Stylistic features of journalistic style. Conclusions on the first chapter Characteristic features of the journalistic style in the Russian language

Journalistic style - functional style speech, which is used in the following genres: article, essay, report, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory.

The journalistic style serves to influence people through the media (newspapers, magazines, television, posters, booklets). It is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality, evaluativeness, and appeal. In addition to neutral, it widely uses high, solemn vocabulary and phraseology, emotionally charged words, the use of short sentences, chopped prose, verbless phrases, rhetorical questions, exclamations, repetitions, etc. The linguistic features of this style are affected by the breadth of topics: there is a need to include special vocabulary that requires explanation. On the other hand, a number of topics are in the center of public attention, and vocabulary related to these topics takes on a journalistic connotation. Among such topics, we should highlight politics, economics, education, healthcare, criminology, and military topics.

The journalistic style is characterized by the use of evaluative vocabulary that has a strong emotional connotation (an energetic start, a firm position, a severe crisis).

This style is used in the sphere of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not only for a narrow circle of specialists, but for broad sections of society, and the impact is aimed not only at the mind, but also at the feelings of the recipient.

Functions of journalistic style:

Informational - the desire to inform people about the latest news as soon as possible

Influencing - the desire to influence people's opinions

Speech task:

influence mass consciousness

call to action

report information

The vocabulary has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring and includes colloquial, colloquial and slang elements. Vocabulary characteristic of the journalistic style can also be used in other styles: official business, scientific. But in a journalistic style, it acquires a special function - to create a picture of events and convey to the addressee the journalist’s impressions of these events.

Emotional means of expressiveness in the journalistic style of speech (epithets, comparisons, metaphors, rhetorical questions, appeals, lexical repetitions, gradation; phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, colloquial figures of speech, quotes, humor, irony, satire), their combination with strict logical evidence.

The vocabulary of the journalistic style is characterized by the use of figurative means, figurative meaning of words, and words with a strong emotional connotation.

The means of emotional influence used in this style of speech are diverse. For the most part, they resemble figurative and expressive means of artistic style of speech, with the difference, however, that their main purpose is not the creation of artistic images, but rather the influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something and informing, transmitting information.

Emotional means of expressive language can include epithets (including those that are an appendix), comparisons, metaphors, rhetorical questions and appeals, lexical repetitions, gradation. Gradation is sometimes combined with repetition (not a single week, not a single day, not a single minute can be lost); it can be enhanced by grammatical means: the use of gradational conjunctions and conjunctions (not only..., but also; not only..., but and; not so much..., but). This includes phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, colloquial figures of speech (including colloquialisms); usage literary images, quotes, linguistic means of humor, irony, satire (witty comparisons, ironic inserts, satirical retelling, parody, puns).

The emotional means of language are combined in a journalistic style with strict logical evidence, semantic highlighting of particularly important words, phrases, and individual parts of the statement.

Socio-political vocabulary is replenished as a result of the revival of previously known words, but which have received a new meaning. These are, for example, the words: entrepreneur, business, market, etc.

26 . Features of oral public speech, style features. Genre originality.

Public speaking is the basis of oratory. In order for the performance to be bright and memorable, you need to follow some rules for the impact of oral speech on the listener:

Political speeches are made, for example, from the rostrum of parliaments by the leaders of the party that has come to power, as well as heads of government and states, setting out their political program actions.

Diplomatic speeches are usually made when credentials are presented by representatives of the diplomatic corps foreign country when negotiations are held at the level of heads of state, foreign ministers, ambassadors, etc.

The political review contains a brief description of international and domestic political events; in a monologue speech of a political observer, not only information about events and facts is given, but also an ideological, party assessment of them. The political review is mosaic in composition, but united by one common idea.

Military-patriotic speeches are devoted to the issues of cultivating love for Russia, readiness to stand up for its defense, glorifying the exploits of those who fought for the freedom of the fatherland during the civil and Great Patriotic Wars;

The content of a rally speech can be political or patriotic; it sounds at a rally, that is, with a gathering of a large number of people, and is characterized by appeal, passion, and emotional tension.

An agitator speech is close to a rally speech, but differs from it in a much smaller coverage of listeners and less emotional intensity, and it is much shorter in time. Agitation and propaganda permeate our entire public life. In business patriotic education the masses of the people, our country relies on a multi-million army of agitators and propagandists, closely monitors their activities, and encourages their work in every possible way.

Journalism is called the chronicle of modernity, since it fully reflects current history and addresses the topical problems of society - political, social, cultural, everyday, philosophical, etc. Newspaper-journalistic (journalistic) style speeches are presented on the pages of newspapers and magazines, in materials of radio and television journalism, in public lectures, in the speeches of speakers in parliament, at congresses, plenums, meetings, rallies, etc.

Texts belonging to this style are distinguished by a variety of topics and linguistic design. On the one hand, the same genre, for example, the reporting genre, will be significantly different in a newspaper, on radio and on television. But, on the other hand, a newspaper report differs significantly from other newspaper genres - information, essay, feuilleton, etc.

However, all genres of journalism have many common features that allow them to be combined into a single whole. And these common features are due to the presence of general function. Texts of journalistic style are always addressed to the masses and always perform - along with information - an influencing function. The nature of the impact can be direct and open. For example, at a rally, speakers openly call on the masses to support or reject this or that decision of the government, this or that speaker, politician, etc.

The nature of the impact may be different, as if hidden behind the outwardly objective presentation of facts (cf. radio and television news programs). However, the very selection of facts, their more or less detailed consideration, the nature of the presentation of the material also provide for a certain impact on the masses. By its very nature, journalism is called upon to actively intervene in life and shape public opinion.

A characteristic feature of journalism is also that it influences not one person, but the masses, society as a whole and its individual social groups. In the journalistic style, the author's individuality is manifested much more strongly than in the scientific, official and business styles. However, in this case, the author manifests himself not only as a specific person (with his own unique characteristics), but also as a representative of society, an exponent of certain social ideas, interests, etc.

Therefore, the main feature, the dominant feature of the journalistic style is social evaluation, which is manifested both in the selection of facts, the degree of attention to them, and in the use of expressive language means.

In general, the journalistic style is characterized by a constant alternation of expression and standard, the constant transformation of expressive means into a standard and the search for new expressive means of expression.

For example, metaphors cold war, iron curtain, perestroika, stagnation, thaw almost immediately turned into socio-political, standardly used terms.

Such confrontation and interaction between expression and standard is quite natural. The influencing function determines the constant desire of journalism for expression, but the need for expressive and visual means conflicts with the need to quickly respond to all modern events. Standards being ready speech forms, are correlated with certain socio-political and other situations. And a text constructed in a familiar, standard form is easier to write and easier to digest. It is no coincidence that such stereotypes are most often found in those genres that require an economical and concise form and that are operatively related to the event itself: an official message, information, a press review, a report on the work of parliament, government, etc. In other genres (essay, feuilleton, etc.) there are fewer speech standards, original expressive techniques come to the fore, and speech is individualized.

The standard informative means used in the journalistic style include the following:

Among the expressive-influencing means, it is necessary to highlight the following:

Of course, the use of standard and expressive language in a journalistic style largely depends on the genre, on the sense of proportion, taste and talent of the publicist.

sports article journalistic style

The journalistic style, one of the varieties of which is newspaper speech (newspaper substyle), turns out to be a very complex phenomenon due to the heterogeneity of its tasks and communication conditions. [Rosenthal, 1997:154] We will talk first of all about the features of newspaper speech, since it is more explored in modern style. The term “journalistic style” is used deliberately for the sake of preserving the unity of terminology (common names of functional styles).

One of important functions journalism (in particular its newspaper and magazine variety) is informational. The desire to report the latest news as soon as possible could not but be reflected in the nature of communicative tasks and in their speech embodiment. However, this historically original function of the newspaper was gradually pushed aside by another - agitation and propaganda - or otherwise - influencing. “Pure” information content remained only in some genres, and even there, thanks to the selection of the facts themselves and the nature of their presentation, it turned out to be subordinate to the main, namely agitation and propaganda, function. Because of this, journalism, especially newspaper journalism, was characterized by a clearly and directly expressed function of influence, or expressiveness. These two main functions, as well as the linguostylistic features that implement them, are not dissected in newspaper speech today.

The genre repertoire is also diverse modern journalism, not inferior to fiction. Here you can find a report, notes, newsreels, an interview, an editorial, a report, an essay, a feuilleton, a review, and other genres.

Journalism is also rich in expressive resources. Like fiction, it has significant power of influence, uses a wide variety of tropes, rhetorical figures, and a variety of lexical and grammatical means.

Another main style feature journalistic speech is the presence of a standard.

It should be borne in mind that a newspaper (and partly other types of journalism) is distinguished by a significant uniqueness of the conditions for linguistic creativity: it is created in the shortest possible time, sometimes making it impossible to perfect the processing of linguistic material. At the same time, it is created not by one person, but by many correspondents who often prepare their materials in isolation from one another.

The main stylistic principle of V.G.’s journalism Kostomarov defines it as unity, the combination of expression and standard, which constitutes the specificity of newspaper speech. Of course, in a certain sense, the combination of expression and standard (in certain “doses”) is characteristic of all speech in general. However, it is important that it is in newspaper journalism, unlike other speech varieties, that this unity becomes a stylistic principle for organizing a statement. This is the main meaning and, undoubtedly, the value of V.G.’s concept. Kostomarova. Meanwhile, the first component still has priority in this unity.

The dominant feature of the journalistic style is, as defined by M. Kozhina, “social assessment.”

In this regard, the journalistic style is also characterized by the search for biting and accurate assessments, requiring unusual lexical combinations, especially during polemics: a giant trust of deception; suspected of loving freedom.

Expression of assessment is expressed by superlative forms in the elitative meaning: the most decisive (measures), the most severe (crisis), the most acute (contradictions); most excellent, strictest, most advantageous.

These are, in general terms, the main features of newspaper style and the linguistic means of their implementation.

The material for creating evaluative newspaper and journalistic vocabulary is the entire dictionary literary language, although some of its categories are especially productive in journalism.

The influencing function of the newspaper-journalistic style is especially clearly manifested in syntax. From a diverse syntactic repertoire, journalism selects constructions that have significant potential for impact. It is expressiveness that attracts journalistic designs colloquial speech. They are, as a rule, compressed, capacious, and laconic. Another important quality is their mass character, democracy, and accessibility. Against the background of the generally bookish syntax of journalism, colloquial constructions stand out for their stylistic novelty.

The function of influence (expressive function), the most important for the newspaper-journalistic style, determines the urgent need of journalism for evaluative means of expression. And journalism takes from literary language almost all means that have the property of evaluativeness. It is interesting that some explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language, primarily the dictionary edited by D.N. Ushakov, give some words the stylistic labels “newspaper” and “journalistic”. This means that these words are characteristic of the newspaper, journalism, and are assigned to them. It turned out that almost all of these words have a bright evaluative connotation: agency, charity acrobats, activation, action, sore, bomber, sandwich hack, top, milestone, etc.

However, journalism does not only use ready-made material. Under the influence of the influencing function, journalism transforms, transforms words from different areas language, giving them an evaluative sound. For this purpose, special vocabulary is used in a figurative meaning: crime incubator, militarism conveyor belt, routes of technical progress; sports vocabulary: round, round (of negotiations), pre-election marathon, announce a check to the government; names of literary genres, theater vocabulary: folk drama, bloody tragedy, political farce, parody of democracy, etc.

The journalistic style is characterized by the use of evaluative vocabulary with a strong emotional connotation, for example: positive changes, an energetic start, an irresponsible statement, a firm position, behind-the-scenes fighting, a breakthrough in negotiations, dirty electoral technologies, a villainous murder, vile fabrications, a severe crisis, an unprecedented flood, crazy adventure, brazen raid, political performance, biased press, galloping inflation, barracks communism, ideological bulldozer, moral cholera.

The newspaper gives birth and cultivates its own phraseology. Stable combinations are ready-made arsenal newspaper standards and often become a stamp. Examples: relay of generations, keeping up with the times, flipping a duck, etc. These can be general linguistic phraseological units, but filled with new content and again high-frequency in the newspaper:

• a) with a negative assessment: to rake in the heat with someone else’s hands, to sing from someone else’s voice, to warm one’s hands;
• b) with positive assessment: work tirelessly, golden hands, etc.

Journalistic style

Plan

I . Introduction.

II . Journalistic style.

3. Genres of journalism.

III . Conclusion

I . Introduction

The Russian language is heterogeneous in its composition. It primarily emphasizes literary language. This is the highest form of the national language, determined by a whole system of norms. They cover its written and oral varieties: pronunciation, vocabulary, word formation, grammar.

Literary language, depending on where and for what it is used, is divided into a number of styles.

Speech styles

Spoken Book

(scientific, official business,

journalistic style

fiction)

The styles of the Russian literary language are characterized by:

the purpose pursued by a speech statement (scientific style is used to communicate scientific information, explain scientific facts; journalistic - to influence words through means mass media and directly speaking; official business – for information);

area of ​​use, environment;

genres;

linguistic (lexical, syntactic) means;

other style features.

II . Journalistic style

1. Characteristics of journalistic style.

Journalistic style addressed to listeners, readers, this is already evidenced by the origin of the word (publicus , lat. – public).

The journalistic style of speech is a functional type of literary language and is widely used in various fields public life: in newspapers and magazines, on television and radio, in public political speeches, in the activities of parties and public associations. This should also include political literature for the mass reader and documentary films.

The journalistic style occupies a special place in the system of literary language styles, since in many cases it must rework texts created within the framework of other styles. Scientific and business speech is focused on the intellectual reflection of reality, artistic speech- on her emotional reflection. Journalism plays a special role - it seeks to satisfy both intellectual and aesthetic needs. The outstanding French linguist C. Bally wrote that “scientific language is the language of ideas, and artistic speech is the language of feelings.” To this we can add that journalism is the language of both thoughts and feelings. The importance of topics covered by the media requires thorough reflection and appropriate means of logical presentation of thoughts, and the expression of the author’s attitude towards events impossible without the use of emotional means of language.

2. Features of journalistic style.

Sphere of use of journalistic style : speeches, reports, debates, articles on socio-political topics (newspapers, magazines, radio, television).

The main function of works of journalistic style: agitation, propaganda, discussion of pressing social and public issues in order to attract public opinion, influencing people, persuading them, instilling certain ideas; inducement to certain actions or actions.

Objectives of speech in journalistic style : transfer of information about current issues modern life with the aim of influencing people, shaping public opinion.

Characteristics of the utterance : appeal, passion, expression of attitude to the subject of speech, brevity with informative richness.

Features of journalistic style : relevance, timeliness, efficiency, imagery, expressiveness, clarity and logic, information richness, use of means of other styles (especially artistic and scientific), accessibility (understandability for a wide audience), appealing pathos.

Genres of journalistic style : essays, articles in the media (newspapers, magazines, on the Internet), discussions, political debates.

Style Features : logic, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, genre diversity.

Language means : socio-political vocabulary and phraseology, words with emphatically positive or negative value, proverbs, sayings, quotes, figurative and expressive means of language (metaphors, epithets, comparisons, inversion, etc.), syntactic structures of book and colloquial speech, simple (complete and incomplete) sentences, rhetorical questions, appeals.

Form and type of speech: written (oral is also possible); monologue, dialogue, polylogue.

3. Genres of journalism.

Journalism has its roots in ancient times. Many biblical texts and the works of ancient scientists and orators that have survived to this day are permeated with journalistic pathos. In literature Ancient Rus' genres of journalism were present. A striking example works of journalism of ancient Russian literature" - "The Tale of Igor's Campaign" (genre of journalism - the word). Over the millennia, journalism has developed in many respects, including genre.

The genre repertoire of modern journalism is also diverse, not inferior to fiction. Here you can find a report, notes, newsreels, an interview, an editorial, a report, an essay, a feuilleton, a review, and other genres.

1) Essay as a genre of journalism.

One of the most common genres of journalism is the essay.Feature article – small literary work, short description life events (usually socially significant). There are documentary, journalistic, and everyday essays.

There are short essays published in newspapers, large ones published in magazines, and entire books of essays.

A characteristic feature of the essay is documentation, the reliability of the facts and events in question. In the essay, as in work of art, are used visual arts, an element of artistic typification is introduced.

Essays, like other genres of journalism, always raise some important problem.

2) Oral presentation as a genre of journalism.

Oral presentation also belongs to the journalistic genre.

Important distinctive feature oral presentation is the interest of the speaker - the guarantee that your speech will arouse the reciprocal interest of the listeners. Oral presentation should not be drawn out: the attention of listeners becomes dull after 5–10 minutes. The speaker's speech must contain one main idea which the author wants to convey to the audience. In such speech, colloquial expressions and active use of techniques are acceptable. oratorical speech: rhetorical questions, appeals, exclamations, simpler syntax compared to written speech.

It is important to prepare such a speech: think through a plan, select arguments, examples, conclusions, so as not to read “from a piece of paper”, but to convince listeners. If a person owns the subject of his speech, has his own point of view, proves it, this arouses respect, interest, and therefore the attention of listeners.

3) Report as a genre of journalism.

The most difficult form of oral presentation isreport . In this case, you can use pre-prepared recordings, but do not overuse reading, otherwise they will stop listening to the speaker. The report usually concerns some area of ​​knowledge: it can be a scientific report, a report-report. The report requires clarity, logic, evidence, and accessibility. During the course of the report, you can read out vivid quotes, show graphs, tables, illustrations (they should be clearly visible to the audience).

4) Discussion as a genre of journalism.

The report can be a starting pointdiscussions , that is, discussion of any controversial issue. It is important to clearly define the subject of discussion. Otherwise, it is doomed to failure: each participant in the dispute will talk about his own. It is necessary to object with reason and provide convincing arguments.

III . Conclusion

The journalistic style is a very important style; it can be used to convey something that cannot be conveyed by other styles of speech.Among the main linguistic features of the journalistic style, one should mention the fundamental heterogeneity of stylistic means; the use of special terminology and emotionally charged vocabulary, a combination of standard and expressive language means, the use of both abstract and concrete vocabulary. An important feature of journalism is the use of the most typical at this moment social life, ways of presenting material, the most frequent lexical units, phraseological units and metaphorical uses of the word characteristic of a given time. The relevance of the content forces the journalist to look for relevant forms of its expression, generally understandable and at the same time distinguished by freshness and novelty.Journalism is the main sphere of origin and the most active channel for the dissemination of linguistic neologisms: lexical, word-formative, phraseological. Therefore, this style has a significant impact on the development of language norms.

References

1. A.I.Vlasenkov, L.M.Rybchenkova. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. A basic level of. M., “Enlightenment”, 2010.

2. V.F.Grekov, S.E.Kryuchkov, L.A.Cheshko. Russian language. 10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. M., “Enlightenment”, 2010.

3. Deykina A.D., Pakhnova T.M. Russian language (basic and specialized levels).10-11 grades. Textbook for general education institutions. M.Verboom-M, 2005

4. N.A. Senina. Russian language. Preparation for the Unified State Exam 2012. Rostov-on-Don, “Legion”, 2011.

Journalistic style- this is a style of socio-political literature, periodicals, oratory, etc., which is determined by the content of the texts and the main goals - to influence the masses, call them to action, communicate information, etc.

The origin of the journalistic style dates back to XVI century, in Russia it is associated with the pamphlets of Ivan Peresvetov, the correspondence of Tsar Ivan IV with Prince Kurbsky. Further development he received in the 18th century in the work of I.A. Krylova, N.I. Novikova, A.P. Sumarokova, D.I. Fonvizin and others. The style was finally formed in Russia in the 19th century, and V.G. played a significant role in this. Belinsky, A.I. Herzen, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.A. Dobrolyubov.

The main stylistic features of the journalistic style:

– brevity of presentation with richness of information;

– clarity of presentation (newspaper is the most common type of mass media);

– emotionality, generality, ease of expression.

Characteristics journalistic style:

– socio-political vocabulary and phraseology;

– the use of speech stamps, their easy reproducibility ( field workers, counter workers, friendly atmosphere);

– use of short sentences – chopped prose;

– elliptical sentences (verbless phrases) – ( privatization check–to each; banks–not only for bankers);

– combination of features of journalistic style with features of other styles;

– use of figurative and expressive means of language (rhetorical questions, repetitions, inversion, etc.).

Widespread newspaper and magazine variety of journalistic style.

Literary and artistic style- this is a style of fiction, which is determined by its content and main goals - to convey one’s attitude towards the environment depicted, to paint a picture with words, to describe an event, etc.

The main stylistic features of the literary and artistic style:

– imagery, emotionality;

– unity of communicative and aesthetic functions.

Characteristic features of the literary and artistic style:

– widespread use of vocabulary and phraseology of other styles; use of figurative and expressive means;

– manifestation of the author’s creative individuality (author’s style).

Conversational style

Conversational style opposed to book styles, it alone performs the function of communication.

The main stylistic features of the colloquial style:

– expressiveness, lack of preliminary consideration of the statement;

– emotionality, ease, generality.

Characteristic features of conversational style:

– widespread use of everyday vocabulary and phraseology;

– use of extra-lexical means (intonation, stress, pauses, rate of speech, etc.);

– a dialogue form of utterance, less often a monologue;

– inclusion of particles, interjections in speech, introductory words, appeals;

– predominance of simple sentences over complex ones;

– use of plug-in and connecting structures;

– lexical repetitions, inversions ( reverse order words).

Errors associated with violation of stylistic norms

Ι. Unjustified use of book words

IN writing

Often words that are necessary in one speech situation are inappropriate in another. This is one of the reasons for stylistic errors.

In the journalistic style, stylistic errors often arise due to the unmotivated use of high book vocabulary. Addressing her is not justified in sentences such as: “ The store staff, like all progressive humanity, went on a work shift in honor of the great holiday».

In the scientific style, errors arise due to the author’s inability to use terms professionally and competently. (For example: " The driver's movements must be limited by the seat belt." Required: seat belt.)

A passion for terms and book vocabulary in texts that are not related to the scientific style can cause pseudoscientific presentation. (For example: " There are singers who perform original Russian songs with elements of imitation of a foreign style of sound production.».)

ΙΙ. Unjustified use of colloquial words in writing

And common words

Errors may be caused by inappropriate use of colloquial and colloquial words. Their use is unacceptable in an official business style. (For example: " Exercise effective control over thriftyconsumption of feed on the farm». Edit: « It is necessary to strictly control the consumption of feed on the farm».)

The use of colloquial vocabulary leads to a violation of the stylistic norms of journalistic style. (For example: " Construction organizations performed below their capabilities.” Or: “Barley harvesting was canceled».)

In these cases, colloquial words give the sentences a familiar, rude tone.

Stylistic errors arise when mixing vocabulary of different styles. The combination of book and spoken words. (For example: " Management immediately jumped on the value proposition" Or: " To arm themselves with irrefutable facts, they took a photojournalist with them».)

ΙΙΙ. The use of historicisms and archaisms

Language is constantly evolving. It contains active and passive vocabulary at the same time. The passive includes obsolete words that are understandable to speakers. Such words are given in explanatory dictionaries marked "obsolete."

Historicisms– words representing the names of disappeared objects, phenomena, concepts. (For example: chain mail, hussar.)

Archaisms- names of existing objects and phenomena, for some reason replaced by other words. (Wed. comedian–actor, gold–gold, everyday–Always.)

The use of outdated words without taking into account their expressive coloring becomes the cause of gross stylistic errors. (For example: " The new residents welcomed the builders as their dearest guests.».)

ΙΥ. Neologism

Each era enriches the language with new words. The acquisition of new words by a language occurs in different ways: some of them quickly become widespread, others do not.

Neologisms- words that belong to passive vocabulary, but retain a connotation of novelty.

Sovietisms- new words that came into the language during the Soviet era.

The use of neologisms in speech causes great difficulties. Addressing them should always be stylistically motivated. Neologisms in which the requirements for euphony of speech are violated are considered unsuccessful. (For example: hack, juggle.)

The sound form of a neologism is completely unacceptable if it causes unwanted associations due to its similarity with already known words. Sentences like:

« An important task is significant afforestation of the landscape"(cf. baldness).

Let's compare options for stylistic editing of a text in which the use of neologisms is not justified:

Υ. Phraseologisms. Stylistic errors