sea

Lilypad is a model of a self-sufficient island that floats on the surface of water and is designed to house people affected by climate change. The entire complex can accommodate about 50 thousand people. The city will use renewable energy sources including solar, wind and biomass to produce electricity. In addition to zero harmful emissions, the complex will be able to absorb carbon dioxide from the air thanks to green plants, which will be planted throughout the complex. Each such Lilypad complex will be located near the coast or float in the ocean, traveling from the equator to northern seas, depending on where the Gulf Stream takes it.

Gwanggyo Power Center - hilly mega-structure

This self-sufficient city was designed by Dutch architects MVRDV for the town of Gwanggyo, which will be located 35 km from Seoul in South Korea. This town will be able to accommodate approximately 77 thousand residents, where they will enjoy an ecological lifestyle. The design is a mixture of housing, office and retail buildings, leisure facilities and educational facilities. The towers will have atriums for various purposes, and roofs and terraces will have hedges to improve ventilation and reduce water and energy consumption.

Hydro-Net – a self-reliant eco-community

San Francisco is already considered one of the greenest cities in the US, but the new project, designed by the team of IwamotoScott Architects, will become a true ecotopia by 2018. The city will consist of algae-collecting towers, fog-catchers and geothermal energy mushrooms. The walls of the Hydro-Net tunnel will be made of carbon nanotubes, which will help store and distribute hydrogen produced by algae and other fuel sources. All these technologies are designed to reduce carbon emissions and make the city self-sufficient using renewable energy. They will also provide a network of underground arteries for hovering cars powered by hydrogen fuel.

Crystal Island - urban center

This city, which is planned to be built in Moscow, will be enclosed in a building made in the shape of a cone. The tent-like structure will rise 450 m. This tent forms a second skin of the building, which creates a thermal barrier for the interior space. This second skin regulates the temperature inside the building, insulating in the winter to reduce heat loss and opening in the summer to cool the interior. The building city is based on the efficient use of energy, including the generation of renewable and low-carbon energy.

Bio-city – vine community

Bio-city is a design that uses nanotechnology and biogenetics to transform an ordinary vine into a vine city. Thanks to new technology it will be possible to grow plants faster, attach them to different surfaces, which will lead to greater absorption carbon dioxide and the release of fresh oxygen into the environment. The goal of the project will be to create such “vine cities” in the most polluted cities in the world. Plants will also be used as a source of biofuel. Wind turbines and photovoltaic panels that are attached to buildings will generate renewable energy for the buildings.

SkyCity 1000 – ultra-tall city skyscraper

SkyCity 1000 consists of 14 concave "space plateaus" in the form of plates, which are stacked one on top of the other. The interior space of the plateau will consist of green spaces, and apartments will be located along the edges of the building. The project aims to end the lack of green space in Japan and minimize congestion on the subway.

Green Float - floating island paradise

Green Float is a collection of artificial sea islands that will clean up sea ​​water for your own use. The island will be carbon negative, people will provide their own food and there will be no waste. Natural springs Energy will also be collected through space-based solar energy satellites, ocean thermal energy conversion mechanisms, wave, wind and solar energy technologies. The forest island will help reduce the level of carbon dioxide in the surrounding air, keeping the air itself clean.

Babcock Ranch is a solar powered city.

Solar panels will be installed on the roofs of almost all buildings in this city. These solar panels will generate renewable energy to power the entire city. The project also includes renewable water management and environmental systems, lamps that reduce light pollution, charging device for electric vehicles and much more. Also, green plants that will be planted throughout the city will help provide it with fresh oxygen and reduce the amount of carbon dioxide in the air.

X-SEED 4000 – shaped like Mount Fuji

This is a project of one of the tallest city buildings. The city will use solar energy to maintain internal temperatures in summer and winter. The city will be able to accommodate up to 1 million residents, and its height will reach 4000 m. The city will house many apartments, offices, entertainment centers, parks and forests.

Sub-Biosphere 2 - floating "bubbles of life"

Sub-BioSphere2 is a self-sufficient, enclosed underwater habitat designed for human, animal and plant habitation. He will be able to swim or dive underwater, supporting life in his biomes. Air, water, food, electricity and other needs will be provided through control of atmospheric pressure.

Already, the appearance of megacities is rapidly changing under the influence of advances in the development of 3D printing, the Internet of things and composite materials.

“Cities of the future” are no longer just projects on paper. Already, the appearance of megacities is rapidly changing under the influence of advances in the development of 3D printing, the Internet of things and composite materials. The appearance of the city is also influenced transport system. More and more companies are starting to experiment with passenger drones. Following the transport infrastructure, the city itself will change.

The city of the future is not only “heaven on Earth”, but also a new class of related problems. In modern progressive agglomerations, poverty and crime do not disappear. So what should the settlement of tomorrow be like in order to overcome healthy pessimism?

Changing architecture

Moscow was included in the list of seven cities contending for the title of the smartest city on the planet (the winners of previous years were Toronto, Montreal, Eindhoven, Stockholm and Glasgow). But even if the capital wins, they will not disappear actual problems present - traffic jams, at least.

Innopolis, located in the Verkhneuslonsky district of the Republic of Tatarstan, can be considered a real place for the embodiment of futuristic ideas in Russia.

The architecture of Innopolis is pleasing to the eye, solves the problem of fatigue from the view of the “urban jungle”, and relieves some psychological stress city ​​dweller. Residential complexes in Innopolis repeat elements of nature - they are unique, diverse, and exclude soulless copying of details. The buildings have bright green, white and wood colors. Parking - underground only; municipal buildings imitate the natural landscape; Electric buses run around the area.

Innopolis has one absolute advantage, because of which any ideas can be implemented - the population today does not exceed 3 thousand people. On such a scale, many problems do not exist at all. For example, transport. Self-driving cars are great for everyone, but they take up as much space as regular ones. Drones will not relieve the city of traffic jams - moreover, due to the accessibility of transport (you no longer need to be able to drive), there will be even more cars.

You can’t just build up everything with parking lots - it’s not profitable from an economic point of view. A city will thrive if it has large spaces where people come together.

The Dubai Roads and Transport Authority announced at the beginning of 2017 that the operation of flying drones for individual transportation will begin this year. The prototype of a new type of passenger transport can transport one person weighing up to 100 kg in 30 minutes over a distance of 50 km, traveling at speeds of up to 160 km/h. The passenger simply selects a destination using the touch screen, boards the capsule and flies.

It is planned that by 2030, 25% of transport in Dubai will be smart and driverless. However, other cities are still trying to solve problems in other ways.

Even environmentally friendly transport will not save the city from difficulties. The more eco-transport there is, the more acute the parking problem. In Hangzhou (China), bicycles began to be simply abandoned around the city - this is a problem with the popular car sharing model (the lock on the bicycle is removed through the application, and then the bike can be left anywhere in the city). As a result, the entire city was littered with thousands of ownerless bicycles. It’s also impossible to get rid of them - the city’s population increases by 200,000 people every year. It is impossible to demolish old roads and build new ones due to the city center, which has historical value.

The Hangzhou authorities are developing the metro, and have also increased the number of municipal electric transport by purchasing three thousand buses and taxis. This did not solve the problem, because there are too many people at the moment.

If you move to the other side of the world, to the Swedish city of Malmo, which is already called the city of the future, you can see an example of the synergy of different approaches to the transport problem. 40% of residents use bicycles to get around, and all public transport runs on biofuel collected from the kitchens of city residents. In Malmö, bicycles are not abandoned, but left in special parking lots. Dozens of intersections are equipped with special sensor systems that give bicycles the right of way on the roads. Many trains and ferries have storage compartments for bicycles.

Real city of the future

Malmo is the Swedish Detroit, a dying industrial city, all the greatness of which remains in the distant past. But now Malmö, previously ranked as Sweden's highest unemployment area, has become a thriving eco-sanctuary for the creative class.

Desperate times call for desperate measures - the city took on restructuring and renovation on its own. The old industrial shipyards were demolished and replaced with 600 houses, shops and office buildings, equipped with solar panels and wind turbines, using environmentally friendly materials. The new city block was connected to a water recycling system, in which the water is first used for heating in winter and then for air conditioning in summer.

Waste disposers have been installed in every kitchen in the new Malmö home. The resulting material is sorted into several dozen categories - it is sent for processing into biofuel for cars and urban transport, and is used to cover parking lots and roads.

Malmö is one of the greenest cities on the planet, and all this greenery is not just concentrated in parks, but also in botanical gardens open to citizens. In addition, on those roofs where solar panels are not installed, mini-squares are created and equipped with rainwater collection systems.

In the most advanced area of ​​the city (Hollbarheten), inside their apartments, residents can control the level of electricity consumption depending on the time of day and their needs. The temperature in the apartments is controlled using thermostats. The level of illumination in the rooms is adjusted automatically - the parameters change depending on the purpose of the room, time of day and season.

By 2030, the city plans to completely switch to alternative renewable energy sources. Malmö is not among the top most advanced cities in the world, but if you pay attention to the practicality of the various ratings, many questions will arise.

Questions for Bangalore and Singapore's answer

Consulting agency Jones Lang LaSalle has compiled a ranking of the thirty most dynamically developing cities and agglomerations in the world, more than half of which are located in the Asia-Pacific region. Silicon Valley ranks only third on the list, but Bangalore comes first.

This city is the fifth largest in India. Bangalore is considered scientific center throughout the country - a gigantic number of different IT companies are concentrated in it. Bangalore is a huge IT city where hundreds of thousands of programmers come. American, Canadian and Asian companies have opened their offices and call centers here.

Is the city ideal to live in? No. Traffic on the roads is very busy and chaotic, the journey from home to office takes a long time, and “green” technologies are practically not used in the city.

But there is an exception to the rule. Singapore has received numerous awards supporting its status as a city of the future. A few years ago, the Smart Nation project was launched to prepare Singapore for the future. According to the plan, the city will become a testing ground for technological solutions to all sorts of urban problems. One of the main goals is to simplify the life of city residents with high population density.

Solar panels and vacuum waste disposal systems appeared. Several areas of the city have been equipped with sensors that monitor electricity and water consumption. All data from sensors will be centrally collected and analyzed to obtain the most complete information about the city.

Caring for people is manifested not only in ordinary things - the authorities have also installed a monitoring system for lonely elderly citizens, based on motion sensors. If old man does not move for a long time, the system automatically gives an alarm to relatives and health workers. Another medical innovation is telemedicine, in which patients undergo treatment (most often we are talking about recovery period) at home, under the supervision of a doctor (via telepresence systems).

"Dead" city of the future

In the state of New Mexico, they want to build a CITE (Center for Innovation, Testing and Evaluation) city for 35 thousand people, in which no one will live. Telecommunications firm Pegasus Global Holdings plans to invest $1 billion in its creation. To profit from the project, Pegasus plans to lease buildings and provide services that will help clients test, develop and find commercial uses for experimental technologies.

The CITE project is a full-scale model of a typical American city that will be used as a petri dish for the development of new technologies that will shape the future of urban environments. Corporations, universities and the federal government will use the facility to test new technologies in clean energy, security and autonomous vehicles on a large scale, but without inconveniencing or even threatening the millions of people who live in real cities.

The 33 square miles will host transportation, construction, communications and security research. CITE will include dedicated areas for the development of new forms of agriculture, energy and water purification. Unmanned vehicles will travel on special roads and be controlled from above by drones.

The CITE city should be an “intermediate step” between laboratory testing of technology and its entry into the market. The project allows you to test not only the infrastructure, but also the new city of the future itself.

CITE is planned to be built by 2018, although the official website has not been suspiciously updated since the spring of 2016, but let's hope for the best. In any case, CITE is much closer to reality than thousands of futuristic city concepts.

Masdar in crisis

Masdar in the UAE has long been considered one of the most promising futuristic projects. Although photographs of Masdar rather indicate the construction of a new “ghost town,” there are still people in it. The good news is that the city has been making a profit since 2015 and will return the funds invested in it to the state in two to three years.

At the time of completion of construction (it has been ongoing since 2008), 40 thousand people will live here, and another 50 thousand will come here every day to work from nearby Abu Dhabi, using the rapid public transport system (however, you can also drive around the city by car , but only if it is an electric car).

Masdar's builders are committed to minimizing carbon emissions, cutting them by half compared to other cities. Houses are built from eco-friendly materials, and their water and energy consumption is carefully calculated. Narrow (3 meters wide) and short streets prevent the sun from heating the asphalt surface on pedestrian paths, but the city also has two-lane streets for electric vehicles and bicycles.

Initially, it was planned to completely abandon personal cars, but the development of carsharing and mass production of environmentally friendly electric vehicles changed the architects’ plans.

A careful approach slows down the pace of construction - currently 7% of the territory is ready, but by 2020 they promise to rebuild 35-40%, and by 2030 to complete construction.

The city's infrastructure includes many minor improvements. For example, instead of the usual Wi-Fi points, Li-Fi is used here - a technology for transmitting data through LED street lamps, which allows you not to lose channel width as the number of subscribers grows.

In addition, the city has a 45-meter wind tower, a photovoltaic complex on 22 hectares, a refrigeration plant with wells 2.5 km deep, and much more.

However, Masdar is not the country’s most ambitious project. In 2017, the Emir of Dubai, Prime Minister and Vice President of the UAE, Sheikh Mohammed bin Rashid Al Maktoum, announced that in 2117 it was planned to build a city on Mars the size of Chicago with a population of up to 600,000 people.

The first steps in this direction will be taken in a few years - the UAE Space Agency will send the Hope spacecraft to Mars in 2021. The main goal of the mission is to study the atmosphere in low orbit at different latitudes. Hope will also study how the Martian atmosphere leaks into space.

City-computer

In Portugal, they wanted to build a smart city called PlanIT Valley, almost all of whose elements (from traffic lights to the water temperature in the tap) would be controlled using a single operating system, collecting 5 petabytes of information per day from more than 100 million connected sensors.

The unified information system had to connect not only sensors in the “ smart House- smart city”, but to combine an unlimited number of smartphones, tablets, computers, roads and buildings in a single communication space.

The construction required 20 billion euros, which were never found, but the concept turned out to be so attractive that it survived and spread to other cities - elements of PlanIT are now being implemented in different parts of the world. There is no doubt that sooner or later all elements will be implemented in one place.

PlanIT Valley's single control center will know everything about temperature, lighting levels, humidity, traffic, heating and water supply throughout the city. This will allow you to instantly respond to any emergency situations. It will be possible to optimize the use of resources and manage the city in real time.

PlanIT Valley is similar to a game simulator, where instead of one player there are hundreds of qualified specialists monitoring the condition of the city infrastructure around the clock. Residents themselves will be able to manage the city using Place Apps - it will be possible, for example, to turn on a lamp on their street through a mobile application.

Problems and other projects

In China alone, thousands of new houses are being built right now. The smart city of Iskander in Malaysia is known throughout the world. The dream city of Songdo is being built in South Korea. Even Skolkovo can become an energy-efficient, innovative city. Against this background, I somehow don’t want to think that any difficulties will remain in the cities of the future.

Overpopulation is one of the main problems of the urban world. When only 100-story skyscrapers remain around, trees will have to make room, and people will have to reduce their living space. State-of-the-art incubators do not answer the question of where to store millions of electric vehicles.

In 1979, Shenzhen was just a quiet fishing village of 30,000 people. Today the city's population is more than 11 million, driven by an influx of workers from rural areas. Cities attract people. It is possible that in the future there will not even be countries left - there will only be cities stretching for hundreds and thousands of kilometers.
On the other hand, we have only just begun to solve the most obvious problems. No one builds a city for a million people at once. If we manage to solve all the problems for a thousand people, then the project will scale up. And there the future is just a stone's throw away. published

According to statistics, 54% of people on our planet live in cities. According to scientists, by the middle of the 21st century there will be 66%. Today, engineers and designers are developing projects for cities of the future in which all resources will be spent as efficiently as possible. Let's find out about the most interesting of them.

10. Masdar, UAE

Project of a futuristic city of the future - Masdara

The environmental situation in the United Arab Emirates is far from ideal. This is due to the fact that hundreds of oil production plants have been opened in the country. At the same time, the presence of large reserves of “black gold” makes the UAE one of the richest states. Here are the most fashionable hotels, the world's tallest skyscraper, and artificial archipelagos. And recently, local sheikhs decided to create the first city on the planet without harmful waste and carbon dioxide emissions - Masdar.

Masdar will be supplied with electricity from 88 thousand solar panels located on the outskirts of the city. This decision is due to the fact that clear weather in the region occurs 355-360 days a year. All light switches in Masdar are equipped with motion sensors - this will help minimize electricity consumption. The city will be surrounded by walls, and its foundation will be raised by 7.5 meters.

The architects designed Masdar so that the buildings would heat up as little as possible, and the pavement would be constantly in the shade. The streets will be laid taking into account the prevailing wind direction and the position of the sun in the sky. This will lower the temperature near the ground by about 20 degrees.

Cars will be prohibited within the city, and all tourists will have to park outside Masdar. Local residents will travel using an underground transport network powered by electricity.

This is interesting: The first stage of construction of Masdar will be completed in 2018. After this, 7 thousand people will be able to live in the new houses. Engineers plan to complete the project completely by 2030. After this, the population of Masdar and its surrounding suburbs will reach 100 thousand.

9. Delhi-Mumbai Industrial Corridor, India

The industrial corridor will stretch for almost 1.5 thousand kilometers!

Today, India is home to over 1.2 billion people, a third of whom will move to cities over the next decade. Since the country is predominantly underdeveloped, and average age Its residents are 27 years old and there is a huge need for jobs. Therefore, the Indian government decided to implement the largest infrastructure project in the country's history.

The 1,480-kilometer Delhi-Mumbai “corridor” will allow the country to become the cheapest producer of goods on the planet. During the implementation of this project, engineers will build dozens of modern railway lines along which these goods will be delivered directly from conveyors to ports and airports. Also, 24 environmentally friendly cities with developed infrastructure will be built along the corridor.

This large-scale project is funded not only by the Indian but also by the Japanese government. The country's economy is based on the high-tech industry, and the Japanese want to make India their main manufacturing "factory". According to calculations, $90 billion will be spent on the project.
8. King Abdullah Economic City, Saudi Arabia

Gift from the King of Saudi Arabia to his people

King Abdullah Economic City is located 100 kilometers north of Jeddah (the second city in Saudi Arabia by population). Its construction will cost $100 billion. The size of the city is comparable to Washington.

It will connect Mecca and Medina through a high-tech railway network. Another important stage of the project is the construction near the Industrial Valley metropolis. Its center will be a large petrochemical plant.

The city's largest educational institution, King Abdullah University of Science and Technology, began construction back in 2009. Abdullah himself donated $20 billion for its construction. Once construction is completed, the university will be second in size only to Harvard and Yale.

This city is the legacy that the King of Saudi Arabia will leave to the people. After construction is completed, 2 million residents will receive modern housing. 900 thousand new jobs will also be created.
7. Songdo International Business District, South Korea

Koreans expect Songdo to become a business hub in Northeast Asia

Korean engineers are developing the Songdo International Business District project. It will occupy an area of ​​607 hectares and will be located close to Incheon Airport (65 kilometers from the capital, Seoul).

Songdo will consist of 40% park areas, some of which will be smaller copies of New York's Central Park, Venice canals, etc.

This is interesting: Worthy of special mention garbage system, which will be implemented in Songdo. Waste will be sucked directly from the bins and transported through underground pipes directly to the processing site.

Another one interesting idea- use of a powerful information network that will unite everything household devices and service systems using wireless communication technology. This will allow engineers to perfectly coordinate and “synchronize” life in the city.

By the end of 2016, 60 thousand Koreans will be able to live in Songdo, and 300 thousand new jobs will be created. Of the project's estimated cost of $30 billion, one-third has already gone toward the construction of 120 buildings. Authorities South Korea They expect that after completion of construction, Songdo will become the main business center of the northeast region of Asia.
6. Skyscraper cities

Skyscraper Burj Khalifa in the UAE

Skyscrapers such as the 828-meter Burj Khalifa (Dubai) are an example of the efficient use of space in cities that lack free territory for expansion. They are where the majority of high-rise buildings are built. The main advantage of this approach is rational use limited resources (fuel, water, electricity, etc.).

Therefore, in some countries, projects for the construction of futuristic skyscrapers, which to some extent will become full-fledged cities, are being seriously discussed. They will house parks, shops, offices, entertainment areas, restaurants, etc. That is, people will be able to lead a full life without leaving the high-rise city.

In Kuwait, the construction of the Mubarak al-Kabir building is underway (its height will reach 100 meters), and in Azerbaijan - the Azerbaijan skyscraper (1049 meters). The first project will be completed in 2016, the second in 2019. Such buildings are, of course, not full-fledged high-rise cities, but simply the right step in this direction.

This is interesting: The Dubai City Tower skyscraper will break all imaginable records in the near future. Its height will exceed 2400 meters! Construction will be completed in 2025.

The Americans were thinking about a similar project back in the early nineties. In San Francisco, it was planned to build a 500-story skyscraper, the Ultima Tower, 3,200 meters high. It was supposed to be home to 1 million people. Japan, several years ago, abandoned the construction of the two-kilometer Shimizu Mega-City Pyramid skyscraper.
5. Rabbit Hole in Mexico

This is what Mexican will look like

Mexicans surprised the whole world by announcing the construction of an underground skyscraper. It’s funny that it will be called Earthscraper, which means “earthscraper”. Architects and engineers expect to build a 65-story building in the shape of an upside-down pyramid with a base area of ​​7,600 square meters in the center of Mexico City. The “roof” of the skyscraper going deep into the earth will be a durable glass panel measuring 240 by 240 meters. It will also serve as a public square where concerts and military parades are planned to be held.

2 years ago, American designer Matthew Fromboluti presented a project for a similar underground building. He proposes to build it near Bisbee, Arizona. The Above Below Earthscraper could be built inside the abandoned Lavender Pit Mine, which is 275 meters deep.

Geothermal energy will be used to meet the household needs of people in these “earthscrapers”.
4. Umka, Russia

Projects of autonomous Arctic cities

Meanwhile, in Russia, a project for the autonomous city of Umka, named after the polar bear cub from the Soviet cartoon of the same name, is being discussed. It will be located on Kotelny Island, which belongs to the Novosibirsk archipelago. From here to the North Pole is only 1600 kilometers.

Kotelny Island is an inhospitable place. average temperature The air here in January is -30°C, in July - about +1°C. Piercing northern winds blow from the sea all year round.

The city of Umka will resemble the International Space Station, enlarged tens of times. Up to 6 thousand people can live in it. The city will be self-sufficient and isolated from the outside world. Umka is a large-scale experiment that, among other things, will help scientists improve designs for future space colonies.

This is interesting: French scientists went even further and proposed creating a floating settlement in the Arctic designed for 800 people. According to their plans, the city should move after the icebergs, being fully provided with fresh water. And solar panels will allow you to generate all the energy necessary for the needs of the population.

3. Conquest of the sea

The first floating cities will appear in the near future!

Issues of global warming, sea level rise and shortages useful resources prompted Chinese engineers to think that the time had come to build cities on water. They developed a metropolis project with an area of ​​10 square kilometers, which will consist of hexagonal modules united into one by a network of underwater streets and roads.

The engineers of the Japanese company Shimizu do not lag behind their colleagues from the Middle Kingdom. They are planning to create a floating city with the interesting name “Floating Greenery”. It will be covered with vegetation and will occupy up to 10 artificial islands. A kilometer-long skyscraper located in the central part of the city will simultaneously become a vertical farm for growing plants and housing for tens of thousands of people.

No less interesting is the Ocean Spiral underwater city project. The huge spherical structure will accommodate 5 thousand people and will be completed by 2030. Electricity will be generated using the energy of sea waves.

Note that all of the above-mentioned cities will become self-sufficient in terms of energy, food production and waste disposal.
2. Project "Venus"

The layout of an ideal city, designed by Jacques Fresco

98-year-old Jacques Fresco has developed an ideal plan for all cities of the future. According to his plan, all structures must first be manufactured in the form of composite modules, and then delivered to the desired location and assembled. This will significantly reduce costs. True, for this it will be necessary to create a mega-factory capable of mass production of individual apartments or even entire houses for several cities at the same time. It is planned that they will be made from lightweight reinforced concrete with a ceramic coating. This material is durable, fireproof, resistant to any climatic conditions and virtually maintenance-free. Thin-walled structures made from it can be mass-produced; the production of each batch will take a few hours. At the same time, they are not afraid of either storms or earthquakes.

Each house is planned to be made autonomous, equipped with its own generator electrical energy and a heat storage device. Jean Fresco suggests installing solar panels directly into windows and walls. And darkened thermal glass will protect people from bright sun rays on a hot day.

This is interesting: The main feature of the city built according to the plan of the Venus project will be its shape. The streets will be located in concentric circles, so residents will be able to get to the right place in a minimum amount of time.

1. Solving existing problems

The e-QBO cube can solve energy problems modern cities

Some of the futuristic projects we described above are already underway. Interestingly, they all involve building from scratch. The fact is that building a new city is cheaper and easier than improving an existing one, bringing it to meet similar standards.

Let's mention promising development, capable of simplifying the production of electricity in urban environments - the e-QBO cube. The monolithic cube generates energy thanks to photovoltaic panels integrated into its surface.

E-QBO is such an architectural “chameleon” that can harmoniously fit into the cityscape. At the Milan Innovation Cloud international conference dedicated to new technologies in the energy sector, a black cube served as an exhibition pavilion. And during the MADE 2013 exhibition-fair, it became a living room that hosted event participants.

The dimensions of e-QBO can vary from a few centimeters to tens of meters. A large cube can easily fit a residential building, and a small one can easily serve, for example, as a bench in a city park.

There is no doubt that many futuristic projects for cities of the future will become a reality in the coming decades. But people should also care about the development of technologies that can make modern megacities self-sufficient, environmentally friendly and more energy efficient. The future is behind them.

What should the city of the future be like? First and foremost, it must solve the problems of overcrowding, pollution and development by creating dense vertical structures that are interconnected at all levels. Residents will be able to move freely from one place to another on foot. Here are twelve conceptual cities, some of which are already under construction. They are based on free movement, which sometimes goes so far that cars are no longer needed.

City without cars

1. China is creating a car-free city from the ground up, building an urban center around a residential core that can accommodate 80,000 people. Great City ( Big city) should appear in rural areas outside of Chengdu. It will be completely pedestrian and green. You can get from the center to the outer ring of parks on your feet in less than ten minutes. Other nearby city centers will be accessible via public transport. The city will use 48% less energy and 58% less water than other traditional cities of the same size, and will produce 89% less waste.

Zero carbon city

2. The world's most environmentally friendly metropolis - without cars and skyscrapers - is now being built in the desert outside Abu Dhabi. Masdar, the world's first zero-carbon, zero-waste city, will run on a public rapid transit system instead of private cars and rely on solar, wind and geothermal energy. Giant “sunflower caps” will provide moving shade during the day, store heat and release it at night.

Lawn City

3. MAD Architects sees Shan-Sui as a city of the future. The concept is based on the worship of mountains and water in China, so the concept consists of large-scale mixed-use buildings with plenty of public spaces where people can gather, socialize and enjoy nature. Dense settlement leads to the fact that everyone necessary resources Easily accessible within easy walking distance or public transport. Architects argue that high-density living is much more sustainable as a city-building idea than the current trend of “boxes taking over the world.” At the heart of this concept is also easy access to nature, as well as to schools, health care and work.

Green city in the desert

4. Baharash Architecture proposes to incorporate “best practices in green building” in Dubai, focusing on public relations and social interaction against a backdrop of green spaces. The structure consists of 550 villas, organic farms, educational facilities and 200,000 square meters of solar panels. The city will independently generate 50% of the required energy and offset carbon emissions through public transport.

Green Gothenburg of the future

5. Swedish Gothenburg could be even greener, according to Kjellgren Kaminsky Architecture. Ultra-dense development will make Gothenburg self-sufficient in terms of energy and food. The rooftops will house windmills to grow food and solar panels to generate electricity. Dense development reduces road traffic, and the river becomes a more significant means of transportation.

Vertical city

6. “Melbourne is not growing, but growing up and down,” say John Wardle Architects about their Multiplicity concept, which imagines the Australian city a hundred years from now. “New air and underground routes open up completely new perspectives for the city. Airplanes and urban topography make it possible to harvest food, rainwater and energy from new sources in the future.”

Pedestrian city

7. The entire city of San Juan, Puerto Rico is undergoing a $1.5 billion transformation to become a "walkable city" with new system public transport. This is the biggest and most controversial change. Cars are prohibited within the city. San Juan has been suffering from population decline for the past 60 years, and officials want to attract new people by charming them with a pedestrian zone in the heart of the city, where pedestrians won't have to worry about cars or inhaling exhaust fumes. The city's beautiful beaches are now inaccessible due to ports and over-reliance on cars.

A city with a comfort center

8. The winning design of OKRA's ReThink Athens competition transforms the heart of the city into a vibrant, green, pedestrian-friendly, car-free center. Green areas provide shade and shelter and moderate the heat, encouraging more active recreation. New green avenues also provide access to all surrounding areas.

floating city

9. Haiti is an island nation ravaged by poverty and natural disasters such as earthquakes that have leveled most Port-au-Prince lost its land and left millions of people homeless. Architect E. Kevin Schopfer envisioned a new floating city for 30,000 residents just offshore, with living space supporting agriculture and light industry. The 3-kilometer-diameter complex consists of four blocks in the form of floating modules connected to each other linear system channels. Able to withstand hurricanes and typhoons, the city can be expanded if necessary.

3D city

10. What if our cities were like our architects were working on a 3D grid? The idea comes from the eVolo 2011 Skyscraper Competition and is called NeoTax. Buildings that grow upward and further. Organized into horizontal and vertical street grids, the buildings are based on a modular system, where each module can be considered as a separate building connected to another at ground level. Roughly speaking, we will all be neighbors and will not uproot green spaces for the sake of construction.

City of "pebbles"

11. Belgian architect Vincent Callebaut is known for his designs, which take inspiration from natural forms, like floating cities in the shape of a lotus. This time he presented the vertical city of Shenzhen in China, made in the form of cairns, or stone pyramids. “The goal is to create a positive urban environment with zero carbon emissions and positive energy,” says the architect. In this project, the city should live according to the laws of the jungle, be highly dense and have gardens and vegetable gardens built right in the residential towers. Each tower contains 20 glazed “pebbles” covered with solar panels and wind turbines.

A city free of fear

12. What is it like to live in a city free of fear? This concept was created for Now+When, an Australian urbanism exhibition in 2010, and focuses on the things people do free from fear, rather than oppressed by it, in modern cities. To achieve this, the city must build gridded streets and spaces that emphasize interconnection and movement. Visible connections connecting different buildings and neighborhoods at all levels of the city would allow citizens to feel more inclusive.

What is the city of the future, and what should it be like? Science fiction writers, designers, and engineers think about these questions. Moreover, they often seek answers to these questions in close cooperation with each other. As a result, there are outlined fundamental points that become an integral part of any modern project for the city of the future. These points are concern for the environment and ease of movement, saving space and the desire for vertical construction.

We invite you to get acquainted with fourteen projects of cities of the future. Some of the presented conceptual projects are only in the development stage, while others are already under construction in order to give comfort to their residents and capture the imagination of their guests in a few years.

City without cars

Building a car-free city is no easy task. The Chinese government undertook to solve it by approving an ambitious project for a settlement called Great City.

"Great City" is a project from scratch. It is being built in the countryside near Chengdu. The city will be designed for 80 thousand inhabitants, and any movement around it can be done on foot or by bicycle without any difficulties.

Its unique design will help you quickly get to anywhere in the city - the residential center will be located in the very center of Great City, and roads, office and administrative buildings will be around it. Thus, to get from the center to the outer ring of parks on foot, you will need to spend no more than 10 minutes.

According to the project, the Chinese city of the future will consume 58% less water and 48% less electricity. At the same time, the amount of waste in it will be 89% lower than in cities of a similar size.

Zero carbon city

If the Chinese Great City is a city without cars, then Masdar in the UAE is a city without cars and without skyscrapers.

Masdar is already being built from scratch in the middle of the desert near Abu Dhabi. The main feature of the city will be its complete independence from traditional energy sources. Instead of oil, gas and coal, Masdar will receive energy from the sun, wind and geothermal sources. This will make it the first zero-carbon city.

In this city of the future, a special place will be given to high-speed public transport, gigantic “sunflowers” ​​will cover the streets from the heat of the day, and the energy they accumulate will be used only at night.

Green city in the desert

Dubai is another city from the United Arab Emirates that can fully meet the requirements for the city of the future. Company specialists

Baharash Architecture created a project that used the world's leading achievements in eco-construction.

They consider the principles of ecology and simplicity of social interaction between residents to be the most important for the “green” city of the future. Their project includes 550 comfortable villas, educational institutions and organic farms, the energy for which will be generated by 200 square kilometers of solar panels.

Solar panels could supply the city with half of its needs, and the use of environmentally friendly public transport would offset the rest of its carbon emissions.

"Green" city with dense buildings

The Kjellgren Kaminsky Architecture bureau also believes that dense development is one of business cards cities of the future. More precisely, super-dense development.

Bureau specialists propose to transform the second largest Swedish city of Gothenburg into a city of the future. According to their plans, ultra-dense development and the use of roofs to accommodate vegetable gardens, solar panels and windmills will fully satisfy all the residents' needs for food and energy.

In addition, such development will significantly reduce traffic and help make the city river the main transport artery.

Vertical city

John Wardle Architects have suggested what Australian Melbourne might look like in 100 years. Their Multiplicity project demonstrates a huge metropolis growing not in breadth, but down and up.

To move around the Melbourne of the future, underground and air routes will be used, and a common transparent “roof” will be created over the entire city, which will be used to grow food, collect water and solar energy.

Pedestrian city

The Puerto Rican city of San Juan is another city that has decided to go completely car-free. But unlike Great City and Masdar, San Juan is not being created from scratch, but is being rebuilt.

City officials, concerned about the rapid decline in the number of residents, are investing $1.5 billion in the redevelopment. The main task is to abandon cars and create beautiful pedestrian areas. The authorities of San Juan expect that an environmentally friendly city with excellent opportunities for a relaxing holiday will attract both tourists and future residents.

A city with a comfort center

The ReThink Athens competition was designed to find a project that would completely rethink the center of the ancient city, making it calmer and cleaner.

The winner of the competition was a project that proposes to abandon motor transport and fill the center of Athens with green areas to create more comfortable conditions for walking. A small redevelopment will allow you to easily travel on foot from the center to neighboring areas.

Lawn City

Shan-Sui is another Chinese city of the future in our review. The creation of his project is carried out by the MAD Architects studio, and the idea itself is based on the veneration of the water element and mountains in China.

Shan Sui is a city with a large number of multifunctional skyscrapers. In each of them, residents and guests will have access to dozens of public spaces with pieces of wildlife for quiet relaxation and contemplation.

3D city

One of the most original projects of the eVolo 2011 Skyscraper Competition was the NeoTax project. Its essence is to build houses not only upward, but also to the sides above the trees. Simply put, houses in the city of the future will occupy only a small area on the ground, but in the air at the 10-20th floor level they will grow in all directions.

In this way, it will be possible to preserve green spaces, and the buildings themselves, through the construction of additional modules, will offer people a much larger area for living and working.

City of pebbles

Drawing his ideas from natural forms, Belgian architect Vincent Callebaut proposed a city of the future project for another Chinese city - Shenzhen.

Each building, according to Callebo's idea, will look like a pyramid of sea pebbles stacked on top of each other. The architect emphasizes that such a design

will fill the city with positive energy and will make it possible to equip gardens and vegetable gardens directly in residential towers. In addition, the “pyramids of pebbles” will have wind generators and solar panels, and the high density of apartments and houses will reduce the role of vehicles.

Here are some more thoughts about the city of the future:

Looking at the paintings of futurists and visionaries of the past, say, turn of the XIX century and 20th centuries, we involuntarily smile at the seeming naivety of the authors. Multi-storey stone houses, the sky is filled with frame wooden airplanes, the space between the sky and the ground is filled with multi-level railways on trestles along which old-fashioned steam locomotives run, and the streets are crowded in a terrible disorder with vintage cars. We don't see any of this around. Trains in big cities became electric, they were hidden underground or left on the ground, in the sky above the city it is not very often that completely different metal machines than in the pictures appear: airplanes and helicopters; multi-level overpasses were more suitable for cars of a completely different type and quality, moving according to strict rules. Despite all the dissimilarity of futuristic pictures to the reality of today's city life, such inaccurate forecasts create an ideological broth from which reality then crystallizes.

The idea of ​​an ideal city of the future has worried people for a long time. It is enough to recall the image of Heavenly Jerusalem from the Revelation of John the Theologian, where the city is described as a cube with a side of 12,000 stadia: “The city was pure gold, like pure glass.” Heavenly Jerusalem is a goal beyond the reach of earthly life, impossible on this earth, but the very image of the future city is repeated more than once in churches and monasteries of the Middle Ages: the abbey of Mont Saint-Michel in France, St. Basil's Cathedral in Russia. In the New Time, the idea of ​​an ideal city increasingly began to shift from the realm of the unrealizable on earth to the realm of the feasible by human forces. The first attempt to build an ideal garden city was carried out by Claude Nicolas Ledoux in the 18th century in France, and was never completed. At the beginning of the 20th century, many architects, including Le Corbusier, also thought that they would create ideal cities for ideal society. Today we look with disappointment at the fruits of their labors, but the idea of ​​​​improving the urban environment is becoming more and more relevant under the pressure of reality.

The growth of the Earth's population, urbanization, the complication of production processes, economic relations, the worsening environmental situation, socio-psychological and transport problems show that the modern city is at the limit of its ability to meet the needs of the population. A modern small town is not able to provide the variety of opportunities necessary to maintain an active young population; it is emptying. Megacities, on the contrary, attract everyone with opportunities large masses people are increasingly coping with their urban functions. Residents of megacities are suffocating from gases, loneliness, stress and conflicts, mental disorders, lack of time and energy to overcome huge distances. A big city, a priori deprived of the advantages of a small city, is now losing its own. In different parts of the planet, the question is different: in Holland there is simply not enough space for life and production, and it is being reclaimed from the sea; in Mexico, there are severe transport problems; Russia desperately needs the revival of hundreds of cities from the Black Sea to Kamchatka to retain the gigantic empty spaces . Therefore, the development of new forms of human settlement, new principles for constructing urban and, more broadly, inhabited space is not idle talk, but a severe necessity.

It is clear that almost any of the existing and currently being developed projects for the city of the future is only an approximate vision of the future “through a glass darkly.” Many of these projects will enrich the reality of the urban environment with only some individual elements or principles, but in general they will remain utopian. The most realistic projects will be close to the actual image of the city of the future, which will absorb elements of other, more expensive and fantastic ones. As has already happened in the history of urban planning, not just one idea will be embodied, but a whole bunch of ideas, enriching each other and fancifully refracting through the prism of reality. It is up to everyone to fill the future inhabited space with life; what it will be depends on each of us. Let's look at some concepts for cities of the future.

Green City

The reality of the present moment seems to prompt us to ask the question: instead of exploiting the environment, can a city consume raw materials and throw them into it? hazardous waste, on the contrary, to cultivate natural environment, completely recycling your waste and renewing the resources you consume? The question is open, and time will give a final answer to it. However, conceptual projects for such “green” cities already exist. It is a self-sufficient city that generates its own energy from renewable sources such as sunlight, wind, organic waste, geothermal energy, dissipated heat; has its own agriculture in vertical skyscraper farms, on rooftops and in parks. Such a city should be designed on the principles of passive architecture, when climatic comfort is achieved by the location of streets and houses appropriate to the location, taking into account local prevailing winds, terrain features and solar lighting. This makes it possible to minimize special technical means for maintaining a suitable climate, assigning their functions to smartly constructed and correctly positioned walls.

These cities are small in size and designed for pedestrians, cyclists and environmentally friendly public transport. This allows you to abandon unnecessary non-environmentally friendly means of transportation and saves people’s time and health. The facades of the houses are landscaped, high-rise buildings are covered with bushes and trees to their entire height and have gardens with mighty trees. Several projects of this kind are already underway. This is the city of Masdar, being built from scratch in the desert of Abu Dhabi, and the city of Almere, completely standing on territory reclaimed from the sea, in Holland. In Russia, “green” cities still exist in projects of the Society of Biotechnologists of Russia under the leadership of Raif Vasiliev.

City-home

Modern technologies make it possible to construct buildings of such impressive volume that the population of an entire city can fit in them. So why not try to place the entire complex urban organism within the walls of one giant house? Similar cities and settlements, merged into a single monolithic volume, existed in ancient times in the Middle East; in a sense, densely built-up castles and cities of the Middle Ages can be attributed to this type of settlement; the same concept is expressed by the image of Heavenly Jerusalem, the temple city, embodied in multi-domed Russian churches.

Today there are many similar projects: these are tiered citadels spread out on the ground, and skyscraper cities. The latter, for obvious reasons, are especially relevant in the overpopulated countries of Asia. In such a city, residential and working tiers alternate with parks, technical and economic tiers. Two such projects were launched by the Japanese corporation Takenaka. The largest of them, the kilometer-high Sky City (“Heavenly City”), could become a home for thirty-six thousand people and a workplace for another hundred thousand. Such a skyscraper provides everything for a full life without the need to leave it: schools, parks, shops, restaurants, theaters, hospitals, offices. It is clear that in such buildings separate subcultures will arise, leading a specific way of life.

According to the authors, the construction of such buildings is possible today, and if high-quality materials are used, such a city will last for about five hundred years. In Russia, the projects of city-houses are carried out by the architect Sergei Nepomnyashchy, who proposed several concepts, including the 75-story city “Birth of Venus” and the “Pancake City” spread across the landscape in the form of a giant puck.

floating city

An example is the “Lilypad” project – a floating ecopolis for climate refugees, something like Noah’s Ark. The name is derived from English words“lily” – “lily” and “pad” – “dwelling”, which corresponds to both the external image and the internal structure of the floating city. The author of the concept is the French architect Vincent Callebaut. The floating settlement has a double shell consisting of polyester fiber and a layer of titanium dioxide, which purifies the air under the influence of ultraviolet radiation. It is designed for fifty thousand people, refugees from the effects of global warming, and is a huge round ship, stuffed with all kinds of “green” technologies. Solar panels, tidal electric turbines, wind generators, various water purification and desalination systems, own farms that fully supply the city with food. At the center of the “lily” is a reservoir for collecting rainwater, immersed in the ocean and stabilizing the floating city.

The round structure has three elevated buildings along its perimeter, with slopes facing inward, like a funnel, forming an artificial landscape and organizing drainage. The surface of the reservoir, facing the ocean, is a plantation of marine plants, housing and research laboratories are also located there. Plantations are located in other parts of the floating island. The city is conceived as a harmonious component of the ecosystem, in symbiosis with the surrounding ocean, cleansing it of harmful products human activity. To date, the project exists only as a concept and has not been worked out in detail.

The idea, for all its beauty, is difficult to implement. Its radical nature and high cost scare off investors, and the author of the project considers mass construction of such cities possible only starting from the middle of the 21st century.

Aerotropolis

This is a city organized around the center of aviation traffic, the airport. Similar cities are already forming naturally in Europe and Southeast Asia. Many large airports, usually remote from the city they serve, have become so overgrown with auxiliary infrastructure, offices, hotels, and shopping centers that today they are already becoming the structural cores of entire independent settlements. Supporters of the aerotropolis concept tend to consider this not just an expanded version of the airport, but new form urban settlement. The most striking example of such a city today can be considered Frankfurt am Main in Germany. It is no coincidence that the first international conference “Airport City as an International Key to Regional Economic Development” was held here in May 2007. The author and active promoter of the aerotropolis concept, director of the Institute of Private Enterprise at the University of North Carolina, John Cassarda, presents it as a logical continuation of urban development. According to him, airports are the fifth wave of changes in transport infrastructure. These waves have determined the path of urban development over the past three centuries: at first it was sea ​​ports, then canals and rivers, then the emphasis shifted to overland communications - railways, highways. The transport of the 21st century, according to Cassarda, will be aviation, and the well-being of a city will depend on its proximity to airports. Therefore, Cassarda proposes not to move airports away from the city, but to form urban centers around airports.

Transpoly

This is a linear city stretched along a complex transport and infrastructure route. In structure, the transpoly resembles a village stretched along the highway: on both sides of the road there are houses, outbuildings and courtyards, behind the houses there are personal plots, vegetable gardens, smoothly turning into fields and the natural environment. The structure of transpoly is much more complex, but the principle of spatial zoning is the same. The functional zones stretched along the highway become more and more environmentally friendly as they move away from it and smoothly transform into the natural environment. The infrastructure highway is a complex interweaving of a variety of communications: high-speed passenger and freight transport, gas and oil pipelines, sections of waterways, power lines and information networks. Near the infrastructure highway there are enterprises and structures serving it, power plants, factories and everything that can be classified as industrial. The next zone is business and trade, where business, administrative and office blocks are located. Next is a residential area, consisting mainly of mid- and low-rise buildings, and as you move away from the axis-highway, the number of floors decreases and estate blocks appear. Then comes the turn of agricultural land, harmoniously transforming into recreational areas and nature reserves. This is a simplified diagram, which in life will be complicated by specific conditions and tasks, the zones will cross one another, the highway will be blocked by giant green bridges with planted trees.

The concept of transpoly along the Trans-Siberian Railway was proposed by architects I. Lezhava and M. V. Shubenkov. According to the authors, such a linear city will become the structural backbone of Russia and will make the vast spaces of Russia profitable, and not unprofitable, as it is today. The strengthening and expansion of the Trans-Siberian Railway and the use of high-speed transport of the future will make travel or delivery of goods from Europe to the Far East quick and convenient, turning Russia into a key player in trans-Asian transport. According to the authors of the concept, such a revolutionary revival of the Trans-Siberian Railway will strengthen the territorial integrity of Russia and give people opportunities better life by organizing new jobs to service the highway and resettlement in areas of estate urbanization. The total width of the transpoly will not exceed 15-20 kilometers, and nature reserves will be created around it, which will ensure a favorable ecology of the transpoly. This superstructure combines the advantages of both urban and rural life. On the one hand, the proximity to a high-speed transport artery, capable of transporting modern communications and associated business and household benefits over thousands of kilometers in a few hours, and on the other hand, the accessibility of the natural environment.

Local urbanization

This is urbanization of a fundamentally new type, representing a new civilization, a new way of urban life. Such urbanization involves the formation of a special urban fabric, connected with transport routes and combining the advantages of one’s own rural home and urban amenities and auxiliary equipment. The estate type of urbanization is primordially Russian and constitutes the originality of the Russian city. Characteristic is the unity of the city with the country, the non-distinction of its body in the general surrounding landscape, in contrast to the clearly distinguished environment cities of Western European type. According to Yuri Krupnov, Chairman of the Supervisory Board of the Institute of Demography, Migration and Regional Development, who is actively promoting this project, estate urbanization involves the revival of a multi-generational family living under one roof, which will solve a number of complex social problems and in modern conditions will revive the destroyed traditional way of life. The dwelling will again be able to become not a typical cell in a multi-storey human settlement, but an aesthetically unique and unlike others family estate with autonomous life support systems.

The form of urban education is determined by transport infrastructures, remaining free and most organic for a given place. Increased attention is paid to the natural landscape and the integration of the urban fabric into it. This approach to urban planning has received a special term in the history of architecture, which speaks for itself - natural Russian city. It requires a change in modern urban planning thinking, which is too attached to drawing up abstract planning patterns, the beauty of which can only be realized from an airplane. Necessary and important thinking plans should be replaced by a landscape vision of the future city, characteristic of medieval Russian city planners, as the architects say, from a human point of view.

Local urbanization involves the active application of the principles of “participatory architecture”, which are becoming increasingly popular in the world. Participatory architecture is a method of designing a residential environment, when the future or current residents of the city themselves take an active part in the design work. Thus, a person moves not into a completely finished standard residential area designed by someone unknown, but into one created by collective creative work, where an ordinary resident could feel like a master, capable of changing his living environment. Estate urbanization is based on the principles minimum costs, simplicity and rationality of design solutions and lies in line with the development of the vast Russian expanses. Based on the principles of estate urbanization, it is possible not only to create new settlements, but also to reconstruct old populated areas.

Deurbanization

Along with urban concepts, there is the idea of ​​a complete abandonment of city life, a return to the forest, to the land, to natural, environmentally friendly farming. The most radical supporters of deurbanization generally declare that cities are unnecessary, their complete futility as a form of people living together. Most of the disurbanists simply made their personal choice, without insisting that it was correct for everyone. In the extreme, deurbanization involves living in an eco-village on your own land in family home, built from natural building materials using environmentally friendly, but not necessarily traditional technologies, with the simplest possible technical solutions. Ecologically friendly agriculture without the use of pesticides and generally any artificial chemicals and with limited use of technology should fully provide all the needs of the settlers. Today this concept of resettlement is very popular, but often its proponents do not take into account many realities. Not all pampered city dwellers understand the full burden of agricultural labor and the degree of dependence of its results on natural conditions. A complete abandonment of cities is, of course, a utopia, which, if implemented in any country, would be tantamount to the cessation of the existence of this state, but the eco-villages themselves with agriculture, built on the principles of symbiosis between man and nature, will become important elements of the new reality.