Japanese tankers. Japanese tanks in the fighting of the Second World War. Philippines and Japanese islands

Japan was one of the leading powers during World War II. The scale of the strategic plans of its leadership had to be confirmed by the high quality of technology. Therefore, in the 30s, the Japanese created many models of tanks that fought for several years without interruption on the Pacific front of World War II.

Purchase of Western models

The idea of ​​creating their own tanks appeared in Japan after the First World War. This conflict showed the promise of this modern look weapons. Since the Japanese did not have their own industry necessary for the production of tanks, they began to get acquainted with the developments of the Europeans.

For Tokyo, this was a familiar method of modernization. The Land of the Rising Sun spent several centuries in total isolation and only in the second half of the 19th century began to develop intensively. From scratch, new branches of the economy and industry appeared. Therefore, the task of conducting a similar experiment with tanks was not so fantastic.

The first French Renault FT-18s were purchased in 1925, which at that time were considered the best cars of a kind. These models were adopted by the Japanese for service. Very soon, the engineers and designers of this country, having gained Western experience, prepared several of their pilot projects.

"Chi-I"

The first Japanese tank was assembled in Osaka in 1927. The car was named "Chi-I". It was an experimental model that never made it to mass production. However, it was she who became the very “first lump”, which turned out to be the starting point for Japanese specialists for further technical research.

The model had a cannon, two machine guns, and its weight was 18 tons. Her design feature consisted of several towers on which guns were mounted. It was a bold and controversial experiment. The first Japanese tank was also equipped with a machine gun designed to protect the vehicle from the rear. Because of this feature, it was installed behind the engine compartment. Tests showed that the multi-turreted design was unsuccessful in terms of combat effectiveness. In the future, Osaka decided to abandon the implementation of such a system. The Japanese "Chi-I" tank has remained a historical model that has never been in a real war. But some of its features were inherited by cars later used on the fields of World War II.

"Type 94"

Mostly Japanese were developed in the 30s. The first model in this series is the Tokushu Ken'insha (abbreviated as TK, or "Type 94"). This tank was notable for its small dimensions and weight (only 3.5 tons). It was used not only for combat, but also for auxiliary purposes. Therefore, in Europe, "Type 94" was considered a tankette.

As an auxiliary vehicle, the TC was used to transport goods and help convoys. According to the designers' idea, this was the original purpose of the machine. However, over time, the project evolved into a full-fledged combat model. Almost all subsequent Japanese inherited from the "Type 94" not only the design, but also the layout. In total, more than 800 units of this generation were produced. "Type 94" was mainly used during the invasion of China, which began in 1937.

The post-war fate of Tokushu Keninsha is curious. Part of the fleet of these models was captured by the Allies, who defeated the Japanese after nuclear tanks were handed over to the Chinese - communists and Kuomintang troops. These parties were hostile to each other. Therefore, the "Type 94" was tested for several more years on the fields of the Chinese civil war, after which the PRC was formed.

"Type 97"

In 1937, the "Type 94" was declared obsolete. Further research by engineers led to the emergence new car- a direct descendant of Tokushu Keninsha. The model was called "Type 97" or "Te-Ke" for short. This Japanese tank was used during the fighting in China, Malaya and Burma until the very end. In fact, it was a deep modification of the "Type 94".

The crew of the new car consisted of two people. The engine was located at the rear, and the transmission was at the front. An important innovation compared to its predecessor was the unification of the combat and management departments. The vehicle received a 37 mm cannon inherited from the TK.

New Japanese tanks field conditions were first tested in battles on the Khalkhin Gol River. Since they did not participate in the first attacks on Soviet positions, most of the Te-Ke managed to survive. Almost all active combat units of this type were deployed to the Pacific theater of World War II. These small tanks were used especially effectively for reconnaissance of enemy positions. They were also used as machines organizing communication between different parts front. The small size and weight made the Type 97 an indispensable weapon for infantry support.

"Chi-Ha"

Interestingly, almost all Japanese tanks of World War II were developed by Mitsubishi employees. Today, this brand is known primarily in the automotive industry. However, in the 30-40s, the company's factories regularly produced reliable vehicles for the army. In 1938, Mitsubishi began production of the Chi-Ha, one of the main Japanese medium tanks. Compared to its predecessors, the model received more powerful guns (including 47 mm guns). In addition, it was distinguished by an improved aiming.

"Chi-Ha" were used in combat from the very first days after their appearance on the assembly line. At the initial stage of the war with China, they remained an effective weapon in the hands of Japanese tankers. However, after the United States was drawn into the conflict, the Chi-Ha had a serious combat competitor. These were tanks of the M3 Lee type. They easily coped with all Japanese cars of the light and medium segment. Largely because of this, out of more than two thousand Chi-Ha units, only a dozen representatives of this model remain today as museum exhibits.

"Ha-Go"

If we compare all the Japanese tanks of World War II, we can distinguish two of the most basic and common models. This is the above-described "Chi-Ha" and "Ha-Go". This tank mass-produced in 1936-1943. In total, more than 2300 units of this model were produced. Although it is difficult to single out the best Japanese tank, it is the Ha-Go that has the most rights to this title.

His first sketches appeared in the early 1930s. Then the Japanese command wanted to get a car that could become effective auxiliary means for cavalry charges. That is why "Ha-Go" was distinguished by such important qualities, as high permeability and mobility.

"Ka-Mi"

An important feature of the "Ha-Go" was that this tank became the basis for numerous modifications. All of them were experimental and therefore not widely used. However, this does not mean that there were no competitive models among them.

High-quality, for example, was "Ka-Mi". It was unique in that it remained the only mass-produced amphibious Japanese tank of World War II. The development of this modification of "Ha-Go" began in 1941. Then the Japanese command began to prepare a campaign to advance to the south, where there were many small islands and archipelagos. In this regard, it became necessary to land an amphibious assault. Japanese heavy tanks could not help in this task. Therefore, Mitsubishi started the development of a fundamentally new model, based on the most common tank of the Land of the Rising Sun "Ha-Go". As a result, 182 Ka-Mi units were produced.

Use of amphibious tanks

The undercarriage of the old tank was improved so that the vehicle could be used effectively on the water. For this, in particular, the body was significantly changed. Due to their originality, each "Ka-Mi" was going slowly and for a long time. For this reason, the first major operation with the use of amphibious tanks occurred only in 1944. The Japanese landed on Saipan, the largest of them. By the end of the war, when the imperial army did not advance, but, on the contrary, only retreated, its landing operations also ceased. Therefore, "Ka-Mi" began to be used as a conventional ground tank. This was facilitated by the fact that in its design and running characteristics it was universal.

In 1944, photos of Japanese tanks floating along the coast of the Marshall Islands went around the world. By that time, the empire was already close to defeat, and even the appearance of a fundamentally new technology couldn't help her. Nevertheless, the Ka-Mi themselves produced great impression on opponents. The hull of the tank was spacious. Five people were placed in it - a driver, a mechanic, a gunner, a loader and a commander. Outwardly, the Ka-Mi immediately caught the eye because of its two-man turret.

"Chi-he"

"Chi-He" appeared as a result of work on bugs related to the characteristics of Chi-Ha. In 1940, Japanese designers and engineers decided to catch up with Western competitors in the simplest way by copying foreign technologies and developments. Thus, all the initiative and originality of the Eastern specialists were put aside.

The result of this maneuver was not long in coming - "Chi-He" more than all its Japanese "relatives" both externally and internally began to resemble European counterparts of that time. But the project came too late. In 1943-1944. only 170 "Chi-He" were produced.

"Chi-Nu"

The continuation of the ideas embodied in "Chi-He" was "Chi-Nu". It differed from its predecessor only in improved weapons. The design and layout of the hull remained the same.

The series was small. At the final stage of the Second World War in 1943-1945. only about a hundred "Chi-Nu" were produced. According to the idea of ​​the Japanese command, these tanks were to become an important force in the country's defense during the landing of American troops. Due to the atomic bombings and the imminent surrender of the state leadership, this foreign attack never happened.

"Oh-I"

How different were Japanese tanks? The review shows that among them there were no models of the heavy class according to the Western classification. The Japanese command preferred light and medium vehicles, which were easier and more efficient to use in conjunction with the infantry. However, this did not mean at all that there were no projects of a fundamentally different type in this country.

One of these was the idea of ​​a super-heavy tank, which was tentatively named "O-I". This multi-turreted monster was supposed to accommodate a crew of 11 people. The model was designed as an important weapon for the upcoming attacks on the USSR and China. Work on the "O-I" began in 1936 and, one way or another, was carried out until the defeat in World War II. The project was either closed or restarted. Today there is no reliable data that at least one prototype of this model was produced. "O-I" remained on paper, as did Japan's idea of ​​its regional dominance, which led it to a disastrous alliance with Nazi Germany.

"Type 95"

A further development of the theme of light tanks was the "Type 95" or "Ha-Go", created a little later by "Te-Ke". In general, it was a logical continuation of previous machines, but it was not without major changes. First of all, the design of the chassis was changed. On previous machines, the idler also played the role of a track roller and pressed the track to the ground. On Ha-Go, this part was raised above the ground and the caterpillar acquired a more familiar look for tanks of that time. The design of the armored hull remained the same - a frame and rolled sheets. Most of the panels had a thickness of 12 millimeters, which is why the level of protection remained the same. basis power plant tank "Type 95" was a six-cylinder two-stroke diesel engine with an HP 120 power. This engine power, despite combat weight seven and a half tons, allowed to maintain and even increase the speed and maneuverability of the car compared to the previous ones. Max speed"Ha-Go" on the highway was 45 km / h.

The main weapon of the Ha-Go tank was similar to the weapons of the Type 97. It was a 37mm Type 94 gun. The gun suspension system was made in a rather original way. The gun was not fixed rigidly and could move both in vertical and horizontal planes. Thanks to this, it was possible to roughly aim the gun by turning the turret and adjust the aiming using its own turning mechanisms. Gun ammunition - 75 unitary shells - was placed along the walls of the fighting compartment. Additional weapons "Type 95" at first were two 6.5-mm machine guns "Type 91". Later, with the transition of the Japanese army to a new cartridge, their place was taken by Type 97 machine guns of 7.7 mm caliber. One of the machine guns was mounted in the rear of the turret, the other in a oscillating mount in the front plate of the armored hull. In addition, on the left side of the hull there were loopholes for firing from the crew's personal weapons. The Ha-Go crew, for the first time in this line of light tanks, consisted of three people: a driver mechanic, a gunner and a gunner commander. The duties of the gunner technician included control of the engine and firing from the front machine gun. The second machine gun was controlled by the commander. He loaded the cannon and fired from it.

The first experimental batch of Ha-Go tanks was assembled back in 1935 and immediately went to the troops for trial operation. In the war with China, due to the weakness of the latter's army, the new Japanese tanks did not achieve much success. A little later, during the battles at Khalkhin Gol, the Japanese military finally managed to test the Type 95 in a real battle with a worthy opponent. This check ended sadly: almost all the Ha-Gos that the Kwantung Army had were destroyed by tanks and artillery of the Red Army. One of the results of the battles at Khalkhin Gol was the recognition by the Japanese command of the insufficiency of 37-mm guns. During the battles, Soviet BT-5s, equipped with 45 mm guns, managed to destroy Japanese tanks even before they approached the distance of confident defeat. In addition, there were many machine-gun tanks in the Japanese armored formations, which clearly did not contribute to success in battles.

Subsequently, the Ha-Go tanks encountered in battle with American technology and artillery. Due to the significant difference in calibers, the Americans were already using with might and main tank guns 75 mm caliber - Japanese armored vehicles often suffered heavy losses. By the end of the war on pacific ocean light tanks "Type 95" were often converted into stationary firing points, however, their effectiveness was low. The last battles involving the "Type 95" took place during the Third Civil War in China. Trophy tanks were handed over to the Chinese military, with the USSR sending captured armored vehicles to the People's Liberation Army, and the US to the Kuomintang. Despite the active use of the "Type 95" after the Second World War, this tank can be considered quite lucky. Of the more than 2,300 built tanks, a dozen and a half have survived to our time in the form of museum exhibits. A few dozen more damaged tanks are local landmarks in some Asian countries.

In the photo: "Ha-Go", captured US troops on the island of Io

Japanese light tanks

One of the first mass-produced Japanese tanks was the Type 89, an analogue of the British Vickers mk C, the only example of which Japan bought in 1927.

the first Japanese light tank there was an experimental tank No. 2 "type 89" weighing 9800 kg and with a crew of four. In the turret, located in front of the hull, a 37-mm (according to other sources, 57-mm) gun and two 6.5-mm machine guns were installed. The prototype was built in 1929, but it soon became clear that it was more suitable for solving the problems inherent in medium tanks. The first production model was light tank"type 95". Its improved Type 98 (KE-NI) version entered service in 1942. But by this time, the era of light tanks had already passed. The only place where they could still prove themselves was China. The light tank "type 2" (KE-TO) was similar to the "type 98" tank, armed with a 37-mm cannon and only one 7.7-mm machine gun, and the thickness of the armor was 6~1b mm. Since 1944, several such machines have been built. On the basis of the "type 95" light tanks "type 3" (KE-RI) and "type 4" (KE-NU) were also built.

A 57-mm cannon was installed on the Type 3 tank, and a turret with a cannon from the Type 97 medium tank was installed on the Type 4 tank. "Type 3" weighed 7400 kg and proved to be impractical due to the small internal volume of the tower, "Type 4" was very bulky and weighed 8400 kg.

The light tank "type 5" (KE-NO) was developed in 1942 and showed excellent results during tests, but did not have time to go into production. It was a tank with a crew of four, weighing 10,000 kg, with 8-20 mm armor, armed with a 47 mm cannon and one 7.7 mm machine gun.

"Type 95" was one of best lungs tanks developed by the Japanese before World War II. The armor plates of the hull were fastened with rivets and bolts, and the turret was riveted and welded.

Light tank "type 95"

The Type 95 light tank was armed with a 37 mm cannon and two 7.7 mm machine guns in the hull and rear of the turret.

Light tank "type 95" was developed in the early 30s of the XX century by order of the Japanese army. The first two prototypes were built by Mitsubishi Heavy Industries in 1934. After successful tests in China and Japan, they went into the series and received the production designation HA-GO and the military KE-GO. By the time production was completed in 1943, more than 1,100 vehicles had been built, although, according to some sources, production continued until 1945.

Design

The hull and turret were riveted with armor thickness from 6 to 14 mm. In front of the hull on the right was the driver, to the left of him was the gunner of the 6.5-mm course machine gun "type 91" (horizontal angle 70 °), which was later replaced by 7.7-mm "type 97". In the turret, located in the middle part of the hull with a slight shift to the left, a 37-mm Type 94 cannon was installed, which could fire armor-piercing and high-explosive fragmentation projectiles. Later, it was replaced by a Type 98 cannon of the same caliber, but with a higher muzzle velocity. Another machine gun was installed at the rear of the turret on the right. Gun ammunition was 119 shells, machine guns - 2970 rounds.

The disadvantages of this tank could be attributed to the fact that the tank commander was both a loader and a gunner (this was typical for many tanks of that period). Mitsubishi's 6-cylinder air-cooled diesel engine was located in the power compartment at the rear of the hull, and the transmission with a manual gearbox was in the front (four forward gears and one reverse). Friction clutches and brakes were used as a turning mechanism, the suspension on each side consisted of four dual road wheels on rubber running, a front drive wheel and two supporting rollers. The fighting compartment was sheathed from the inside with an asbestos sheet to protect the crew when driving over rough terrain, as well as from high temperatures in the tropics and subtropics. In 1943, several Type 95 tanks were equipped with 57 mm guns and received the designation KE-RI, but this version did not receive further development, as the inside of the tower became too crowded.

The Type 95 light tank was armed with a 37 mm cannon and two 7.7 mm machine guns in the hull and rear of the turret. Another modification was the KE-NU tank with a turret from the CHI-HA type 97 medium tank. The Type 98 KE-NI was a development of the Type 95 tank, but by the time production ceased in 1943, only about 200 of these vehicles had been built. On the basis of the "type-95" tank, the "type 2" KA-MI amphibious tank was created, which was widely used in the early stages of World War II in the Pacific Ocean along with tankettes ("type 92", "type 94", "type 97 "). During the fighting in China and at the beginning of the World War, Type 95 tanks acted quite effectively, but the first battles with American tanks and anti-tank guns showed that they were hopelessly outdated.

On right. Tanks "type 95" overcome the rice fields on the exercises. They successfully fought against enemy infantry, deprived of close fire support, until they met with the American army and marines in 1943.

Down below. Tank "type 95" in Manchuria. The successful advance of the Japanese troops was facilitated by the fact that none of their opponents in the early stages of the war possessed significant tank forces or anti-tank weapons.

Medium tank "type 97"

"Type 97" was perhaps the best Japanese mass tank, but with all its advantages, it had a significant drawback - weak artillery weapons.

In the mid-30s, requirements were formulated for a new generation medium tank, which was supposed to replace the outdated Type 89B tank. Mitsubishi built one prototype, and another at the Osaka plant, commissioned by the General Staff. The Mitsubishi prototype, heavier and with a more powerful engine, was chosen as the basis and received the designation Type 97 (CHI-HA). Until 1942, approximately 3,000 of these tanks were built. The hull and turret of the tank were riveted and had an armor thickness of 8-25 mm. In front of the hull on the right was the driver, to the left of him - the shooter with a 7.7-mm machine gun "type 97". The rotating tower was located in the middle part of the hull with a slight shift to the right and had a manual drive. Installed in the tower

57 mm cannon (elevation angle from -9° to +11) and 7.7 mm machine gun (in the rear). The ammunition load was 120 shells for the cannon (80 high-explosive fragmentation and 40 armor-piercing) and 2350 rounds for machine guns. The 12-cylinder air-cooled diesel engine was located at the rear of the hull, and the transmission with a gearbox (four forward and one reverse) was located at the front. Side clutches and brakes were used as a turning mechanism, the suspension on each side consisted of six double rubber-coated road wheels, a drive wheel in front, a sloth in the back and three supporting rollers. Four central track rollers were connected in pairs and mounted on crank arms with spring steel shock absorbers.

The outer track rollers were attached in the same way. At the time of entry into service, the Type 97 tank met the requirements of the time, with the exception of the gun, which had a low initial velocity of the projectile. A common feature of all Japanese tanks of that period was the diesel engine, which provided an increased range and reduced the risk of fire. Created in 1942 medium tank"type 97" (SHINHOTO CHI-HA) with a new turret equipped with a 47-mm "type 97" cannon, which provided a higher initial flight speed and, accordingly, higher damaging characteristics of the projectile. In addition, the shells from this gun were suitable for Japanese anti-tank guns. A number of other combat vehicles were built using the chassis of the "type 97" tank: a clearing vehicle with a trawl, self-propelled artillery mounts (including the "type 38" HO-RO with a 150-mm gun), self-propelled anti-aircraft installations(with 20- and 75-mm guns), an engineering tank, an ARV and a tank bridge layer. These special machines produced in small series. On the production line, the "Type 97" tank was replaced by the "Type 1" CHI-HE medium tanks, and then the "Type 3" CHI-NU (60 vehicles were built). The last Japanese medium tanks of the Second World War period were the Type 4 and Type 5, but several examples of these well-armed vehicles were not built in time to take part in the hostilities.

Japanese light and medium tanks were suitable for operations in the conditions of the Asia-Pacific region, until they collided in 1942 with more powerful allied tanks in armament and armor protection.

"Chi-he"

With regard to Japanese tanks during the Second World War, there is a widespread opinion about their complete backwardness from foreign competitors. It is true, but only partly. The fact is that the Japanese military and engineers, seeing the enemy’s armored vehicles, including potential ones, nevertheless made attempts to make a tank with relevant characteristics. Simultaneously with the Shinhoto Chi-Ha medium tank, a new armored vehicle was being developed, the design of which took into account all the shortcomings of the original Chi-Ha and its predecessors. The "Type 1" or "Chi-He" project finally began to resemble European tanks of that time, both in design and in combat qualities.

First of all, it should be noted the updated design of the armored hull. For the first time in Japanese tank building, most of the parts were welded, rivets were used only in some places of the structure. In addition, in comparison with the Chi-Ha, the new Type 1 received more serious armor. The frontal rolled armor plates of the tank had a thickness of 50 millimeters, the sides were twice as thin. The forehead of the turret was made from a 25 mm plate and was partially covered by a 40 mm gun mantlet. Of course, in comparison with foreign tanks, the level of protection of the Chi-Khe did not look like something unique, but for the Japanese military industry it was a significant step forward. When designing the Type 1, the designers were faced with the task of increasing protection and firepower while maintaining the weight of the vehicle. For this reason, the frame of the tank was simplified as much as possible, and in some places the structure was completely removed, the hull contours and a number of internal mechanisms were also changed. As a result of all the changes, the new medium tank gained only a couple of tons in weight relative to the Chi-Ha. The combat weight of the "Chi-He" was equal to 17.5 tons. The increased weight required the installation of a new engine, which was the Type 100 manufactured by Mitsubishi. The 240-horsepower engine provided the tank power density about 13-14 Horse power per ton of weight. This was sufficient for a maximum highway speed of 45 km/h. The rest of the driving performance remained at the level of previous tanks.

Another step towards bringing the tank to the form generally accepted in the rest of the world was the installation of a radio station on all vehicles and the introduction of a fifth person into the crew. The maintenance of radio communications was entrusted to the tank commander, who was relieved of his duties as a gunner. Aiming the gun was now the task of an individual crew member. The workplaces of the commander, gunner and loader were located in the fighting compartment, which required an increase in the volume of the tower. However, the armament remained almost the same as the previous Shinhoto Chi-Ha tank. Main caliber"Chi-He" - 47-millimeter gun "Type 1". Despite the name, this weapon was not the same as that mounted on the Shinhoto Chi-Ha. Before being installed on the Type 1 tank, the gun underwent a major upgrade. First of all, recoil devices have undergone significant changes. The suspension system, in turn, retained the main features, but was also finalized. Changing the mounting pins in practice led to a decrease in the width of the horizontal sector in which the gun could move. On the Chi-Khe, the gun barrel deviated from the longitudinal axis only by 7.5 ° to the sides. The ammunition load of the Type 1 tank was similar to the stock of Shinhoto Chi-Ha shells - 120 unitary rounds of two types. Additional armament "Chi-Khe" consisted of two 7.7-mm machine guns, located according to the traditional scheme for Japanese tanks. One was mounted on trunnions in the loophole of the front sheet, the other - in the rear of the tower.

Main design work on the topic "Type 1" ended before the attack on Pearl Harbor. However, then the matter ended with the construction and testing of the prototype. Serial production of "Chi-Khe" began only in the middle of 1943. Naturally, by this time, Japan could no longer afford the construction of particularly large batches of new armored vehicles. As a result, no more than 170-180 Type 1 tanks were assembled, and about a year after its start, serial construction ceased. During military service new tank received mixed reviews. On the one hand, good armor on the front of the hull, under certain conditions, protected the tank even from American guns of 75 mm caliber. On the other hand, the 47-millimeter gun still could not compete with the armament of enemy tanks and artillery. Therefore, "Type 1" could not have any tangible impact on the course of the battles. Perhaps something would have changed if this tank was built in more, but there is reason to doubt this.

"Chi-Nu"

Understanding the not too bright prospects for the Type 1, the Japanese command instructed the tank builders to make another medium tank capable of dealing normally with enemy armored vehicles. The "Type 3" or "Chi-Nu" project meant the replacement of weapons with the "Type 1". The Type 90 field gun, 75 mm caliber, was chosen as the new main gun. It was developed in the early thirties on the basis of the French Schneider gun. In turn, on the basis of the "Type 90" they designed a new gun, designed specifically for installation on the "Chi-Nu" tank. This modification of the gun was called "Type 3".

Due to the need to replace only the guns, the design of the Type 3 tank was taken from the Type 1 with virtually no changes. All improvements related to improving the manufacturability of the assembly and ensuring the installation of a new larger tower. The latter was a welded hexagonal unit in terms of shape. The tower was welded from rolled sheets with a thickness of 50 mm (forehead) to 12 (roof). In addition, additional protection of the frontal projection was carried out by a 50-mm gun mantlet. The "consequences" of installing a new large tower are interesting. Its front part covered itself most driver's hatch. For this reason, the entire crew of the "Chi-Nu" had to get into the tank and leave it through two hatches in the roof of the tower and one in its port side. In addition, for maintenance of the gun and loading of ammunition in the rear of the tower there was another fairly large hatch. All changes led to an increase in the combat weight of the tank. "Chi-Nu" in combat readiness weighed 18.8 tons. At the same time, driving performance decreased slightly. The 240-horsepower Type 100 diesel could only provide a top speed of about 40 kilometers per hour, which was less than the corresponding indicator of the Chi-He tank.

When converting the gun "Type 90" in the state of "Type 3" significant design changes did not occur. The gun was still equipped with a hydraulic recoil brake and a spring knurler. At the same time, the authors of the project had to go for a little trick. Since they were required to quickly modify the gun, they did not change its layout. The recoil devices remained in place, in front under the barrel. Because of this, a special armored tray had to be installed on the frontal part of the tower, which protected the rollback brake cylinders. The solid weight of the gun and considerable dimensions made it necessary to abandon the idea of ​​additional fine aiming without turning the turret. On the Type 3, the gun could only swing vertically from -10° to +15° from the horizontal axis. The warheads of the new tank contained 55 shells of two types, high-explosive fragmentation and armor-piercing. The latter, having an initial speed of 680 m / s, pierced 65-70 millimeters of armor at a distance of a kilometer. Additional armament "Chi-Nu" consisted of only one machine gun in front of the hull.

Regarding the production of medium tanks "Type 3" there is no exact data. According to one source, they began to be assembled in mid-1943. Other literature indicates the fall of the 44th as the start time of construction. The same strange situation is observed in estimates of the number of assembled cars. According to various sources, they were made from 60 to 170 units. The reason for such large discrepancies is the lack of necessary documents that were lost on final stages war. In addition, there is no information on the combat use of Type 3 tanks. According to reports, all built tanks entered the 4th Panzer Division, which until the end of the war did not take part in hostilities outside the Japanese islands. The use of "Chi-Nu" in the battles for Okinawa is sometimes mentioned, but in well-known American documents there is no information about the appearance of new equipment by the enemy. Probably, all Type 3 remained at the bases, not having time to make war. After the end of World War II, a number of Chi-Nu tanks were used Japanese Forces self defense.

"Chi-Nu", as well as several "Ho-Ni III" in the background, from the 4th tank division

"Ka-Mi"

In Japanese tank building, there were several interesting projects that, for a number of reasons, did not receive a particularly massive implementation. An example is the "Chi-Nu" described above. Another "small-scale" project appeared in connection with the peculiarities of the war in the Pacific. In preparation for the offensive to the south, the Japanese command faced the issue of landing amphibious assault forces on the islands and the continental coast. Infantry support by tanks was carried out exclusively with the help of tank landing boats and ships. In particular, and therefore, most Japanese armored vehicles had a combat weight of less than 20 tons. For obvious reasons, the military leaders wanted to get rid of the need to attract additional forces. Work towards the creation of a floating tank began in the late twenties, but then everything was limited to theory and a few experiments. Only in 1940 did full-fledged design work begin. Tank "Type 2" or "Ka-Mi" was supposed to be the main means of fire support for troops landing on the coast. The terms of reference implied the following use of a floating tank: a landing ship delivers armored vehicles at a certain distance from land, after which it gets to the coast on its own. It seems to be nothing special. However, the designers of the Mitsubishi company were required to ensure both good seaworthiness of the tank and sufficient combat qualities at the same time. It was allowed to do this in any suitable way.

"Ka-Mi" afloat. The similarity of the tank with a small vessel speaks quite eloquently about its seaworthiness.

The light tank Type 95 (Ha-Go) was taken as the basis for the Ka-Mi. The undercarriage of the old tank was modified for use in water. Casings with springs of the T. Hara system were hidden inside the case. The hull itself has also undergone major changes. Unlike the Type 95, the Type 2 was assembled almost entirely by welding. Rivets were used only in those parts of the structure where a hermetic connection of parts was not required. The body was welded from rolled sheets up to 14 mm thick. characteristic feature new tank was the shape of the hull. Unlike its land counterparts, the naval Ka-Mi did not have a large number of mating surfaces. In fact, the case was a simple box with several bevels. The location of the engine and transmission was traditional for Japanese tanks of the second half of the thirties. A 120-horsepower diesel engine was placed in the stern, the transmission in the bow. In addition, two propellers were installed at the stern of the tank. At the same time, to save weight and ease of maintenance of the engine, there was no partition between the engine and fighting compartments. In terms of repair, it was quite convenient. But in a combat situation, the roar of the engine greatly interfered with the crew. For this reason, the Ka-Mi had to be equipped with a tank intercom. Without it, the test tankers could not hear each other. A new tower was mounted on a relatively wide top sheet of the hull. It had a conical shape and accommodated the jobs of two crew members: commander and gunner. The loader, mechanic and driver, in turn, were housed inside the hull.

The basis of the weapons of the floating "Ka-Mi" were 37-mm guns. In the first series, these were the Type 94, which were mounted on the Ha-Go, but then they were replaced by the Type 1, which was distinguished by a longer barrel. The ammunition load of the gun was 132 rounds. Guidance in the horizontal plane was carried out both by turning the turret and by shifting the gun itself within five degrees from the axis. Vertical aiming - from -20 ° to + 25 °. Additional weapons of the "Type 2" were two machine guns of 7.7 mm caliber. One of them was paired with a gun, and the second was in front of the hull. Before the start of several landing operations, some Ka-Mis were equipped with additional equipment to use torpedoes. Two such ammunition was attached to the sides of the tank on special brackets and dropped using an electrical system.

Type 2 "Ka-mi" (101st Special Marine Landing Squad), with pontoons removed on board a transport that delivers reinforcements to the island of Saipan

The original "Ha-Go" has undergone many changes, the purpose of which was to ensure proper seaworthiness. In particular, the shape of the upper part of the hull was due to the peculiarities of the chosen method of providing buoyancy. Since the tank itself could not normally swim on its own, it was proposed to install special pontoons on it. In the front part, a structure with a volume of 6.2 cubic meters was attached, in the back - with a volume of 2.9. At the same time, the front pontoon had the shape of the bow of a watercraft, and the rear one was equipped with a lamellar boat-type steering wheel and its control system. To ensure survivability, the front pontoon was divided into six sealed sections, the rear - into five. In addition to the pontoons, before moving through the water, a turret-snorkel was installed on the tank above the engine compartment. Beginning in 1943, a light metal structure was included in the navigation kit, designed to be mounted on a tank turret. With its help, the commander of the combat vehicle could observe the situation not only through viewing devices. Upon reaching the shore, the tankers had to drop the pontoons and turrets. The reset procedure was carried out using a screw mechanism brought inside the machine. In the first series, the Ka-Mi tanks were equipped with only two pontoons. Later, according to the results of combat use, the front one was divided into two independent parts. Thanks to this, the tank, having dropped the air tanks, could continue moving forward. At the same time, the front pontoons were moved apart by the tank. Previously, they had to go around.

The combat weight of the Type 2 tank was nine and a half tons. Suspended pontoons added another three thousand kilograms. With this weight, the tank had a maximum speed on land equal to 37 kilometers per hour, and on the water it accelerated to ten. Stock diesel fuel enough for a march 170 long or for swimming a hundred kilometers. A floating tank could be used for over-the-horizon landings and, in fact, the only restriction on the landing of the Ka-Mi was the situation at sea, excitement, etc.

Captured on the island of Shumshu Japanese amphibious tanks Type 2 "Ka-Mi". On the islands of Paramushir and Shumshu, two battalions of Japanese marines (rikusentai) were based, which had 16 tanks of this type

Serial production of the Ka-Mi began at the end of 1941. The pace of construction was relatively slow, because of which it was not possible to quickly re-equip the corresponding units of the Marine Corps. However, tanks "Type 2" and in the amount of several dozen pieces managed to get good feedback. Which, however, were not overshadowed too much powerful weapons. Over time, the number of tanks in the troops increased, but the pace of construction still remained unacceptable. As it turned out, one of the consequences of the original design of the tank was the high labor intensity of production. Therefore, the first landing operation with the massive use of Ka-Mi took place only in June 44, it was a landing on the island of Saipan (Marian Islands). Despite the suddenness of the attack and the darkness of the night, the Americans quickly coped with the advancing enemy. Combat use"Type 2" continued until the very end of the war. AT recent months these tanks, due to the lack of landing operations, were used as conventional ground armored vehicles and stationary firing points. Of the 180 amphibious tanks built, only eight have survived to this day. One of them is in the tank museum of the city of Kubinka, the rest are in the countries of Oceania.

Self-propelled guns based on the tank "Chi-Ha"

Until a certain time, there was no place for self-propelled artillery installations in the strategic fabrications of the Japanese command. For a number of reasons, infantry support was assigned to light and medium tanks, as well as to field artillery. However, starting in 1941, the Japanese military initiated the creation of self-propelled gun mounts several times. These projects have not received a great future, but they are still worth considering.

"Type 1" ("Ho-Ni I")

The first was the installation "Type 1" ("Ho-Ni I"), designed to deal with combat vehicles and fortifications of the enemy. On the chassis of the medium tank "Chi-Ha", in place of the tower, an armored cabin with a frontal sheet 50 millimeters thick was installed. This cutting design was used on all subsequent Japanese self-propelled guns of that time. Only the guns and their installation systems changed. In the wheelhouse of a 14-ton combat vehicle they put field gun"Type 90" caliber 75 millimeters. Rough aiming of the gun horizontally was carried out by turning the entire machine. Thin - by a rotary mechanism, within a sector 40 ° wide. Descent/elevation angles - from -6° to +25°. The power of such weapons was enough to destroy all American tanks at distances of 500 meters. At the same time, the attacking Japanese self-propelled guns themselves were at risk of retaliatory fire. Starting from 1942, 26 Type 1 self-propelled guns were built. Despite the small number, these artillery mounts were actively used in most operations. Several units survived until the end of the war, when they became the trophy of the Americans. One copy of Ho-Ni I is in the Aberdeen Museum.

Self-propelled gun "Ho-ni II"

The next mass-produced Japanese-made self-propelled gun was Ho-Ni II, also known as Type 2. A 105-mm Type 99 howitzer was installed on the wheelhouse chassis, completely taken from the Type 1. This self-propelled gun, in the first place, was intended for firing from closed positions. However, sometimes, due to the situation, it was necessary to shoot with direct fire. The power of the gun was enough to destroy any American tanks at a distance of about a kilometer. Fortunately for the Americans, only 54 such gun mounts were built in 1943-45. Eight more were converted from production tanks"Chi Ha". Due to the small number of self-propelled guns "Ho-Ni II" could not provide significant influence to the course of the war.

SAU "Ho-Ni III"

A further development of the "Type 1" was the "Type 3" or "Ho-Ni III". The main weapon of this self-propelled gun was the Type 3 tank gun, designed for the Chi-Nu. The gun's ammunition load of 54 rounds theoretically allowed the Ho-Ni III self-propelled guns to become a serious combat weapon. However, all built three dozen self-propelled guns were transferred to the 4th Panzer Division. In view of the specific goals of this unit - it was intended for the defense of the Japanese archipelago - all Ho-Ni III almost without loss waited until the end of the war, and then became part of the Self-Defense Forces.

Artillery support tank for amphibious assault units armed with a 120-mm short-barreled gun. Released in a small series based on "Chi-ha"

In addition to the Ho-Ni family, there was another self-propelled artillery mount based on the Chi-Ha tank. It was a self-propelled gun "Ho-Ro" / "Type 4". It differed from other Japanese self-propelled guns in the design of the armored cabin, as well as weapons. "Ho-Ro" was the most powerful self-propelled guns of the Japanese Empire: 150-mm howitzer "Type 38" could ensure the destruction of almost any target. True, self-propelled guns "Type 4" also did not become massive. The entire series was limited to only 25 cars. Several of the first serial "Ho-Ro" managed to take part in the battle for the Philippines. However, later all available self-propelled howitzers were transferred to the 4th Panzer Division. As part of this unit, Type 4 self-propelled guns managed to fight only in Okinawa, where several units were destroyed by strikes by American troops.

According to the websites:
http://pro-tank.ru/
http://wwiivehicles.com/
http://www3.plala.or.jp/
http://armor.kiev.ua/
http://aviarmor.net/
http://onwar.com/

Twenty years before the start of the war with China and the ensuing offensive on the whole South East Asia, the Empire of Japan began to form its own armored forces. The experience of the First World War showed the prospects of tanks and the Japanese took note of it. The creation of the Japanese tank industry began with a thorough study of foreign vehicles. To do this, starting in 1919, Japan purchased from European countries small batches of tanks various models. In the mid-twenties, the French Renault FT-18 and the English Mk.A Whippet were recognized as the best. In April 1925, the first Japanese tank group was formed from these armored vehicles. In the future, the purchase of foreign samples continued, but did not have a particularly large size. Japanese designers have already prepared several of their own projects.

Renault FT-17/18 (The 17 had an MG, the 18 had a 37mm gun)

Mk.A Whippet tanks of the Imperial Japanese Army

In 1927, the Osaka arsenal revealed to the world the first Japanese tank of its own design. had a combat weight of 18 tons and was armed with a 57-mm cannon and two machine guns. Armament was mounted in two independent towers. It is quite obvious that the first experience of self-creation of armored vehicles was not crowned with much success. Tank "Chi-I" was, in general, not bad. But not without the so-called. childhood diseases, which was excusable for the very first design. Taking into account the experience of testing and trial operation in the troops, four years later another tank of the same mass was created. "Type 91" was equipped with three towers, which were 70 mm and 37 mm guns, as well as machine guns. It is noteworthy that the machine-gun turret, being designed to defend the vehicle from the rear, was located behind the engine compartment. The other two towers were located in the front and middle parts of the tank. The most powerful gun was mounted on a large medium tower. The Japanese used this scheme of armament and layout on their next medium tank. "Type 95" appeared in 1935 and was even built in a small series. However, a number of design and operational features eventually led to the abandonment of multi-tower systems. All further Japanese armored vehicles were either equipped with a single turret, or managed with a machine gunner’s wheelhouse or armored shield.

The first Japanese medium tank, which was referred to as 2587 "Chi-i" (sometimes it was called "medium tank No. 1")

"Special Tractor"

After abandoning the idea of ​​a tank with several towers, the Japanese military and designers began to develop another direction of armored vehicles, which eventually became the basis for a whole family of combat vehicles. In 1935, the light / small tank "Type 94", also known as the "TK" (short for "Tokubetsu Keninsha" - literally "Special Tractor"), was adopted by the Japanese army. Initially, this tank with a combat weight of three and a half tons - because of this, in the European classification of armored vehicles it is listed as a tankette - was developed as a special vehicle for transporting goods and escorting convoys. However, over time, the project has developed into a full-fledged light combat vehicle. The design and layout of the Type 94 tank subsequently became a classic for Japanese armored vehicles. The TK body was assembled on a frame made of rolled sheet corners, the maximum thickness of the armor was 12 millimeters of the upper part of the forehead. The bottom and roof were three times thinner. In front of the hull housed the engine compartment with a gasoline engine Mitsubishi "Type 94" with a capacity of 35 horsepower. Such a weak motor was enough for a speed of only 40 km / h on the highway. The suspension of the tank was designed according to the scheme of Major T. Hara. Four track rollers per caterpillar were mounted in pairs at the ends of the balancer, which, in turn, was mounted on the hull. The shock-absorbing element of the suspension was a coil spring mounted along the body and covered with a cylindrical casing. From each side chassis equipped with two such blocks, while the fixed ends of the springs were in the center of the chassis. The armament of the "Special Tractor" consisted of one Type 91 machine gun of 6.5 mm caliber. The Type 94 project was generally successful, although it had a number of shortcomings. First of all, the claims were caused by weak protection and insufficient armament. Only one rifle-caliber machine gun was an effective weapon only against a weak enemy.

"Type 94" "TK" captured by the Americans

"Type 97" / "Te-Ke"

The terms of reference for the next armored vehicle implied higher levels of protection and firepower. Since the Type 94 design had a certain potential for development, the new Type 97, also known as Te-Ke, in fact became its deep modernization. For this reason, the suspension and hull design of the Te-Ke was almost completely similar to the corresponding Type 94 units. At the same time, there were differences. The combat weight of the new tank increased to 4.75 tons, which, in combination with a new, more powerful engine, could lead to serious changes in balancing. To avoid too much load on the front road wheels, the OHV engine was placed at the rear of the tank. A two-stroke diesel developed power up to 60 hp. At the same time, an increase in engine power did not lead to an improvement in driving performance. The speed of the "Type 97" remained at the level of the previous "TK" tank. The transfer of the engine to the stern required a change in the layout and shape of the front of the hull. So, due to the increase in free volumes in the nose of the tank, it was possible to make a more ergonomic driver's workplace with a more comfortable "cutting" protruding above the frontal and upper hull sheets. The level of protection of the "Type 97" was slightly higher than that of the "Type 94". Now the entire body was assembled from 12 mm sheets. Besides, top part the sides of the hull had a thickness of 16 millimeters. Such an interesting feature was due to the angles of inclination of the sheets. Since the frontal was located at a greater angle to the horizontal than the side ones, different thickness allowed to provide the same level of protection from all angles. The crew of the tank "Type 97" consisted of two people. They did not have any special observation devices and used only viewing slots and sights. Workplace the tank commander was located in the fighting compartment, in the tower. He had a 37 mm cannon and a 7.7 mm machine gun at his disposal. The Type 94 gun with a wedge breech was loaded manually. The ammunition load of 66 armor-piercing and fragmentation shells was stacked along the sides, inside the tank hull. Penetration armor-piercing projectile was about 35 millimeters from a distance of 300 meters. Coaxial machine gun "Type 97" had more than 1700 rounds of ammunition.

Type 97 Te-Ke

Serial production of Type 97 tanks began in 1938-39. Before its termination in 1942, about six hundred combat vehicles were assembled. Appearing at the very end of the thirties, "Te-Ke" managed to take part in almost all military conflicts of that time, from the battles in Manchuria to the landing operations of 1944. At first, the industry could not cope with the production of the required number of tanks, so it was necessary to distribute them between parts with great care. The use of the "Type 97" in battles went with varying degrees of success: weak armor did not provide protection from a considerable part of the enemy's firepower, and their own weapons could not provide the proper firepower and effective fire range. In 1940, an attempt was made to install a new gun with a barrel on the Te-Ke greater length and old caliber. starting speed the projectile increased by one hundred meters per second and reached a level of 670-680 m / s. However, over time, the insufficiency of this weapon became clear.

"Type 95"

A further development of the theme of light tanks was the "Type 95" or "Ha-Go", created a little later by "Te-Ke". In general, it was a logical continuation of previous machines, but it was not without major changes. First of all, the design of the chassis was changed. On previous machines, the idler also played the role of a track roller and pressed the track to the ground. On Ha-Go, this part was raised above the ground and the caterpillar acquired a more familiar look for tanks of that time. The design of the armored hull remained the same - a frame and rolled sheets. Most of the panels had a thickness of 12 millimeters, which is why the level of protection remained the same. The basis of the power plant of the Type 95 tank was a six-cylinder two-stroke diesel engine with an HP 120 power. Such engine power, despite the combat weight of seven and a half tons, made it possible to maintain and even increase the speed and maneuverability of the vehicle compared to the previous ones. The maximum speed of "Ha-Go" on the highway was 45 km / h.

The main weapon of the Ha-Go tank was similar to the weapons of the Type 97. It was a 37mm Type 94 gun. The gun suspension system was made in a rather original way. The gun was not fixed rigidly and could move both in vertical and horizontal planes. Thanks to this, it was possible to roughly aim the gun by turning the turret and adjust the aiming using its own turning mechanisms. Gun ammunition - 75 unitary shells - was placed along the walls of the fighting compartment. Additional weapons "Type 95" at first were two 6.5-mm machine guns "Type 91". Later, with the transition of the Japanese army to a new cartridge, their place was taken by Type 97 machine guns of 7.7 mm caliber. One of the machine guns was mounted in the rear of the turret, the other in a oscillating mount in the front plate of the armored hull. In addition, on the left side of the hull there were loopholes for firing from the crew's personal weapons. The Ha-Go crew, for the first time in this line of light tanks, consisted of three people: a driver mechanic, a gunner and a gunner commander. The duties of the gunner technician included control of the engine and firing from the front machine gun. The second machine gun was controlled by the commander. He loaded the cannon and fired from it.

The first experimental batch of Ha-Go tanks was assembled back in 1935 and immediately went to the troops for trial operation. In the war with China, due to the weakness of the latter's army, the new Japanese tanks did not achieve much success. A little later, during the battles at Khalkhin Gol, the Japanese military finally managed to test the Type 95 in a real battle with a worthy opponent. This check ended sadly: almost all the Ha-Gos that the Kwantung Army had were destroyed by tanks and artillery of the Red Army. One of the results of the battles at Khalkhin Gol was the recognition by the Japanese command of the insufficiency of 37-mm guns. During the battles, Soviet BT-5s, equipped with 45 mm guns, managed to destroy Japanese tanks even before they approached the distance of confident defeat. In addition, there were many machine-gun tanks in the Japanese armored formations, which clearly did not contribute to success in battles.

"Ha-Go", captured by American troops on the island of Io

Subsequently, the Ha-Go tanks collided in battle with American equipment and artillery. Due to the significant difference in calibers - the Americans were already using 75 mm tank guns with might and main - Japanese armored vehicles often suffered heavy losses. By the end of the Pacific War, Type 95 light tanks were often converted into fixed firing points, but their effectiveness was not great either. The last battles involving the "Type 95" took place during the Third Civil War in China. Captured tanks were handed over to the Chinese military, with the USSR sending the captured armored vehicles to the People's Liberation Army, and the US to the Kuomintang. Despite the active use of the "Type 95" after the Second World War, this tank can be considered quite lucky. Of the more than 2,300 built tanks, a dozen and a half have survived to our time in the form of museum exhibits. A few dozen more damaged tanks are local landmarks in some Asian countries.

Medium "Chi-Ha"

Shortly after the start of testing the Ha-Go tank, Mitsubishi presented another project, rooted in the early thirties. This time, the good old TK concept became the basis for a new medium tank, called Type 97 or Chi-Ha. It should be noted that "Chi-Ha" had little common features with Te-Ke. The coincidence of the digital development index was due to some bureaucratic issues. However, it was not without borrowing ideas. The new "Type 97" had the same layout as the previous machines: the engine in the stern, the transmission in the front and fighting compartment between them. The design of "Chi-Ha" was carried out according to the frame system. The maximum thickness of the rolled hull sheets in the case of the "Type 97" has increased to 27 millimeters. This provided a significant increase in the level of protection. As practice later showed, the new thicker armor turned out to be much more resistant to enemy weapons. For example, American Browning M2 heavy machine guns confidently hit Ha-Go tanks at distances up to 500 meters, but they left only dents on the Chi-Ha armor. More solid armor led to an increase in the combat weight of the tank to 15.8 tons. This fact required the installation of a new engine. In the early stages of the project, two motors were considered. Both had the same power of 170 hp, but were developed by different companies. As a result, Mitsubishi diesel was chosen, which turned out to be a little more convenient in production. And the ability to quickly and conveniently connect tank designers with engine engineers has done its job.

Given the current trends in the development of foreign tanks, the Mitsubishi designers decided to equip the new Type 97 with more powerful weapon than previous tanks had. A 57 mm Type 97 gun was mounted on the turret. As on the "Ha-Go", the gun could swing on pins not only in the vertical plane, but also in the horizontal, within a sector 20 ° wide. It is noteworthy that the thin horizontal aiming of the gun was carried out without any mechanical means - only by the physical strength of the gunner. Vertical aiming was carried out in the sector from -9 ° to + 21 °. The standard gun ammunition was 80 high-explosive fragmentation and 40 armor-piercing shells. Armor-piercing ammunition weighing 2.58 kg from a kilometer pierced up to 12 millimeters of armor. At half the distance, the penetration rate increased by one and a half times. Additional armament "Chi-Ha" consisted of two machine guns "Type 97". One of them was located in front of the hull, and the other was intended for defense against an attack from behind. The new gun forced the tank builders to go for another increase in the crew. Now it included four people: a driver, gunner, loader and commander-gunner.

In 1942, on the basis of the Type 97, the Shinhoto Chi-Ha tank was created, which differed from the original model with a new gun. The 47-mm Type 1 gun made it possible to increase the ammunition load to 102 rounds and at the same time increase armor penetration. A 48-caliber barrel accelerated the projectile to such speeds at which it could penetrate up to 68-70 millimeters of armor at a distance of up to 500 meters. The updated tank turned out to be more effective against enemy armored vehicles and fortifications, in connection with which mass production was launched. In addition, a large part of the more than seven hundred manufactured Shinhoto Chi-Ha was converted during repairs from simple Type 97 tanks.

The combat use of "Chi-Ha", which began in the very first months of the war in the Pacific theater of operations, until a certain time showed sufficient effectiveness of the applied solutions. However, over time, when the United States entered the war, already having tanks such as the M3 Lee in its troops, it became clear that all the light and medium tanks available to Japan simply could not fight them. For a reliable defeat of American tanks, accurate hits on certain parts of them were required. This was the reason for the creation of a new turret with a Type 1 cannon. One way or another, none of the modifications of the "Type 97" could compete on an equal footing with the equipment of the enemy, the USA or the USSR. Including as a result of this, out of approximately 2,100 pieces, only two whole Chi-Ha tanks have survived to our time. Another dozen survived in a damaged form and are also museum exhibits.