Worldview - your own view of the world. What is a person's worldview - its forms, types and principles of formation

ON WHAT DEPENDS ONE OR OTHER WORLD VIEW OF A HUMAN?

One worldview, one view of the world from a primitive hunter who saw the world in his own way, another completely - from a modern scientist.

It's easier to say: how many people, so many worldviews. But this is not entirely true. People are not only separated by SOMETHING, but also united by the COMMONITY of the motherland, language. spirituality, knowledge, the history of their people, property and domestic and social status. Education brings people together general level knowledge, common values. Therefore, it is not surprising that people can have similar, GENERAL positions in CONSIDERATION OF THE WORLD in its Awareness and EVALUATION.

The classification of worldviews is different. The first give priority GOD or NATURE. Other HUMAN. or SOCIETY, third KNOWLEDGE or SCIENCE. Sometimes worldviews are divided into PROGRESSIVE and REACTIONAL.

COMMON WORLD VIEW arises in a person's life in the process of his personal practical activity, therefore it is sometimes called the WORLDLY worldview. The views of a person in this case are not justified by religious or scientific arguments. It is formed spontaneously, especially when a person is not deeply familiar with either religion or science. There are many people with this worldview here on the site.

It is impossible to completely exclude ignorance of both, since a person lives in a world of people where everything is available., all information. But in a person, the everyday, everyday, everyday basis prevails. It relies on the direct life experience of a person and in this is its strength, but it is of little use. t THE EXPERIENCE OF OTHER PEOPLE, THE EXPERIENCE OF SCIENCE AND RELIGION, and this is its WEAKNESS. The ordinary worldview is spread very widely, since science and religion do not greatly affect and affect these people. There are many such people on this site.

RELIGIOUS WORLD VIEW- the basis of which are the religious teachings of the Bible, the Koran, the Torah, the Talmud, the Vedas and the sacred books of Buddhists and many others. Let me remind you that religion also contains a certain picture of the world, the doctrine of the destiny of man, covenants and commandments aimed at shaping his certain way of life, at the salvation of both body and spirit or soul. Religious worldview is also STRONG AND WEAK sides. There are also a lot of people with this worldview here on the site.

Its strength is a CLOSE RELATIONSHIP with the world cultural, SPIRITUAL and moral heritage, an orientation towards solving problems related to the needs BODY AND SPIRIT OF HUMAN, the desire to give a person FAITH, PURPOSE AND WAY achievement of their perfection set as a goal by God.

The weaknesses of this worldview are Irreconcilability to other positions in life and insufficient attention to the achievements of SCIENCE, and often completely ignoring science. Truth in recent times a slightly different way of thinking appeared among religion and its supporters for peace with science, and not war, since both science and religion enjoy mutual benefits.

SCIENTIFIC WORLD VIEW is the legitimate heir to that direction of world philosophical thought, which in its development constantly relied on SCIENCE ACHIEVEMENTS. It includes the scientific picture of the world, generalized results, the results of the achievements of human knowledge, the principles of the relationship of man with the natural and artificial environment. The scientific worldview also has its own Advantages and disadvantages. There are also enough people with such a worldview here on the site.

Among the merits we can attribute its strong SUBSTANTIATION to the achievements of science: the REALITY of the goals and ideals contained in them, the organic connection with the production and social practical activities of people. But we must not close our eyes to the fact that man has not yet taken the predominant place in it. MAN, HUMANITY, HUMANITY- it's true global problem present and future.

The development of this triad is an inexhaustible task, but the inexhaustibility of the task requires not a DISTANCE from it, but perseverance in its solution. This is the dominant feature of modern science, designed to enrich the worldview and also teach man and the world of people, like religion.

turn to HUMANITY, HUMANITY and HUMANITY if it takes on a comprehensive character for the whole world of people, can become a decisive ennobling factor for all types of worldview, then their main common feature becomes a SPIRITUAL direction.

Such a worldview is the most promising for the life of people striving to carry out the development of mankind along the path to God and progress, and is still at the very BEGINNING OF THE PATH to a broad mastery of its foundations.

The strongest worldview has the person who includes all three worldviews, especially not only THEORIES but also, most importantly, PRACTICE to achieve what is laid down in theory.

Worldview is an important part of human life. How sentient being he must have his own thoughts, views, ideas, perform actions and be able to analyze them. What is the essence of this concept? What is its structure and typology?

Man is a rational being, living consciously. It is characterized by mental activity and sensory perception. He is able to set goals and find the means to achieve them. So, he has a certain worldview. This concept is multifaceted, consists of several important definitions.

Worldview is:

• belief system a person to the real, objective world;
• attitude of a rational being to the surrounding reality and to one's own "I";
• life position, beliefs, ideals, demeanor, moral and ethical values ​​and the concept of morality, spiritual world personality, principles of cognition and application of experience related to the perception of the environment and society.

The definition and development of a worldview involves the study and perception of only those views and ideas that have the ultimate generalization.

The subjects of this concept are the individual, the individual, and the social group, society. An indicator of the maturity of both subjects is the formation of a stable, unshakable view of things, which directly depends on the material conditions and social life with which a person is associated.

Levels

Human individuality cannot be the same. And so the outlook is different. It is associated with several levels of self-consciousness.

Its structure consists of a series important components having their own characteristics.

1. First level- common world view. Most people are on it, because it is a system of beliefs that is based on common sense, life experience and human instincts.
2. Second level- professional. It is possessed by people employed in a certain field of scientific and practical activity. It arises as a result of gaining knowledge and experience in a particular field of science, politics, creativity. The thoughts and ideas of a person that arise at this level are of an educational nature and are able to influence, be transmitted to other people. Many philosophers, writers, and public figures had this worldview.
3. Third level- the highest point of development - theoretical (philosophy). At this level, the structure and typology of a person's views on the world and himself is created, studied, analyzed and criticized. The specificity of this level is such that especially outstanding personalities, theorists of philosophical science reached it.

Structure

In the structure of the vision of the world, more specific levels are distinguished:

• elemental: the components of the worldview are combined and realized in everyday consciousness;
• conceptual: basis - worldview problems - concepts;
• methodological: concepts and principles that make up the center, the core of the worldview.

Data structural components have their own characteristics. According to them, one can judge how complex and contradictory the beliefs of a person who is trying to combine knowledge, feelings, values, actions, and his own character traits coming from outside turn out to be.

Types

Depending on the level of development of the system of views of a person and the characteristics of his individual perception of the world around him, the following types of worldview are distinguished:

1. Ordinary(worldly) arises in the conditions of habitual everyday life. It is usually passed on from the older generation to the younger, from adults to children. This type is characterized by a clear position and ideas about oneself and the environment: people and the environment. FROM early age the individual is aware of what the sun, sky, water, morning, good and evil, etc. are like.
2. mythological implies the presence of uncertainty, the absence of a separation between the subjective and the objective. Man cognizes the world through what he knows by virtue of being. In this type, the worldview ensured the interaction of generations through the mythical connections of the past and the future. The myth became a reality, with it checked their own views and actions.
3. religious- one of the most powerful and effective types, associated with belief in supernatural forces that control the will, knowledge, moral and physical actions of people.
4. Scientific consists of concrete, rational, factual thoughts, ideas, devoid of subjectivity. This type is the most realistic, reasoned and accurate.
5. philosophical includes theoretical concepts and categories that are based on scientific knowledge and substantiation of natural, social and personal phenomena in accordance with logic and objective reality. Philosophy, or "love of wisdom" contains the highest meaning of scientific comprehension of the world and disinterested service to the truth.
6. humanistic stands on the fundamental principles of humanism - humanity, which state that:

• man is the highest world value;
• each person is a self-sufficient person;
• each person has unlimited opportunities for their own development, growth and manifestation of creative abilities;
• each person is able to change himself, his character;
• Each person is capable of self-development and a positive impact on others.

In any type of worldview, the main thing is a person, his attitude towards himself and the world around him.

Despite some differences, the functions of each type are aimed at making a person change and become better, so that his thoughts and ideas do not harm him or those who are close to him.

What role does the vision of the world play in human life

A person goes through different stages in his life. The formation of personality takes place in constant search and doubt, contradictions and finding the truth. If a person is really interested in his own development and wants to achieve highest point knowledge, he must develop his personal life position based on his own worldview.

Personal views can bring together different points of view and ideas. Their transformation allows a person to become a personality, an individuality.

Video: Worldview

Introduction: what is philosophy

outlook

Origins of philosophy

Philosophical worldview

The problem of the scientific nature of the philosophical worldview

The Purpose of Philosophy

Philosophy is one of the oldest areas of knowledge, spiritual culture. Originating in the 7th-6th centuries BC. in India, China, Ancient Greece, it became a stable form of consciousness that interested people in all subsequent centuries. The vocation of philosophers became the search for answers to questions, and the very formulation of questions related to the worldview.

Representatives of different professions may be interested in philosophy from at least two points of view. It is needed for better orientation in one's specialty, but most importantly, it is necessary for understanding life in all its fullness and complexity. In the first case, philosophical questions of physics, mathematics, biology, history, medical, engineering, pedagogical and other activities, artistic creativity and many others fall into the field of attention. But there are philosophical issues that concern us not only as specialists, but as citizens and people in general. And this is no less important than the first. In addition to erudition, which helps to solve professional problems, each of us needs something more - a broad outlook, the ability to understand the essence of what is happening in the world, to see the trends in its development. It is also important to understand the meaning and purpose own life: why do we do this or that, what are we striving for, what will it give people, will it not lead us ourselves to collapse and bitter disappointment. General ideas about the world and man, on the basis of which people live and act, are called worldview..

To answer the question, what is philosophy, it is necessary, at least in general view to clarify what a worldview is.

The concept of worldview

Worldview - a set of views, assessments, principles that determine the most general vision, understanding of the world, a person's place in it, and also - life positions, programs of behavior, actions of people. Worldview is a necessary component of human consciousness. This is not just one of its elements among many others, but their complex interaction. Diverse "blocks" of knowledge, beliefs, thoughts, feelings, moods, aspirations, hopes, united in a worldview, form a more or less holistic understanding of the world and themselves by people. In the worldview, the cognitive, value, behavioral spheres in their interrelation are generally represented.

The life of people in society has a historical character. Either slowly or rapidly, all its components change intensively over time: technical means and the nature of labor, people's relations and the people themselves, their feelings, thoughts, interests. People's views of the world are also changing, capturing and refracting the changes in their social existence. In the worldview of a particular time, its general intellectual, psychological mood, the "spirit" of the era, country, and certain social forces find expression. This allows (on the scale of history) sometimes conditionally speaking about the worldview in a summary, impersonal form. However, in reality, beliefs, norms of life, ideals are formed in the experience, consciousness of specific people. And this means that in addition to the typical views that determine the life of the whole society, the worldview of each era lives, acts in a variety of group and individual variants. And yet, in the diversity of worldviews, a fairly stable set of their main "components" can be traced. Clear, we are talking not about their mechanical connection. The worldview is integral: the connection of components, their "alloy" is fundamentally important in it. And, as in an alloy, different combinations of elements, their proportions give different results, so something similar happens with the worldview. What are the components, "components" of the worldview?

Generalized knowledge - life-practical, professional, scientific - enters into the worldview and plays an important role in it. The degree of cognitive saturation, validity, thoughtfulness, internal consistency of worldviews is different. The more solid the stock of knowledge of this or that people or person in this or that era, the more serious support - in this respect - the worldview can receive. A naive, unenlightened consciousness does not have sufficient intellectual means to clearly substantiate its views, often turning to fantastic fictions, beliefs, and customs.

The need for world orientation makes its demands on knowledge. What is important here is not just a set of all kinds of information from different areas or "many learning", which, as the ancient Greek philosopher Heraclitus explained, "does not teach the mind." The English philosopher F. Bacon expressed the conviction that the painstaking extraction of ever new facts (reminiscent of the work of an ant) ​​without summing them up, comprehension does not promise success in science. Even less effective is raw, fragmented material for the formation or justification of a worldview. This requires generalized ideas about the world, attempts to recreate its holistic picture, understanding the relationship various areas, identifying general trends and patterns.

Knowledge - for all its importance - does not fill the entire field of worldview. In addition to a special kind of knowledge about the world (including the human world), the worldview also clarifies the semantic basis of human life. In other words, value systems are formed here (ideas about good, evil, beauty, and others), finally, "images" of the past and "projects" of the future are formed, certain ways of life, behavior are approved (condemned), programs of action are built. All three components of the worldview - knowledge, values, programs of action - are interconnected.

At the same time, knowledge and values ​​are in many respects "polar": they are opposite in their essence. Cognition is driven by the desire for truth - an objective comprehension of the real world. Values ​​characterize that special attitude of people to everything that happens, in which their goals, needs, interests, ideas about the meaning of life are combined. Value consciousness is responsible for moral, aesthetic and other norms and ideals. The most important concepts with which the value consciousness has long been associated were the concepts of good and evil, beautiful and ugly. Through correlation with norms, ideals, the assessment of what is happening is carried out. The system of values ​​plays a very important role both in the individual and in the group, public outlook. For all their heterogeneity, the cognitive and value methods of mastering the world in human consciousness, action are somehow balanced, brought into harmony. The worldview also combines such opposites as intellect and emotions.

People have always been very actively interested in the processes of arranging the world around them. Man sought to determine his place in it, to figure out who is his friend and who is his enemy. Thanks to this worldview, it was possible to determine for themselves the most important thing - a life position, with a dedicated line of behavior, as well as a general desire to show some kind of action.

About a person's worldview

A person is capable of thinking, reasoning and, as a result, forecasting. We certainly know what certain actions will lead to in the process of realizing our main goals. This is done by world outlook, a number of natural instincts, in particular practical and scientific activities, allow us to form a system of assessments and views and further carry out a figurative representation of the world around us. The key functions of the worldview can be called the organization, comprehension and purposefulness of each individual. This suggests that the worldview is largely determined by the life position that a person has taken, beliefs and a number of moral and ethical values. Many are concerned about the question, how is the formation of a worldview carried out?

In fact, the overall picture is formed through upbringing, the learning process, as well as socialization in society as a whole. We can safely say that the formation of a worldview is a very slow process that includes many different steps. Young people lack the experience and necessary knowledge, and therefore their worldview is unstable. This is a very easy "prey" for representatives of various religions, politicians, etc. A person, as he grows up, gradually begins to be interested in different things, theories, and eventually his value system is fixed, which also determines the behavior of the individual and pushes him to take action.

Classification of forms and types

There are only a few key components that characterize the worldview:

• knowledge. They are divided into two subcategories: practical and professional. It is the fundamental and first element of any worldview. They say that the wider the circle of knowledge, the firmer a person's position in life;
• expression of feelings. The fact is that different types of worldview manifest themselves in different ways and this depends largely on the so-called subjective reaction of the individual to stimuli. The reaction can be either positive or negative, or neutral. Here special meaning has a psychological state of a person and one can safely single out a special moral type, called duty and responsibility;
• a number of values. Worldview is directly connected with other values. They can be both useful and harmful, but the process of perception itself takes place through the prism of human interests;
• perfect deeds. They can also be divided into two broad categories, that is, bad and good. Usually, in practice, a person begins to actively show his own ideas and views to promote;
• character. It is expressed in faith, doubt and will, and on the basis of these three whales, a person subsequently takes strategic important decisions, self-confidence is formed, as well as the level of self-criticism either increases, or vice versa, decreases;
• a number of beliefs. They can be strong-willed and firm. Usually this concept includes both public and personal views, which act as the so-called engine of life, as well as its basis.

About philosophical outlook

It is called system-theoretical and all because it originates from the mythological worldview. Myth is always based on feelings and emotions, and thanks to philosophy it is possible to use a number of evidence, as well as logic. This philosophy originated many centuries ago in Greece. ancient india and China. At the same time, there is a special type of worldview, which makes it possible to prove that something outside philosophy can also exist, and this science itself forms a worldview. It is not for nothing that philosophical knowledge is considered to be and called elitist, and it is not available to everyone, only smart people Those who are capable of thinking can be carried away by it and understand it.

Religious worldview

It usually arises on the basis of the so-called mythological and is based on a person's belief in the existence of supernatural forces. The fact is that as various religious movements developed and appeared, they gradually went into oblivion and, thanks to their numerous mythological features, only the so-called cruel dogmas, as well as a system of moral precepts, remained. This type includes a dependency on higher powers and at its core lies the fear of the unknown. A holistic it was formed solely due to the emergence of an indisputable system of commandments, which determines the holiness and sinfulness of various actions and intentions.

Mythological worldview

This type of worldview began to take shape during the primitive communal system, when the perception of the world formed the basis. The fact is that mythology itself is very closely intertwined with pagan beliefs and various myths in which phenomena and material objects were spiritualized. Such a worldview is mixed with the profane and sacred, and it is based on nothing more than faith. According to traditions, it is possible for a follower of such an interesting worldview to rise to the level of a god. And each of the established myths was useful from a practical point of view, as it encouraged to confidently move forward.

Scientific outlook

This type of worldview is the opposite of religious and mythological. Thanks to the scientific picture of the world, the idea was created that everything around has its own regularity and is determined by law. The main types of worldview are the so-called rational and science is actively developing only through the solution of practical problems.

WORLD VIEW

WORLD VIEW

Views on the world and man, society and mankind in it, on man towards the world and himself, as well as the basic life positions of people corresponding to these views, their ideals, principles of activity, . M. is not the sum of all views and ideas about the surrounding world, but their ultimate generalization. The concepts of “general”, “worldview”, “worldview”, “worldview”, “worldview” are close to the concept of M..
Social media changes from era to era and is formed under the influence of the culture of the era as a whole, and not as a result of the influence of certain aspects of social life, much less under the influence of ideas popular in a particular era. An essential component of M. as a reflection of the world (primarily the world of culture) and the value attitude to it is thinking historical era, defining general principles theoretical exploration of the world and the defining horizon of the thinking of the era.
Plays an important role in M.'s formation. “The worldview hides philosophy in itself, goes, like it, towards the whole, universal, last, final, and includes not only knowledge about the Cosmos, but also assessments experienced by the subordination of values,” (G. Meyer). According to M. Scheler, M. is “managing the entire culture or one personality of selection and division, in which (worldview) actually absorbs the pure physical, mental and ideal things, regardless of how they are made and even this awareness occurs in general.” The “pure essence” of everything that surrounds a person, and even more so, how he should act in the future, is largely the result of philosophy. thinking trying to unify into a whole different forms knowledge of the world, starting with the results of specific sciences and ending with the analysis of traditions, the spirit of the era and the style of its thinking. At the same time, it would be reckless to assert, as Marxism-Leninism did, that some particular philosophy. a system (for example, Marxist-Leninist philosophy - dialectical and) is capable of forming the core of the M. society. M. is determined by culture in its entirety, and not by one ideology, the core of which in communist society was really Marxism-Leninism.

Philosophy: Encyclopedic Dictionary. - M.: Gardariki. Edited by A.A. Ivina. 2004 .

WORLD VIEW

a system of views on the world and a person's place in it, on a person's attitude to the surrounding reality and to himself, as well as due to these views main life positions of people, their beliefs, ideals, principles of cognition and activity, value orientations. M. is far from all views and ideas about the world around us, but only their limit. The content of M. is grouped around one or another solution to the main question of philosophy. Personality also really acts as the subject of M.. M. is the core of societies. and individual consciousness. The development of M. - creatures. an indicator of maturity is not only a person, but also a determinant. social group, the social class and its party. In its essence, M. is a social-political. , which arose with the advent of man. society.

M. is an understanding of the world, man, society, which determines the socio-political, philosophy, religious, morals., aesthetic., scientific-theoretical. person's orientation. There are three main type M. - worldly (common), philosophical and religious. All these types of M. reveal nekro, covering the definition. circle of questions e.g. how spirit relates to matter, what it is and what is its place in the general interconnection of the phenomena of the world, how a person knows what it is, according to what laws a person develops. . Gnoseological M. is formed as a result of generalization of natural-scientific, socio-historical, technical. and philosophy knowledge.

Distinguish between the concepts of "M.", "general picture of the world", "attitude", "worldview", "world outlook", "world outlook". Between all these concepts there is a close and unity. Often they are used as synonyms. However, there are differences between these concepts. The general picture of the world is people and social reality. The totality of nature. sciences forms natural-scientific. picture of the world (cm. Scientific picture of the world), and public - socio-historical. picture of reality. Creating a common picture of the world is the task of all areas of knowledge.

A person affirms himself in the objective world not only with the help of thinking, but also through all his cognitions. abilities. A holistic awareness of the reality affecting a person in the form of sensations, perceptions, ideas and emotions form a worldview, worldview and worldview. The understanding of the world is only a conceptual, intellectual M. M. is characterized by an even higher level of knowledge than in the general picture of the world, and the presence of not only an intellectual, but also an emotional and valuable attitude of a person to the world.

Being a reflection of the world and a value attitude towards it, M. plays and determines. regulatory creative role, acting as a methodology for building a common picture of the world. Not a single concrete in itself is M., although each of them necessarily contains a worldview. Start.

The concept of M. correlates with the concept of "", but they do not coincide in their content: M. is wider than ideology. Ideology embraces only that part of the world that is oriented toward social phenomena and class relations. M. as a whole refers to all objective reality and to man.

M. can speak everyday (ordinary) level generated directly. conditions of life and the experience of people passed on from generation to generation. This level of M. exists in the form common sense, spontaneous, unsystematic, traditional. ideas about the world. Relig. M. gives fantastic. picture of the world and is associated with the recognition of supernatural beings. of the world principle, its basis is expressed in an irrational and emotional-figurative form (cm. Religion). Philos. M. acts in a conceptual, categorical form, in one way or another relying on the achievements of the sciences of nature and society and having a definition. logical measure. evidence.

M. is not only, but also a way of understanding reality, as well as the principles of life that determine activities. The most important M. are ideals as decisive life goals. The nature of ideas about the world contributes to the formulation of the definition. goals, from the generalization of which a life plan is formed, ideals are formed that give M. effective force. The content of consciousness turns into M. when it acquires the character of convictions, a person’s complete and unshakable confidence in the correctness of his ideas, “... which take possession of our thought, subjugate our convictions and to which riveted ours - these are bonds from which it is impossible break out without tearing your heart, these are demons that a person can defeat only by obeying them. (Marks K., cm. Marx K. and Engels F., Works, t. 1, With. 118) . M. has a huge practical. vital . It affects the norms of behavior, the attitude of a person to work, to others people, on the nature of life aspirations, on his tastes and interests. This is a kind of spiritual prism through which everything is perceived and experienced. Ideological conviction helps a person in a minute mortal danger overcome self-preservation, sacrifice life and perform feats in a certain way. ideals.

In class antagonism. society does not and cannot have a single M., for each (for example, in a capitalist society -, bourgeoisie,) has its own specifics. M. In such a society, M. occurs. The carriers of advanced M. are those who turn out to be carriers of the most progressive mode of production. Depending on whether the interests of a given class coincide with the objective trend of the historical development, with the data of science and societies. practices or not, its M. in its content, societies. significance can be consistently scientific or unscientific, materialistic or idealistic, atheistic or religious, revolutionary or reactionary. Feudal-religious. M. openly defended class inequality. The bourgeoisie, when it opposed feudalism as an ascending class, was progressive. At the same time, her M. even then had a class and historically limited character. After the establishment of the bourgeoisie in power, its bourgeoisie becomes conservative and reactionary. Burzh. M., being extremely contradictory, on the whole gives a distorted reality, slows down society. It is dominated by an apology for capitalism, profit, violence, which coexist with liberal and neoliberal concepts and petty bourgeoisie. anarchist-rebellious ideas.

AT bourgeois M. communist. M., summarizing the achievements of science and societies. practices, is consistently scientific, internationalist, humanistic. It arose with the advent of revolutionary movement. The core of the communist M. is Marxist-Leninist philosophy - dialectic. and historical . Marxist-Leninist M. - powerful revolutionary transformation of the world, one of the decisive forces organizing people in the struggle for communism. AT modern In the world, there is a sharp struggle between two opposing methods - communist and bourgeois, during which the influence of Marxism-Leninism is growing, winning by the power of truth, the reliability of its consistently scientific provisions.

In the socialist in society, Marxist-Leninist M. became dominant. Formation among the broadest masses of working people communistic. M. is the core of all ideological education. party work. Communist the party strives to ensure that every person sees the meaning of his life in the struggle for practical. the embodiment of the ideals of communism, clearly understood the course and prospects for the development of world events, correctly understood the socio-political. phenomena, consciously built society. The most important task is the communist attitude to work, communist morality, genuine humanism, patriotism and internationalism.

Program CPSU (Adopted by the XXII Congress CPSU) , M., 1976; Materials of the XXVI Congress CPSU, M., 1981; Ermolov A. Ya., The role of philosophy in the formation of M., M., 1964; Chernovolenko V. F., M. and scientific knowledge, K., 1970; Fundamentals of Marxist-Leninist philosophy, M., 19805; Drygin V.I., Nauch. M., his and functions, Saratov, 1981; Philosophy and world outlook. Problems modern Nauki, M., 1981.

A. G. Spirkin.

Philosophical encyclopedic dictionary. - M.: Soviet Encyclopedia. Ch. editors: L. F. Ilyichev, P. N. Fedoseev, S. M. Kovalev, V. G. Panov. 1983 .

WORLD VIEW

the totality of the results of metaphysical thinking and research, and is understood as a science that combines forms of knowledge of the world into a single whole: firstly, various “natural” types of worldview associated with an era, people, race, etc., and secondly, a philosophy striving for a priori knowledge (that is, knowledge that does not depend on the number of inductive studies) in all areas, and, thirdly, the results of specific sciences. “A worldview hides philosophy in itself, goes, like it, towards the whole, universal, last, finite, and includes not only about the cosmos, but also assessments, experienced subordination of values, forms of life” (G. Meyer); see also Picture of the world. According to M. Scheler, a worldview is “a kind of selection and division that controls the entire culture or one person, in which it (the worldview) actually absorbs the pure essence of physical, mental and ideal things, regardless of how their awareness is made and even whether this awareness occurs. generally".

Philosophical Encyclopedic Dictionary. 2010 .

WORLD VIEW

a generalized system of human views on the world as a whole, on the place of otd. phenomena in the world and on their own. place in it, understanding and emotions. man of the meaning of his activity and the fate of mankind, the totality of scientific, philosophic. political, legal, moral, religious, aesthetic. people's beliefs and ideals. The concept of M. is also used in a narrow sense, for example. philosophy M., political M., religious M., etc. Man's relation to the world is infinitely diverse. This determines various aspects of a person’s awareness of himself in the world, various facets of a single M. Each of us is “that has become a person”, and we are somehow aware of what place we occupy in the endless cycle of events. Through science, we realize our unity with nature, and at the same time relates. independence - both in its origin and in all its vital functions. We are keenly interested in whether a person is alone as a rational being in the universe or there is a rational being on other worlds. It's all worldview. questions.

Man's relation to nature is realized through his infinitely varied relations with other people, through societies. relations. And we are also aware of our unity with societies. whole and at the same time relates his own. independence - both in the way of one's life, and in the language, and in the norms of consciousness. Social life forms a definition in people. ideals, political views, moral and aesthetic. ideas, etc. All this is worldview. questions.

Man not only acts, but also thinks. And has long wondered what place the mind occupies in general development life as it relates to reality. It is also deeply worldview. problems of great practical . Each person has one or another view of the world - this is one of the features of a person that distinguishes him from animals. M. can be ordinary (spontaneous, naive) and theoretically justified, conscious, imbued with definitions. philosophy principles. M. generally reflects the characteristics of societies. the existence of the individual, its place in the historically specific system of societies. relations.

Since a person appears in history always as a representative of a certain. class, to-rogo is determined by his social being, then the M. of a person is not only his personal property, but reflected in his mind through the forms of culture class. In a class society, M. always has a class character. Depending on whether the practical interests of a class with an objective trend of history or not, this class coincides with scientific. objectivity or contradicts it, and, consequently, the M. of this class develops as advanced or backward, reactionary. By its content and societies. significance M. can be consistently scientific, ie. based on the data of advanced science and scientific. philosophy, or unscientific, materialistic. or idealistic, dialectical. or metaphysical., atheistic. or religious, revolutionary or reactionary, in modern. conditions - communist. or bourgeois. In our follow. revolutionary and only scientific. M. is M. revolutionary. working class and its communist parties - Marxism-Leninism, and dialectic. and historical materialism is a philosophy. M.

M. is not a companion, but a kind of spiritual mentor, a guide of a person, class, party, people, humanity. And if it comes from a correct understanding of the world, then it serves solid foundation for a reasonable transformation of the world. If M. is a false reflection of reality, then it is a serious hindrance in the life of the individual.

A characteristic feature of M. is the unity of the way of thinking with the way of life. Communist M., for example, is possessed not by the person who has only studied Marxism-Leninism and knows it, but by the one who lives and acts in full accordance with this knowledge. Knowledge turns into M. when they form socio-political, morals. and aesthetic positions of the person, get character vnutr. person's beliefs, i.e. become the basis of his entire lifestyle.

In the process of social education of the individual, the spiritual assimilated by her becomes from the totality of knowledge about the world a conscious program of her societies, and thereby of personal behavior. It is as a factor in a person's behavior that his knowledge becomes his beliefs. Thanks to this, M. has the strongest active influence on life, on all aspects of learning. and practical people's activities. That is why people of principle, deeply convinced of the correctness of their views, are able to go to any suffering and even. Many great truths and principles of social justice were paid for with the blood of their convinced defenders, who went to the stake, the gallows, served hard labor, died in exile and in a foreign land.

For revolutionaries and martyrs of science, for example. Giordano Bruno, the motto is characteristic: "I stand on this and I cannot do otherwise!" It was precisely the advanced mathematics that imparted a striking social conscience to noble thinkers and revolutionaries and so sharply sharpened their understanding of reality. It was this that inspired them to tirelessly search for and intense reflection on social mysteries.

The power of personal conviction is an important practical and theoretical activities. The luminaries of the revolutionary cause, the founders of Marxism-Leninism not only possessed the truth. They were deeply convinced people. They are characterized by fearlessness, self-sacrifice and boundless devotion to their ideas. The whole way of their life and thought was guided by the eternal dream of mankind about happy life all workers on earth.

A person deprived of a broad and correct orientation in matters of M. and ways of approaching the knowledge and transformation of the world feels helpless. In order not to end up in the position of an inept swimmer, swimming at the behest of the waves in the stormy ocean of life, a person must master the scientific. M. Then he will be able to boldly and confidently go in the chosen direction, to see his place and role in the complex whirlpool of events.

What is the powerful and irresistible Marxist-Leninist M.? “The teaching of Marx,” wrote Lenin, “is omnipotent because it is true” (Soch., vol. 19, p. 3). Correctly and profoundly reflecting the laws of the development of nature and society, Marxist-Leninist M. comprehensively expresses the fundamental interests of the working people, reveals the meaning of the human. history and lives of people.

For modern bourgeois M. is characterized by the absence of positive ideals; the present in him seems uncertain, and the future dark and devoid of prospects. reactionary ideologists. bourgeoisie, complaining that, as if in modern. world, all spiritual values ​​have lost their meaning, proclaim pessimistic. Blessed is he who expects nothing: he who expects nothing will never be disappointed. They are against any social ideals, believing that the latter often turn into an evil irony. Loss of societies. ideals, meaning and goals of life, morality and cynicism, the loss of something in which you can believe and what you can be devoted to - these are the main features of modern. reaction bourgeois M.

In contrast to the views of the bourgeoisie and its ideologists, with their preaching of pessimism, hopelessness, and disbelief in the future, Marxist mathematics gives a person a revolutionary aspiration in his views on life: the strength of ideological conviction, faith in the power of reason, in the bright future of mankind. It stands out sharply against the background of the general decline of the bourgeoisie. M. and clearly shows humanity the way to the future.

In the conditions of the victorious development of the socialist. revolution, Marxist-Leninist M. became one of the decisive forces organizing the revolution. actions of the masses in the struggle for peace, socialism and communism. In the socialist countries, Marxism-Leninism becomes the M. of the whole people and forms a new, socialist. and communist. attitude to work and to all aspects of society. development. It is a decisive force in the fight against the remnants of the bourgeoisie. and religious M. Therefore, the Program of the CPSU attaches paramount importance to the formation of scientific. M. y all workers owls. society on the ideological basis of Marxism-Leninism.

The deeper this metaphor penetrates the consciousness of the masses, the more actively they participate in the struggle against exploitation, colonial oppression, and for socialism and communism. That is why the CPSU considers the education of the whole people, of each Soviet man in the spirit of science M. Formation of scientific. M. involves generalization, synthesizing all the knowledge obtained by otd. sciences. And this is possible only on the basis of Marxist philosophy.

A. Spirkin. Moscow.

Philosophical Encyclopedia. In 5 volumes - M .: Soviet Encyclopedia. Edited by F. V. Konstantinov. 1960-1970 .

WORLD VIEW

WORLD VIEW (\\feltanschauung, W)ridouUook, vision du monde) is a system of human knowledge about the world and the place of a person in the world, expressed in the axiological attitudes of the individual and the social group, in beliefs about the essence of natural and social peace. The term "worldview" first appears in the beginning. 18th century in the writings of German romantics, as well as in the work of F. E. Schleiermacher “Speeches on Relish”. Hegel analyzes the “moral worldview” in the “Phenomenology of the Spirit” (Soch., vol. 4. M., 1959, pp. 322-330). In Lectures on Aesthetics (book one), Hegel examines the “religious worldview” (Soch., vol. 12. M., 1938, pp. 329-330). In the same work (book three), Hegel uses the concept of “theoretical worldview” to characterize the ideological position of the artist (Soch., vol. 14. M., 1958, p. 192). Thus, Hegel tried to distinguish between different types of worldviews. E. Dühring developed the theory of worldview instead of metaphysics. According to G. Gomperts, a worldview is a “cosmic theory” designed to present a consistent understanding of the ideas developed in individual sciences and the facts of practical life. V. Dilthey saw the source of worldview in life and singled out different types of worldviews in religion, poetry and metaphysics. Within metaphysics, he drew between naturalism, the idealism of freedom, and objective idealism as a razor-sharp one. worldview types. Scheler, speaking about the philosophical worldview, singled out three types of knowledge: 1) knowledge for the sake of domination; 2) knowledge for the purpose of human education, 3) metaphysical knowledge, or knowledge for the sake of salvation. The latter knowledge and represents a philosophical outlook.

The typology of worldviews can be built on different grounds. Usually isolated religious outlook, natural-science outlook, socio-political outlook, philosophical outlook. Some researchers also distinguish the worldview of everyday experience, the worldview, the mythological worldview. Three independent criteria for distinguishing worldviews can be identified. The first of them can be called epistemological, since it refers to scientific, non-scientific and anti-scientific types of worldview. The second is of an objective nature: it is about reality - natural or social, which receives its generalized theoretical in one or another worldview. The third criterion is universal-synthetic, τ. in. covering both natural and social, thanks to which a philosophical worldview becomes possible.

Every worldview is made up of beliefs. They can be true or, on the contrary, imaginary; scientific, religious, moral, justified and unfounded, progressive and reactionary, etc. Some beliefs are based on facts, others, on the contrary, are rooted only in subjective certainty, devoid of an objective basis. Beliefs are characterized primarily by the energy, perseverance, decisiveness with which they are expressed, substantiated, defended, and opposed to other beliefs. From this point of view, it is not the same as just saying what is considered true, useful, etc. It is an active pro or against some other beliefs. It is necessary, however, to distinguish between worldview convictions and convictions of a particular, special nature. Modern Anthropologists' Conviction of Unity human race with all racial differences, it also has an ideological character. Worldview convictions are not introduced into science from outside, they are formed in the process of development of the sciences themselves. These beliefs characterize 1) the essence of natural and social phenomena; 2) interested attitudes of people to certain phenomena; 3) generalizations, which in their meaning go beyond the limits of a special field of scientific knowledge.

Worldview, as a philosophical and theoretical synthesis of scientific knowledge, everyday and historical experience, changes and develops in the course of human history. So, for natural science up to the end of the 19th century. was characterized by a mechanistic worldview.

Some thinkers, especially philosophers of a positivist orientation, try to prove that the sciences do not need a worldview. Others (in particular, the founders of physics in the 20th century) emphasize the heuristic significance of a world view. So, A. Einstein wrote: “The basis of all scientific work is the conviction that the world is an ordered and cognizable entity” (Sobr. scientific works. M., 1967, vol. 4, p. 142). M. Plank in his report “Physics in the Struggle for a World View” emphasizes: “The world view of a researcher is always involved in determining the direction of his work” (Plank M. Wege zur physikalischen Erkenntnia. Stuttg., 1949, p. 285). The worldview, in particular its natural-science, socio-political and religious forms, plays an outstanding organizing role in all spheres of public life.

Lit .: Dshtei V. Types of worldview and their discovery in metaphysical systems.-^ In the collection: New ideas in philosophy, No. 1. St. Petersburg, 1912; BroilL.de. Revolution in physics. M., 1965; Dorn M. Reflections and memories