Types of grammatical errors
1.
ERROR: according to schedule I contrary to orders but
On arrival, on departure, on departure
Upon completion, upon return, upon completion
NORM: upon arrival, upon arrival
NORMA: miss us, miss you.
On water, land and air- we are everywhere
reserved. (in the air)
Thanks to bad weather, we stayed at home.
(because of, because of)
An error occurs when the wrong choice
case or preposition.
ERROR: peculiar to us,
confidence in victory, the problem of protection.
WHO AND NOBODY is used with singular verbs.
Those, who have been to the city, could not help admiring
Those who has been in the city couldn't help admiring
by sea.
ERROR: A number of scenes in the play are true and
interesting.
ERROR: There are three books on the table.
ERROR: Industry and Agriculture is steadily developing.
ERROR: In the movie "War and Peace"
S. Bondarchuk played the role of Pierre.
MISTAKE: In "War and Peace" S. Bondarchuk played the role of Pierre.
ERROR: During the war, the people hoped and
believed in victory.
(hoping to win)
The slope of the mountain along which we descended, overgrown with dense ferns, was very steep.
He remembered the taiga and how he hunted a bear.
I love football and swimming.
His conclusions are simple and understandable.
ERROR: Well answered as young men, but
also girls.
MISTAKE: I not only read newspapers, but also magazines.
In the boat lay carp, carp, fish.
He came with his wife and a bad mood.
ERROR: The meeting was attended by representatives three countries: England, France, Italy.
ERROR: Using a calculator, the calculation is done quickly.
ERROR: Walking in the evening, I was not healthy.
ERROR: Having delivered the necessary medical supplies, the aircraft will be inspected by technicians.
MISTAKE: When meeting with a grandmaster, the young chess player won.
MISTAKE: Mom's cooked pancakes were delicious.
MISTAKE: We are proud of the players who beat the English team.
ERROR: The task we are running does not cause problems.
ERROR: He was constantly asked if he would complete the work he had begun.
He asked where his things were.
Check yourself I
1. In the story "The Jumper" Chekhov condemns idleness.
violation in the construction of a sentence with an inconsistent application
2. He loved and was fond of reading.
error in constructing a sentence with homogeneous members
3. You need to take great care of children.
incorrect use of the case form of a noun with a preposition
4. A desk mate asked who would go to football with me.
incorrect sentence construction with indirect speech
5. Whoever came to our city admired its provincial simplicity.
violation of the connection between the subject and the predicate
6. The sun illuminated the mountain peaks covered with snow.
violation in the construction of a sentence with participial turnover
7. Having rested a little, the work began to be done faster.
violation in the construction of a sentence with adverbial turnover
Larisa Fominykh
Grammar or speech error?
The need to distinguish between grammatical and speech errors in creative works students dictated existing regulations. The first type of error is integral part in the assessment for literacy, the second (as one of the components) - for the content. During check USE essays(part C) they should also be demarcated. However, in practice, there are often difficulties in their differentiation. The purpose of this note is to help the teacher in determining the nature of these shortcomings.
A grammatical error is a violation of the structure of a language unit: incorrect word formation (there is no such word in the language); miseducation word forms; errors in the construction of phrases and sentences. Violations of this kind account for about 31%.
A grammatical error, depending on its nature, can be made in a word, in a phrase or in a sentence. It doesn't require context to discover it. Unlike spelling or punctuation, a grammatical error can be detected by ear, and not only in a written text, while a spelling error can only be detected in writing.
Consider main types of grammatical errors.
I. Erroneous word formation: cake; liked; chewing gum; showed indifference.
II. Errors in the formation of forms different parts speeches:
1) nouns (gender; nominative and genitive plural; declination indeclinable nouns): where is the second shoe? my birthday; our engineer; real friendships are few; ride on ponies;
2) adjectives (double comparative or superlative): less successful; the most beautiful fountain; more attractive;
3) numerals (incorrect formation of case forms of cardinal numbers; errors in the use of ordinal and collective numbers): over eight hundred meters; seven skiers; on page thirty-eight;
4) pronouns: how many hours of class? with their neighbors; evon book;
5) verbs: lay down walls; want to eat; erase from the board; chishet five times in a row; slam the door; drive straight; tomorrow I will tidy up (wash off); this also includes a violation of the species-temporal correlation of verb forms in the sentence: When December comes, the weather changes dramatically.
6) participles (they do not have a form of the future tense; they are not used with a particle by; you cannot mix recurrent and irrevocable forms): everyone who writes an essay will receive a credit; there is not a single book that would attract our attention; studied all available information; troops fighting the enemy;
7) gerunds: walked, looking around; applying ointment to the wound; having bought a service;
Sh. Syntax errors- violations in the construction of phrases and sentences:
1) errors in management: describes about the battle; thirst for power; I can't wait until I leave
2) in agreement: young people are eager to learn; people believe that life will not get better; with a group of tourists who are fond of rafting on mountain rivers;
4) in the construction of sentences with homogeneous members:
a) the member of the sentence and the subordinate part are used as homogeneous: I want to show the meaning of sport and why I love it;
b) with two verb-predicates there is a common object that cannot be used in this form with one of them: We remember and admire the exploits of heroes;
c) inaccurate use of double union: As the old people as well as the children were the first to be evacuated(it is necessary: both ..., and ...). I not only prepared on my own, but also attended an elective(not only but…);
5) in the use of participial phrases: There is little difference between the topics written on the board;
6) participial phrases: Skating on the rink, my legs hurt. And then, preparing for the exams, it was as if he had been replaced.
7) in the construction of complex sentences (distortion of conjunctions; the use of two subordinating conjunctions at the same time; "stringing" the same type of subordinate clauses): The bell rang, you need to go home. Everyone began to praise the performers as if they were real artists. He said what he did not know about this case. I heard that you asked me to tell you that you will come soon.
8) violation of the boundaries of proposals: 1. When the wind ran through. And the clouds quickly ran across the sky. 2. I poured a hedgehog of milk into a saucer. And put the hedgehog in the box.
However, one should keep in mind the phenomenon of parcelling, when the author deliberately breaks up a sentence to make it more expressive or highlight thoughts: The very thought of betrayal makes me uncomfortable. Because it defies my beliefs.
9) mixing direct and indirect speech: A.S. Pushkin writes that I aroused good feelings with my lyre.
The main types of speech errors
Speech errors- These are errors associated with violation of the requirements of correct speech. The reason for them is the poverty of the students' vocabulary, the inexpressiveness of speech, the indistinguishability of paronyms, non-compliance with the lexical compatibility of words, speech stamps, etc. From the point of view of grammar, there are no violations, all forms of words, syntactic constructions correspond language norm However, in general, the text of the work testifies to the poverty of the student's speech.
1) The use of words in an unusual meaning for them: The pathos of his work is laughter - the writer's formidable weapon. Monologue of wind and tree...
2) tautology (repetition of single-root words in one sentence): The enemy was getting closer and closer.The young district of the city was named after the name of the street. The writer vividly describes the events of the Great Patriotic War.
It should be noted that the use of single-root words in one sentence may be quite acceptable. In Russian in native language there are a number of expressions like: all sorts of things, jokes, do their job, roar roaring, howling howling, moaning with a groan. Either stand standing, or sit sitting, or lie down lying down. (proverb)
Many of them have already become phraseological units or are approaching them. IN works of art the author may deliberately resort to a tautology:
Soon the fairy tale tells, but not soon the deed is done. (A.S. Pushkin)
The smoke goes from the pipes to the chimney. (A.S. Pushkin)
I wish you and myself more pride, less pride. (K. Vanshenkin)
3) pleonasm (hidden tautology): the main leitmotif of his work; we invite you to meet new year holidays far from cold, blizzard and cold; specific feature creativity; colleagues;
4) mixing of paronyms: representatives high society led a festive life; after a quarrel between neighbors, hostile relations were established; this dish is very filling;
5) violation of lexical compatibility: around gloating hunger, devastation; the standard of living of the population has deteriorated;
7) speech stamps: now let's talk about heating; in the summer we like to relax on the sea; the exam can be held at the end of the development of the subject;
8) dialect, vernacular, slang words: he is used to living for free; she looked great; in the image of Khlestakov, Gogol showed a terrible impudent person who shamelessly lies and grabs a bribe;
9) mixing vocabulary of different historical eras: Marya Kirillovna and the prince went to the registry office to get married. Liza served as a housekeeper for Famusov;
10) unjustified repetition of the same words in adjacent sentences (usually these are verbs of movement, being, speaking): Boy was dressed in a burnt padded jacket. Vatnik was darned roughly. AND were he has worn trousers on. A soldier's boots were almost new.
Such a defect should be distinguished from repetition as a stylistic device, which is actively used by poets and writers:
Beauty does not go in vain.
Do not grow even in a black year
Maple in vain, and willow in vain,
And a vain flower on the pond. (Yu. Moritz)
Hazy noon breathes lazily,
The river flows lazily.
And in the fiery and pure firmament
Clouds drift lazily. (F. Tyutchev)
11) the unsuccessful use of personal and demonstrative pronouns as a means of connecting sentences (as a result of which ambiguity is created): Don't lend the company car to your wife. She may get into an accident. We watched the film in the new cinema. From him we have a good impression.
12) bad word order: Dobrolyubov called merchants from Ostrovsky's plays representatives of the "dark kingdom". Prelude and nocturne for Scriabin's left hand were performed by Margarita Fedorova.
To make it easier to use the classification of these errors, we will present them in an abbreviated form in the table:
Grammatical errors | Speech errors |
1) erroneous word formation: pleasure to live; wakefulness; sign for life; | 1) the use of the word in an unusual meaning: In an allergic form, Gorky tells us about Petrel. |
2) errors in the formation of word forms: no places; more strict; five hundred rubles; wait; theirs; | 2) violation of lexical compatibility: cheap prices; he constantly replenishes his horizons; |
3) violation of the types of temporal correlation of verbs: sat at the table and does not talk to me; | 3) tautology: Everyone was in a businesslike mood. The increase in crime has increased by five percent. |
4) errors in coordination and management: from the part of the novel I read; | 4) pleonasm: colleagues; feathered birds; |
5) violation of agreement between the subject and the predicate: Mankind is fighting for peace. Young people on the bus push and make noise. | 5) unjustified repetitions of the word in adjacent sentences: The guys woke up early. The guys decided to go to the forest. The guys went into the forest along the field road. |
6) errors in the use of participial and adverbial phrases: While sledding, I got a headache. Reading books makes life more interesting. | 6) Unfortunate use of personal and demonstrative pronouns, creating ambiguity: The girl has a hat on her head. She looks flirty. |
7) errors in the construction of complex sentences: Before leaving, we went to the river. | 7) the use of a word of a different stylistic coloring: To poison Lensky, Onegin courts Olga. |
8) mixing direct and indirect speech: The governor told the oil workers that we appreciate your contribution to the region's economy. | 8) mixing vocabulary from different historical eras: Gerasim returned to the village and began to work on the collective farm. |
Training tasks
1. Find grammatical errors in sentences and determine their type.
1. The logs were heavy, so they were put on sticks and carried.
2. The accident occurred at the five hundred and eleventh kilometer from Moscow.
3. The management of the organization hopes that in this way they can stop the growth of the queue in kindergartens.
4. And we made a new swing in our yard!
5. Writing a review, Iskander used a rhetorical question.
6. These plans need and deserve all support.
7. But the father answered that you are still small for such work. Chatsky's ardent speeches are addressed to the nobility, who do not want and are even afraid of change.
8. Now the methods of water purification are becoming more perfect.
9. The spring sun shines brightly, and the birds sang.
10. Having risen to our floor, the door of our apartment was open.
11. From a distance, floating logs on the water were visible.
12. The sons of Taras dismounted from their horses, who studied in the Kiev bursa.
2. Find speech errors, determine their type.
1. We foresaw all the difficulties of the campaign in advance.
2. Khlestakov sat in the britzka and shouted: “Drive, my dear, to the airport!”
Classification of errors according to FIPI
Grammar mistake- this is an error in the structure of a language unit: in the structure of a word, phrase or sentence; is a violation of any grammatical norm: word-formation, morphological, syntactic.
For example:
Unlike grammar, speech errors- these are errors not in the construction, not in the structure of the language unit, but in its use, most often in the use of the word. These are predominantly violations lexical norms, for example:
A speech error can be noticed only in the context, this is its difference from a grammatical error, for the detection of which the context is not needed.
The following are generally accepted classifiers of grammatical and speech errors.
This errors associated with the use of the verb, verb forms, adverbs, particles:
These errors are usually associated with a violation of the laws and rules of grammar and arise under the influence of vernacular and dialects.
Typical ones include grammatical and syntactical errors :
These are violations associated with the underdevelopment of speech: pleonasm, tautology, speech stamps; unmotivated use of colloquial vocabulary, dialectisms, jargon; unsuccessful use of expressive means, stationery, non-distinguishing (mixing) of paronyms; errors in the use of homonyms, antonyms, synonyms; ambiguity not eliminated by the context.
Logic errors associated with a violation of the logical correctness of speech. They arise as a result of a violation of the laws of logic, committed both within a single sentence, judgment, and at the level of the whole text.
Composition-text errors
Factual Errors- a kind of non-linguistic errors, which consists in the fact that the writer cites facts that contradict reality, gives incorrect information about the actual circumstances, both related and not related to the analyzed text (background knowledge)
When checking literacy (K7-K8), errors are taken into account
It is also necessary to take into account the repeatability and uniformity of errors. If the mistake is repeated in the same word or in the root of words with the same root, then it is considered as one mistake.
Graphic errors- various methods of shortening words, the use of spaces between words, various underlining and font selections. These include: various typos and misprints caused by the inattention of the writer or the haste of writing.
Common graphical errors:
Not right:Meeting Chatsky from Famusov didn't bring to him
(to whom - Chatsky or Famusov?) nothing good.
Right:Chatsky's meeting with Famusov did not bring Alexander Alexandrovich anything good.
Not right: Each of the landowners
persuades Pavel Ivanovich go to yourself.
(to whom - to the landowner or to himself?)
Right:Each of the landowners suggests that Pavel Ivanovich come to him.
Even literate people make grammatical mistakes. It is easy to see that some rules of the Russian do not cause difficulties, while the majority regularly stumbles on others. It's not so much that these rules are complicated. Rather, they are simply inconvenient, and some have so many exceptions and peculiarities of application that their presentation takes up a whole sheet - it seems that they cannot be learned without being an academic.
Consider the most typical mistakes in Russian, committed not by schoolchildren, but by fairly literate people.
What is considered a grammatical error?
A grammatical error is a violation of a generally accepted established norm. Any errors related to word formation (for example, the wrong suffix is used for), morphology (for example, the wrong declension of a verb), syntax (for example, inconsistent with the main sentence) are called grammatical errors.
Grammar errors should be distinguished from spelling or speech errors.
The most common mistakes are related to punctuation:
1. Many people are used to highlighting "however" with commas and are very surprised when Word underlines the comma after it as a mistake. Those who are more attentive notice that a comma after "however" is considered an error only when it is at the beginning of a sentence. Indeed, if the meaning of this word is similar to "after all", "nevertheless", and it is in the middle of a sentence, then it is considered introductory, and it must be separated by commas. If it means "but", as, for example, in the sentence "However, she did not understand him" (= "But she did not understand him"), then the comma is not needed.
2. Often there is confusion with the signs "dash" and "colon". Many, faced with which the union is missing, intuitively understand that they need to put a more "solid" sign than a comma. But which one? The rule is actually quite simple. You need to choose the most suitable words instead of the missing union.
If the meaning is suitable for such words as "what", "namely", then you need to put a colon. And also a colon is put if the first sentence ends with words denoting perception and suggesting that they will be followed by a description. These can be words: see, understand, feel, etc.
I remember (that): it was evening, a quiet flute was playing.
He was a complex person (namely): quick-tempered, bilious, sullen.
I recognized him immediately: (because) he was wearing one yellow shoe.
I see: a barge is sailing, on it is a barefoot boy, tanned, unfamiliar, but sparkling with a smile and in the next second he is waving his hand to me.
If you can insert words such as "a", "but", "and", "as if", "this", "therefore", "as if", then a dash should be used.
He took a wide step (and) - his pants were torn.
Across the sea, a heifer (this) is a half, but a ruble is transported.
The wind blew - (therefore) groaned, the old forest creaked.
A dash is also used when the words "if" or "when" can be added at the beginning of a sentence.
(When) I thought about Grisha - he is right there.
(If) I get a fee - let's go to the sea!
Grammatical errors related to morphology
Difficulties cause "nn" in suffixes (although everyone remembers glass, tin, wooden), it is especially difficult to deal with double "n" in adverbs. And also many are confused by the use of particles not / neither. Quite a few educated people, imperceptibly for themselves, are mistaken in management. Which is correct, "control over" or "control over"? The confusion between the two is another popular grammatical error. Example:
Which option is correct? Everything. One or another type of control in this case is selected depending on the characteristics of the subsequent word. For example, "control over" is used before verbal nouns (execute - execution). There are other subtleties.
Not all common grammatical errors are mentioned in this article. It is quite possible to learn not to commit them by studying the rules. We hope we have succeeded in demonstrating that knowledge of the mysteries mother tongue- a fascinating business, and sometimes a superficial acquaintance with the rule is enough to realize all its logic and expediency. We also hope that you have noticed the variations in the use of the rules described above in the article itself, and not just under the "examples" headings.
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