False honey fungus. Honey mushrooms false and edible photos, how to distinguish real mushrooms from false ones. Such different mushrooms ...

Among mushroom pickers, honey mushrooms are very popular, which are pickled, fried, salads and various sauces are made from them. But there is a danger of confusing the edible representatives of the mushroom kingdom with false mushrooms.

Inedible twins honey agaric prefer to settle like their counterparts big families on deadwood, stumps and rotten trees

Inedible twins of honey mushrooms prefer to settle, like their counterparts, in large families on deadwood, stumps and rotten trees. All of them are very similar in appearance.

The legs of the mushrooms are very thin and hollow inside. The surface of the hats is painted in bright colors, which depend on the place of growth, the composition of the soil and the season. The skin is smooth to the touch.

Features of false mushrooms (video)

Botanical description of the main types of false mushrooms

The group of false mushrooms includes several types of mushrooms. Since they grow in identical conditions to edible representatives, it is very easy to confuse them. Some species are conditionally edible, others are inedible, and still others are poisonous. In view of the danger of getting serious poisoning, an inexperienced mushroom picker is advised not to pick suspicious mushrooms.

Poppy honey agaric

The second name of the fungus is gray-lamellar honey agaric. Grows on fallen trees and pine stumps. In rare cases, it occurs on a decaying rhizome. Begins to bear fruit last month summer and continues until mid-autumn.

The hemispherical cap reaches a size of 7 cm. In the process of growth of the fruiting body, it changes its appearance to a convex-prostrate one, along the edge of which particles of the bedspread remain. If the fruit grows in a humid environment, the hat acquires a light brown color. In a dry place, its surface is light yellow tones. The middle of the cap is much brighter than the edges. The smell of whitish pulp resembles dampness.

The plates located on the inner surface of the cap adhere to the stem. In young individuals, their color is pale yellow. Over time, the color changes, becoming similar to poppy seeds.. The long leg (up to 10 cm) can be either straight or curved. The membranous ring quickly disappears. At the base it has a red-red color, and yellow near the cap.

Since poppy mushroom belongs to the conditionally edible category, after processing it can be used for culinary purposes. It is not recommended to collect old mushrooms, which lose their taste with age.

Brick red honey agaric

Poisonous mushroom, which at a young age has a rounded convex hat, which turns into a half-spread as it matures. The surface is light reddish-brown tones, or red-brown and brick red. In the central part, the color is much more saturated. There are white hanging fragments along the edges, which are the remains of a bedspread. Bitter flesh of yellowish tones. Plates change color over time. In young specimens they are dirty yellow, and in mature ones they are olive-brown. The shape of the leg is flat or narrowed at the bottom. The color is yellowish, slightly brown in the lower part. The structure is dense.

Prefers to settle on hardwood in large families. The peak of fruiting occurs at the end of summer - the beginning of autumn.

Sulfur yellow honey agaric

The diameter of the cap of the poisonous mushroom is from 2 to 7 cm. In a young mushroom, its shape is similar to a bell. Becomes prostrate with age. The color can be yellow-brown or sulfur-yellow, which is reflected in its name. central part the caps are somewhat darker than along the edge.

The inside of the fruit is whitish or sulfur-yellow. The smell emanating from the pulp is unpleasant. The leg with a diameter of 0.5 cm grows up to 10 cm in length. From above sulfur-yellow with a fibrous structure. Mushrooms grow in groups of about 50 fruits, fused at the base with legs.

The difference between false mushrooms and autumn ones (video)

How to distinguish false mushrooms from edible mushrooms

Despite the fact that the features of edible mushrooms are in many ways similar to their false counterparts, having understood salient features and the differences of each species, you can learn to distinguish them. The main differences:

1. Hat appearance. In real mushrooms, its surface layer is covered with peculiar scales of a darker color than the cap itself. Mature mushrooms become smooth, losing their scales. But this is not scary, since such mushrooms are no longer of interest.
2. Ring or skirt. Edible young individuals under the cap have a white film, which, as the fungus grows, turns into a ring on the leg. False instances do not have it.
3. Hat skin color. False representatives are much brighter edible mushrooms. Real mushrooms are usually a delicate brown color. Inedible species with the addition of red and yellow-gray tones.
4. Smell. Edible mushrooms have a mushroom flavor. Dangerous doubles, on the contrary, exude an unpleasant earthy smell or moldy.
5. Records. True mushrooms are characterized by the presence of light plates (yellowish or beige). Do not edible species they are brighter and darker (olive, greenish, yellow).

The fruits also taste different from real mushrooms. False species are unpleasant and bitter, but it is forbidden to try them. Having carefully studied the signs that help to distinguish an edible mushroom from a dangerous one, you can protect yourself from the serious consequences of poisoning with toxic substances.

Signs of poisoning with false mushrooms

In case of erroneous use of false mushrooms, intoxication of the body occurs, which manifests itself in the following symptoms:

• The first signs of poisoning appear within the first hour after eating, but there are times when it takes up to 12 hours.
• Toxic compounds that enter the body are very quickly absorbed into the blood. Then, with its current, they penetrate into all organs, having a negative effect.
• There are complaints of discomfort in the stomach, there is a slight dizziness, heartburn, stomach rumbling, nausea.
• After 4-6 hours, the symptoms begin to progress. Lethargy, apathy, trembling in the limbs and general weakness join. As the nausea intensifies, vomiting occurs. Gastric cramps move to the entire abdomen. The stool becomes frequent and watery, accompanied by sharp abdominal pains. Cold sweat is released. Cold sweat appears on the palms and feet. The level of sugar in the blood drops.

The most poisonous mushrooms (video)

Toxic elements negatively affect the cardiovascular system and the brain. As a result, the heart rate slows down and blood pressure drops to a critical level. Lack of oxygen leads to blue skin (cyanosis). The patient suffers from headache and dizziness.

Intense vomiting and diarrhea dehydrate the body, so fluid balance needs to be replenished, otherwise vital processes will be disturbed. In the absence of the necessary assistance, the patient begins delirium and hallucinations appear. There is an alternation of excitation and inhibition.

Health recovery after poisoning depends on the speed measures taken. Timely contacting a specialist and carrying out the necessary procedures reduces the recovery time and minimizes the consequences.

Those who go in search of mushrooms should remember that only those mushrooms in which there is no doubt that these are edible species should be collected in a basket. Otherwise, the find must be discarded.

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Honey mushrooms are one of the most common mushrooms in our forests. They are actively eaten: among the dishes with them, one can recall soups, main courses, salads, home preservation and much more. But despite such a wide distribution of these mushrooms, inexperienced mushroom pickers often have difficulty with how mushrooms look and how to distinguish them from poisonous counterparts.

Characteristic features of mushrooms

In fact, mushrooms are not one type of mushroom, but the name of a whole group, which is united by the area of ​​\u200b\u200bgrowth and some specific features. So, they prefer to grow, as a rule, on old stumps and fallen trees, but sometimes they can be found in other places: in meadows, forest edges, next to shrubs, etc. Globally, they can be found everywhere: from northern latitudes to the subtropics. It is impossible to find them only in permafrost areas.

Although mushrooms represent a whole group various mushrooms, the description of all is very similar. They have lamellar, often rounded caps, growing on long thin legs, sometimes reaching 12-15 cm.

The color can vary greatly: from light yellowish or creamy shades to reddish brown. In young mushrooms, the cap, as a rule, is hemispherical, and even covered with small scales, while in old ones it is smooth and changes shape to umbrella-shaped.

Common types

Many varieties of mushrooms include both conditionally edible mushrooms and non-edible, and even poisonous ones. Of course, it is impossible to remember absolutely all types of these mushrooms, but it is important to know about the most widespread:

• Summer honey agaric, or Kuehneromyces mutabilis. One of the most famous edible species, preferring to grow on hardwoods. This is a small (with a stem length up to 7 cm and a cap diameter up to 6 cm) mushroom of a light brown color, darkening towards the edges of the cap. The plates are frequent, of a delicate creamy hue, but with age they can darken to dark brown. The leg is light, with dark scales at the base. The "skirt" is clearly visible, but in old mushrooms it may disappear.
• Autumn mushroom, or Armillaria mellea. Another edible mushroom that can be found on almost any wood, and sometimes even shrubs or herbaceous plants. This is large mushroom, which at an old age can reach a diameter of 10-15 cm. The hat, as a rule, is gray-yellow or yellow-brown, dim. Both the cap and the stem are covered with small scales, which may disappear with age. The "skirt" or ring on the leg is clearly visible. The plates of the young fungus are white-yellowish, but darken with age and become creamy brown.
• Winter honey agaric, or Flammulina velutipes. An edible mushroom unique in its kind, which begins to bear fruit abundantly from the end of autumn. The hat reaches 10 cm in diameter, it is painted in various shades yellow, brown or orange, usually lighter at the edges than in the middle. The plates are rare, of different lengths, the color ranges from white and cream to ocher. The leg is long, up to 7 cm, brown. "Skirt" is missing.
• Honey agaric sulfur-yellow, or Hypholoma fasciculare. A slightly poisonous mushroom, which can easily be confused with summer mushrooms, since they are very similar. Found on both deciduous and coniferous trees. The hat can grow up to 7 cm in diameter, and is usually colored in different shades of yellow-olive. The leg is long, fibrous, without a pronounced ring. The plates are sulfur-yellow, but with age they become dark, black-olive. The smell and taste are unpleasant, heavy and bitter.
• Candoll's honey agaric, or Psathyrella candolleana. False foam, which for a long time was considered poisonous, but is now considered conditionally edible. This mushroom grows from late spring to autumn, it can be found both on stumps and on living deciduous trees. The diameter of the caps can reach 7 cm, the color ranges from whitish to yellow-brown. A characteristic feature is a white fringe at the edges of the cap. The leg is thin and long (up to 10 cm), whitish-cream. The plates are frequent, of a grayish hue, but in old mushrooms they darken, reaching dark brown.
• Bordered Galerina, or Galerina marginata. Dangerous poisonous mushroom, very similar to summer mushrooms. It prefers to settle on coniferous wood, appears in summer or autumn. This is little mushroom, the diameter of the cap of which does not exceed 4 cm, and the length of the stem is 5 cm. The cap is convex and smooth, brown-ocher in color. The leg is covered with a powdery coating, sometimes a “skirt” is preserved on it. The plates are narrow, adherent to the stem, yellowish-brown. The smell is powdery and inexpressive, but it is difficult to call it unpleasant.
• Honey agaric brick red, or Hypholoma sublateritium. The characteristics of this mushroom range from simply inedible to poisonous, so it's best to avoid harvesting it. It usually grows in light deciduous forests, but sometimes it can also be found on coniferous wood. The diameter of the hat can vary from 4 to 8 cm, the color, contrary to the name, is not only brick-red, but also red-brown, and even yellow-brown. Often fringed at the edges. The leg is long, fibrous, without a ring. The plates are pale yellow, but become brown with age.

Mushroom ram (ram's head): description and useful properties

Differences from false twins

Each mushroom picker engaged in "silent hunting" for these mushrooms should be able to determine whether the honey agaric is normal or a poisonous double in front of him. To do this, it is important to know what false mushrooms look like, and numerous signs will help in solving this problem:

Of course, at first it will be difficult for an inexperienced mushroom picker to distinguish between mushrooms even with knowledge of the main distinguishing features, so you should never forget the main rule of “silent hunting”: if there is any doubt about the edibility of the found mushroom, it is better not to take it with you. It is better to throw away a potentially good mushroom than to take a poisonous one by mistake and put yourself in danger.

Benefit and harm to the body

Looking at all the possible difficulties associated with how to distinguish honey mushrooms from false mushrooms, one may decide that they are not worth the effort. And very in vain, because these mushrooms can boast not only a pleasant taste, but also considerable benefits. In addition, they learned to grow them in artificial conditions, so if there are concerns about forest mushrooms, then you can buy completely safe mushrooms in stores.

True, their exceptional fans are also on the rise - mainly due to the “ability” of these mushrooms, like a sponge, to absorb the taste of all kinds of marinades and spices. They also have another nice property - ease of collection. Mushrooms tend to bear fruit en masse and tend to grow in numerous clusters - so that from one place you can cut a whole basket in five minutes - this is also liked by gatherers.

There are several types of mushrooms (of which three are not honey mushrooms at all), but some of them are very similar in appearance and grow at the same time, which is why the lion's share of mushroom pickers consider them one mushroom (honey agaric - it is also a honey agaric in Africa). This article is intended to fill this gap, at the same time I will describe in detail - in which forests and when, each of the mushrooms bears fruit. I'll start, of course - with the most real, most often collected, autumn mushrooms.

Autumn honey agaric, he is real honey agaric

If in the fall you happen to observe a basket of freshly picked mushrooms in the market or at the mushroom pickers you know, then most likely this is the autumn mushroom (see photo at the beginning of the article). This fungus is very widespread throughout temperate zone our continent (by the way - in North America too), and in certain years - when there is a wet and more or less Warm autumn- bears fruit so massively that it is harvested half a ton from one hectare.

The autumn mushroom is very recognizable, therefore, it is quickly recognized even by novice mushroom pickers. Its fruit bodies usually have a pleasant-looking yellowish color - the color of honey (for which it is called “honey agaric” in Latin), or not very intensely orange, or light brown. Some connoisseurs associate the shade with the wood on which honey agaric grows.

Still young, but just suitable for food, mushrooms grow in dense clusters, have small - 3-5 cm in diameter, convex hats with slightly tucked edges on thin but strong legs - up to 10 cm long, often fused at the base. Both caps and legs are usually covered with dark scales that disappear with age (in the center of the cap, these scales form a kind of dark spot). An obligatory attribute (one of the signs by which autumn honey agarics can be distinguished from poisonous false mushrooms) is a ring on a leg almost at the very base of the hat, left over from the bedspread. And the younger the fungus, the more likely it will be a membrane - full or partial, covering the plates on the inside of the cap.

Photo 2. Young fruiting bodies of autumn honey agaric on the roots of an old tree.

With age, the cap of the honey agaric unfolds, expands and flattens. Its flesh becomes coarse, from which it becomes virtually unfit for food. Unless, such mushrooms can be put into a decoction (and then thrown out themselves), or - fried, stewed and finely scrolled into caviar. But, as practice has shown, with age, the honey agaric not only grows stiff, but also somewhat loses its taste, which is why more or less picky mushroom pickers categorically neglect it.

Photo 3. A decent "plantation" of ripe fruiting bodies of autumn honey agaric on old, almost rotten wood residues.

Autumn honey agaric begins to bear fruit in August - towards the end of the month, appears most massively in our forests in September, for all that - continues to throw fruiting bodies until the very beginning real winter(in other years, when autumn is warm, it can be collected until December).

Seasoned mushroom pickers claim that honey mushrooms come in “three layers”, you can also hear a bike from them that mushrooms may appear in July, but such a statement is from ignorance of scientific subtleties. For at the height of summer, slightly different types of mushrooms appear.

Honey agaric northern

He is the autumn northern honey agaric. In many respects it is similar to the previous mushroom, except that it differs in color - it is more often light brown than yellow, at least in our area. It also sometimes looks a little stronger.

Photo 5. Mature fruiting bodies of northern honey agaric.

According to other characteristics - starting from the preferred forests and ending with the fruiting time - this mushroom is fully consistent with the autumn honey agaric.

Honey agaric autumn thick-legged

It differs from the usual autumn honey agaric by a thicker stem at the base, the color is almost identical, but at times it is somewhat lighter and paler, and sometimes with light scales instead of dark ones. In addition, this mushroom looks stronger and does not grow in large clusters, but throws out fruiting bodies in groups of no more than a dozen. It has not been seen on living trees, it feeds on rotting plant debris, so it can more often be found on windbreak and forest litter.

Fruits from August to October - evenly, without "layers". In especially warm years, fruiting bodies can appear as early as July. It is edible, in taste it is not inferior to the usual autumn honey agarics.

Honey agaric autumn bulbous

It is very similar to the previous mushroom (as well as to other autumn mushrooms), especially the stem, which has a characteristic tuberous swelling at the very base - but usually those mushrooms that grow on trees, the same ones that appear on the ground, have a "standard" stem ", thin. However, the cap of the bulbous-legged mushroom is usually noticeably darker than the stem, and the color of the entire fruiting body is often quite bright, ranging from brown to frankly yellow tones.

The onion-legged honey agaric bears fruit from August to September (the peak of fruiting occurs in the second month), usually appears in deciduous forests in a friendly layer on deadwood, old stumps and decayed wood residues.

Photo 8

In terms of edibility, it is somewhat inferior to real honey agaric (this is especially true for frail fruit bodies growing on the soil). Mushroom pickers who know a lot about mushrooms note that it is better to throw away the lowest part of the leg - as a rule, it is especially tough and has completely unsightly nutritional qualities.

Honey agaric shrinking

He is also an oak honey agaric, a ringless honey agaric. Another species from the genus of real mushrooms, preferring broad-leaved species to other trees. More often it is harvested on oak trees, for which he received one of his alternative names. It is also called ringless for good reason - the fruiting bodies of the honey agaric do not have a shrinking cover, respectively, its leg is always without a ring, which greatly increases the chances of confusing this mushroom with false mushrooms, therefore only experienced mushroom pickers collect it.

Photo 0 close-up.

Nevertheless, the typical “honeycomb” hairiness of the fruiting body and the presence of scales on the cap are eloquent signs by which it becomes clear that we are dealing with a representative of true mushrooms.

This mushroom bears fruit from July to October. In warm summers, fruiting bodies may appear earlier - as early as June.

In terms of taste, shrinking mushrooms correspond to other real mushrooms.

summer honey agaric

This mushroom, despite a decent resemblance, has nothing to do with real mushrooms. This is a representative of fungi with the unpronounceable name "Küneromyces". However, it is quite edible and gathers no less actively.

It grows on damaged living trees, but prefers rotten wood, and not anyhow, but hardwood (although sometimes this fungus is also observed on coniferous trees).

Photo 10. The lower surface of the summer cap.

The summer honey agaric bears fruit virtually the entire warm season - from April to November (and in countries with a mild climate - all year round).

The size of the fruiting bodies of the summer mushroom is slightly different than that of the autumn one - the hat does not grow more than 6 cm in diameter, the leg is also three centimeters shorter. The coloration is somewhat lighter, more receding into yellow. The main difference is a wide tubercle on the cap, very noticeable - usually light, but sometimes dark. In addition, summer hats are often smooth, and if they have scales, they are light.

This mushroom has a poisonous "double" (which will be discussed below - in the chapter on features edible mushrooms from false and poisonous ones), so only experienced mushroom pickers collect it.

Honey agaric winter

This mushroom - despite the name, as well as some resemblance with true mushrooms and the "habit" to grow on stumps and trees - it is by no means a honey agaric. To be honest, this is the most natural row.

Photo 12. Winter mushrooms - the lower surface of the hats.

But they call it “winter” for a reason - it is one of the few mushrooms in our latitudes that can develop under very low temperatures close to zero.

The fruiting season of winter honey agarics is from late autumn to early spring.

It's clear - at 40-degree frosts you will not wait for the harvest from him - at this moment he will be in a state of suspended animation. But as soon as the thaw comes, the mushroom instantly comes to life and throws out fruit bodies, which can be observed even in the city - peeking out from under the snow - on ancient, battered poplars, or stumps - left from them.

In addition to poplars, this fungus “occupies” willows, less often other deciduous trees, mostly old or damaged ones, as well as everything that remains from their felling or windbreak. It grows everywhere, from forests to parks and gardens, but it is especially abundant along the banks of small rivers and streams.

In warm winters, I often observe winter mushrooms in the courtyard of my house - on old poplars. Mushrooms look very unusual, powdered with snow.

Winter honey agaric is edible and has a very good taste. palatability, for which it is cultivated in Japan and Korea, and in recent times- and in some other countries. All over the world it is known under the trade name "enokitake", the youngest fruiting bodies are sold, grown in the dark and devoid of pigment, similar to bunches of light "pins".

Photo 14. Winter mushrooms grown on an artificial substrate - "enokitake".

However, in our country, it is not collected by all mushroom pickers: the winter honey agaric is very similar to false mushrooms - it does not have a ring on the leg, and the color is just as bright. In addition, there is evidence that this mushroom may contain not a large number of toxins that cause indigestion (for which it is recommended to always pre-boil it).

The cap is from 2 to 10 cm in diameter, convex in young fruiting bodies, flat in old ones, usually has a yellowish or orange-brown color, is more saturated in the center, paler along the edges. Leg - up to 7 cm long, up to 1 cm in diameter, hollow inside, velvety, brownish-yellowish, lighter in the upper part.

Experienced mushroom pickers recognize and distinguish it without difficulty. main feature- growth time. In winter, no false mushrooms, by definition, can bear fruit, especially on trees, and winter mushrooms sometimes “climb” very high.

Honey agaric meadow

Another fake honey agaric, which is directly related to non-rot mushrooms. The honey agaric is named only for a partial external resemblance to true mushrooms, otherwise it does not look like them at all.

Fresh fruiting bodies of meadow honey agaric are usually small: the hat is on average 5 cm in diameter, the stem is 6 cm long, occasionally there are specimens with an 8-centimeter hat and a stem up to 10 cm. The color is ocher-brownish, depending on the weather: in the heat it is paler than at high humidity(the hat also becomes sticky). The mushroom does not have a ring on the stem - from which it looks similar to some "toadstools", therefore only experienced mushroom pickers collect it. However, in some places, meadow honey agaric is very popular.

This fungus avoids forests, preferring open spaces overgrown with grass, especially those where cows and other herbivores often graze, and the land is well fertilized. Meadow honey agaric is a typical saprophyte that feeds on organic residues.

Fruits almost the entire warm season - from late May to late October.

"Royal honey agaric" (flecky flake)

This example of the mushroom kingdom also has nothing to do with mushrooms. Nevertheless, the nickname "royal honey agaric" has stuck with the people, so I will still mention it.

"Royal" he was called primarily for appearance- the mushroom looks very impressive and photogenic, has a beautifully shaped bell-shaped hat and is covered with large scales, the pattern of which vaguely resembles a royal mantle.

As for the taste, the opinions of mushroom pickers are divided here. Some consider this mushroom tasteless, others, on the contrary, praise and value it above the usual autumn mushroom. Fleecy flake has a pronounced "rare" taste and smell.

The "royal honey agaric" grows in any forest - on the stumps and trunks of old trees, as well as on rotting wood. Fruiting from mid-August to late autumn.

About the places where mushrooms grow

It would seem that it is easier to find mushrooms than a steamed turnip: purely logically, they should be in any forest in which their potential host plants grow. But in reality, everything turns out to be more complicated: we are surrounded by giant woodlands, but anyhow where honey mushrooms are not found in them, but only in special places - which are “registered” by hardened mushroom pickers and are strictly classified.

If suddenly the bark is damaged, then the second means of defense comes into play - chemical substances that inhibit the development of fungi (garden fungicides are a kind of analogue of these substances). Any plant releases especially a lot of these substances at a young age - when it develops intensively.

Therefore, in places where the trees are young and healthy - mushrooms are unlikely to bear fruit, it most likely does not make sense to look for these mushrooms.

But where the trees are old or damaged, where there are stumps, fallen trunks or fallen trees, mushrooms, as a rule, develop “with a bang”, and rather quickly throw out their fruiting bodies. If you want to find them, go to some old forest, for example - with huge birch trees, in which trunks are 80 centimeters in diameter. And pay attention to the butt and the roots of these very trunks - if they are overgrown with moss and lichen, then all the necessary conditions are met for mushrooms. Here, mushrooms grow not only on the bark of old trees (sometimes "climbing" very high), but also on their roots, so they can often be seen not on the trunk, but right on the ground.

The next places where you can successfully collect mushrooms are clearings, and it doesn’t matter at all whether they are fresh or old. Although it has been noticed that mushrooms grow more intensively in ancient clearings, the fact of the appearance of the first fruiting bodies on stumps is known for certain a little more than six months after logging.

In places where the felling of trees occurred for natural reasons - from the wind, for example, mushrooms also appear quite quickly. Therefore, any areas of the forest littered with windbreak must also be inspected during collection.

From my own experience, I can also add the following: mushrooms (at least ours - the Ural ones) do not like places well warmed by the sun. They definitely prefer shade and some coolness, so you should look for them on the northern slopes of the mountains, in logs or ravines, as well as in spruce urmans mixed with other trees.

In such places, I often observed mind-boggling accumulations of mushrooms, which covered everything with an orange carpet - both stumps, and the foot of trees, and fallen trunks, and forest litter. From one mediocre stump, you could easily cut a whole basket of mushrooms.

The main thing is to be in such a place on time - when the fruiting bodies are still small, tender, and have not developed to "burdocks", while becoming hard and inedible.

Important: how to distinguish edible mushrooms from inedible and poisonous

With autumn honey agaric (as well as with its other varieties), everything is simple: it has a ring on the stem, most often decorated with a dark spot in the center of the cap, and almost always its fruiting body, especially the cap, is covered with dark scales. It also has a characteristic pleasant smell. With the well-known false honey mushrooms, even if you want to, you can’t confuse it.

However, another mushroom is somewhat similar to it - bordered gallerina, which contains dangerous toxins, which are not inferior in power to the poison of a pale toadstool. It grows in almost the same places as edible mushrooms. It has a noticeable ring on the stem, however, it can be quickly distinguished by an absolutely monophonic, smooth, often shiny hat.

A slightly different thing is summer honey agaric. It is also difficult to confuse it with false mushrooms - thanks to the ring on the stem, but it has a decent resemblance to the gallery described above, especially with its young fruiting bodies.

Photo 17

Nevertheless, a very noticeable light tubercle on the cap of the summer honey agaric is the very first sign of its difference from the poisonous galerina. Also seasoned mushroom pickers claim that no one has ever seen her in deciduous forests. So it is - the gallery prefers to eat rotten coniferous wood.

Experts advise novice mushroom pickers not to collect summer mushrooms in coniferous forests or mixed with an admixture of conifers.

The winter honey agaric does not have a ring on the leg, so it is virtually impossible to confuse it with a gallery, but with false mushrooms it is easy. It takes some experience to recognize it. Also, do not forget about the growth time - when winter honey agaric begins to bear fruit, false mushrooms usually already finish fruiting, and of course - in the middle of the cold season, even more so in spring, winter honey agaric is the only mushroom found in our forests.

From all of the above, there is only one conclusion: mushrooms should be collected only with full confidence that they are edible(and accordingly - in the presence of all the necessary signs of difference). At the slightest doubt, it is better to bypass them.

Honey mushrooms are very popular mushrooms. They grow in families and most often near stumps. Hence the name.

Mushrooms mushrooms: photo and description

Around one stump you can collect a full basket of these useful and delicious mushrooms. They contain substances such as:

• proteins;
• cellulose;
• amino acids;
• vitamins of groups C, B, E, PP;
• trace elements (iron, phosphorus, zinc, potassium, etc.);
• natural sugars.

In nature, there are many types of mushrooms. All of them differ from each other both externally and in the composition of useful vitamin elements:

Honey mushrooms are edible and false, how to distinguish them

Let's give a description of several types of edible mushrooms:

summer honey agaric- a medium-sized mushroom with a leg height of up to 8 cm and a diameter of up to 1 cm. The leg is light and smooth on top, and covered with dark scales below. On the leg - a brown skirt, not wide, completely disappears with time. The cap of a young mushroom looks convex, has a diameter of up to 5 cm, becomes flat with growth, but a light tubercle remains in the middle. The color of the cap is yellow, darkens towards the edges. The plates are light, they also darken with time.

Summer mushrooms grow in colonies mainly on deciduous trees, love rotten and damaged wood. They appear already in the middle of spring and, under favorable conditions, breed all summer, autumn, until frost. The taste of mushrooms is tender, with a smell young tree. These edible mushrooms are often confused with poisonous doppelgangers having the biological name "bordered galerina" or "marginate galerina". It must be remembered that these poisonous mushrooms From below, the legs do not have scales at all, which is why they differ from edible counterparts.

The color of the hat is different and depends on the tree on which it grew. autumn honey agaric(on poplar - yellow, on oak - brown, on elderberry - gray, on conifers - red-brown). The plates of the fungus are beige, gradually darken, dotted with brownish spots.

Autumn mushrooms appear closer to autumn, around the end of August. Fruiting depends on the climate of the region and lasts about 3 weeks. The mushroom is tasty, fragrant, its flesh is dense and white, in a leg with tangible fibers. These mushrooms are saprophytes, growing on rotten stumps, deadwood, broken branches, provide their night glow.

Royal honey agaric(golden scale). Royal mushrooms fully justify their name. Their hats reach up to 20 cm in diameter, and the height of the legs is more than 12 cm. There is a skirt on the leg, which disappears over time. The color of the cap is different, from rusty yellow to dirty golden. The entire surface of the fungus is dotted with flakes-flakes of a reddish color. These are autumn mushrooms. They grow in small clusters. They are found in both deciduous and coniferous forests.

Mushroom pickers do not always collect them, they consider them inedible, although the taste of royal mushrooms is no different from the popular ones. autumn views. Flakes before use must be boiled in salt water at least 30 min. They have an excellent taste, they are used in appetizers, salads, first and second courses, salted, marinated, dried and frozen.

winter honey agaric- grows on weak, damaged deciduous trees, more often on poplars and willows. The fungus, with its presence, further destroys their wood. Nevertheless, winter honey agaric is quite edible, has a stem 2 to 7 cm long, up to 1 cm in diameter, dense structure and velvety brown color, with yellowness on top. But there is no skirt on the leg.

The hat of a young winter honey agaric is convex, almost flat with age, from 2 to 10 cm in diameter. The color can be yellow, brown or orange. The plates are white or ocher. The flesh is white or yellowish. growing large groups from autumn and all winter, easily detected during thaw on thawed patches. This type is required to be boiled for a long time and at least twice before use, since it contains a small proportion of toxins in its composition, which become harmless during heat treatment.

Thick-legged honey agaric. Grows on damaged spruce, fir, beech, ash. Often grows on fallen leaves and dust. The leg has a low, straight, thicker bottom in the form of an onion. The color of the legs to the ring-skirt is dark, and above to the hat it is white or gray. The skirt is well defined, with dark scales and ragged edges.

The cap is cone-shaped, with curled edges, flat with age, descending. The color of young mushrooms is beige, brown or pink. The cap has scales in the middle. gray color. The plates under the hat are frequent, light, and eventually dark. The cap diameter is from 2 to 10 cm. The pulp is astringent, light, with a cheesy flavor.

spring honey agaric. This edible mushroom grows in small groups on deadwood and decaying foliage, in pine or oak forests. Its leg is elastic, up to 9 cm long, even, with a thickened base. The cap of young mushrooms is convex, with time it is broadly convex or flat. The color at first has a dark orange (brick), and in mature it becomes yellow-brown. The plates under the hat are frequent, white, with a yellowish or pink tint. The pulp is light (white with yellowness). Spring mushrooms are distributed almost throughout the temperate zone.

Honey agaric meadow- soil saprophyte growing in meadows, fields, ditches and ravines. A very prolific species. The mushroom has a thin and long stem, expanded from below, often curved, up to 10 cm high and up to 0.5 cm in diameter. The color of the stem and the cap is the same. The cap of a young mushroom is convex, in an adult it is flat with a pimple in the middle, the edges are uneven. In wet weather, the skin of the cap becomes sticky, red or brown. In dry weather, the hat is light, larger towards the edges, darker in the center. The skirt is missing.

The light pulp of the mushroom tastes sweet, with a taste almond. Meadow mushrooms are found throughout Eurasia, grow from May to October, tolerate drought well, reviving after a rainstorm and again ready to produce new mushroom colonies. This mushroom has a twin, a conditionally edible mushroom culture called "forest-loving collibia" is very similar to it. Their difference is that the collibium has a tubular, empty stem and the fungus has an unpleasant odor. And also you can’t confuse the meadow honey agaric with the poisonous “furrowed talker”, it has a white hat without an upper tubercle, with frequent mealy scales (plates).

Description of the conditionally edible species of mushrooms

Honey agaric pine. Some mushroom pickers consider this conditionally edible mushroom to be dangerous, because it tastes bitter, and the smell is sour or even woody and putrefactive. The cap of the young species is convex, with aging it becomes flat, up to 15 cm in diameter. The surface of the cap is covered with small red scales. The flesh is yellowish in color, fibrous in the stem, dense in the cap. The stalk is usually curved, thickened at the base, empty (hollow) in the middle and upper parts.

What do false mushrooms look like

It seems that everything is known about edible mushrooms and it is not difficult to recognize them. The edible mushroom has a thin and long stem (up to 12-15 cm), color from light beige or yellow to brown (depending on age and growth conditions). Not all, but many species have a skirt ring and a lamellar, often rounded down hat. At of a young appearance, it is convex in shape, with small scales, and with age becomes flat or umbrella-shaped and smooth. The hat has a different shade - from light cream color to red-brown tones.

To distinguish an inedible mushroom from an edible one, you need to carefully look and sniff. Here is some description of false poisonous mushrooms:

• False mushrooms on a cylindrical leg do not have a ring with a skirt.
• The hat is painted in a bright, but not joyful color.
• The colors of the plates under the hat of false mushrooms are yellow, greenish, sometimes brown, but as if dirty.
• The smell of poisonous mushrooms is rotten, earthy.

They repel the mushroom picker with all their appearance and seem to be shouting "don't take me into the basket." Therefore, any experienced forester will feel that such a mushroom is not suitable for food and should be kept away from it. But, the whole trick of poisonous mushrooms is that they are next to edible ones. Moreover, they are intertwined with them on stumps, trunks of rotten trees. Therefore, be careful, because everyone can make a mistake when picking mushrooms. And it is better to carefully study the mushrooms first.