The concept of needs. Mature age. Development of adult needs

A person has nine basic needs. Every person has these needs, even if a person does not feel them in himself.

The first four needs are survival needs:

1.warm,

2.protection,

3.food,

4.safety.

Satisfying these basic needs returns us to a state of comfort and tranquility.

Five more needs:

5. in stimuli and strokes;

6. love, creating a circle of close people, affection and belonging to a certain social group;

7. self-actualization (implementation of one's abilities and talents, creative potentials, embodiment of "oneself");

8. respect and recognition in a significant community through self-realization, which both gives pleasure to the person himself and benefits other people;

9. in spiritual development.

The problem of unmet needs is related to the fact that many people in childhood lived in families where their rights were suppressed. Where they were banned different ways) demand everything you need for yourself. Where parents did not know how to teach the child simultaneous discipline, correct (protecting from dangers and destructive behavior in relation to their body, their future, other people and the world around them) self-restraint and satisfaction of their needs (including the assertion of their rights). Correct restrictions were perceived by the child as a prohibition to express themselves in general (including asking, talking about needs).
In addition, each of us coexist different in character and life position ego states. The behavior and tendencies of some ego states may conflict with the behavior and tendencies of other ego states. So, in some ego states we are hurting ourselves, while in others we are afraid for our health and future. Moreover, those ego states that have bad habits, desperately resist the realization by a person (the executive part of the personality) of their needs. Because it will lead to new rules and this ego state will have to submit to a new discipline. This resistance has many tricks. For example, some people philosophize that all their habits, even harmful ones, are their individuality, that these habits are needed for some reason, and if a person gives them up, he will “lose” himself.
In this case, we need an independent decision - a decision from the Adult ego state.

To begin with, a person needs to decide that he has these nine needs.

Then make a plan to meet each need. The second adult decision about needs should be what the person will do to meet each need. And execute this decision regardless of the internal state.

1. The need for heat. This is the need for bodily thermal comfort. Many adults, oddly enough, do not know how to dress for the weather. I often see people cowering from the cold, walking down the street quickly, tensely, trying to get into the room as soon as possible. Or, on the contrary, they sweat and get wet, so that they smell unpleasant. At the same time, they are uncomfortable. They make themselves unpleasant to others, thereby realizing the unconscious scenario setting "Don't be close." Such people need to realize and learn how to properly satisfy the need for warmth. Those. dress yourself in such a way that you do not lose comfort.

2. The need for protection. This need is met by parents during childhood. For adults, laws satisfy this need (constitution, civil Code, labor Code, housing code, etc.) and the state (district, police, court, municipal authorities, health authorities, etc.). To meet this need, an adult must study the laws, learn about the presence and functions of government agencies. So, to know exactly where and on what issue to apply. It is not normal for an adult to demand protection from another person, for example, from a husband, parents, etc. We can ask for help loved one in specific situation, but should not “hang” parental functions and expectations on loved ones.

3. The need for food. To satisfy this need, it is not enough just to eat the way you were taught in childhood. You need to get information about the body's needs for certain substances, explore the characteristics of your body, develop rules for yourself healthy eating and follow these rules.

4. The need for security. Parents and the child's own instinct for self-preservation are responsible for satisfying this need in childhood. An adult needs to reconsider his lifestyle and habits (the habit of crossing the road, driving a car, using sharp objects, electrical appliances, etc.). If there are habits that can potentially lead to danger, damage, loss of health, you need to abandon them and learn to do the same things differently.

5. The need for stimuli and strokes. To maintain your neopsyche (Adult ego state), i.e. ability to voluntary efforts and awareness, in the "working" state, a person needs to constantly train it. The training of the neopsyche occurs by stimulating perception. Stimulation of perception occurs when a person interacts with the world around him with the help of the senses. In total, a person has five sense organs: eyes (organ of vision), ears (organ of hearing), nose (organ of smell), skin (organ of touch), tongue (organ of taste). Stimuli are vital for a person, otherwise his neopsyche degrades.

Here is a quote from Eric Berne about the need to stimulate the neopsychic.
“….The ability of the human psyche to maintain coherent ego states seems to depend on the changing flow of sensory stimuli. This observation is the psychobiological basis of social psychiatry. Stated in structural terms, it is that sensory stimuli are necessary to ensure the integrity of the neopsyche and the archaeopsyche. If the flow is blocked or becomes monotonous, it is seen that the neopsyche is gradually disorganized (“human thinking is deteriorating”); this exposes the underlying archeopsychic activity ("he shows childish emotional reactions"); eventually the archeopsychic functioning also becomes disorganized (“he suffers from hallucinations”). This is a description of a sensory deprivation experiment.
It can be shown that cathexis exhaustion occurs in the neopsychic in the case of stimulus social and structural deprivation by comparing patients in good and bad public hospitals. In essence, it has been proven that the result of such deprivation is archaic suggestibility, which makes it the strongest weapon in the hands of cruel leaders in the fight against irreconcilable personalities .... "

A person receives the most “high-quality” stimuli for neopsychic training in the process of communication. None computer game(and people play in them just to get incentives) cannot be compared in this sense with communication. Communication is the most effective simulator for the neopsychic. Therefore, people who do not have personality disorders feel the craving for stimuli as a craving for communication. In isolation, people experience anxiety and calm down when they receive a “guarantee” of communication. The guarantee of communication is recognition of us by other people, attention to us from other people. The unit of attention, recognition is stroking.
Summary. The need for incentives is a vital need. It's called stimulus craving. People who do not have personality disorders feel the craving for stimuli as a craving for strokes.

You can read more about this need in the books:
1. Stuart J., Joines W. "Modern transactional analysis". per. from English. SPb., 1996, chapter "Thirst for Stimulus".
2. Berne Eric Transactional Analysis and Psychotherapy. Translation from English, St. Petersburg, publishing house<Братство>, 1992, chapter VIII SOCIAL RELATIONS, section 1. Theory of social contacts.

I am currently working on a continuation of the article.

Sincerely, Irina Letova.

All rights to copy texts are reserved and belong to me, Irina Letova.

Information from a lawyer. Based on federal law Russian Federation"On Copyright and Related Rights" (as amended by federal laws dated 19.07.1995 N 110-FZ, dated 20.07.2004 N 72-FZ), copying, saving on a hard disk or otherwise saving the works posted in this section in an archived form is strictly prohibited.

These texts are presented for informational purposes only. By copying and saving texts, you assume all responsibility in accordance with the current legislation of the Russian Federation.

If you use the ideas or materials of Irina Letova's articles, you must indicate the source of the information - the website www.site

The states and needs of people that arise when they need something underlie their motives. That is, it is the needs that are the source of activity of each individual. Man is a desiring being, therefore, in reality, it is unlikely that his needs will be fully satisfied. The nature of human needs is such that as soon as one need is satisfied, the next one comes first.

Maslow's pyramid of needs

Abraham Maslow's concept of needs is perhaps the most famous of all. The psychologist not only classified the needs of people, but also made an interesting assumption. Maslow noticed that each person has an individual hierarchy of needs. That is, there are basic human needs - they are also called basic, and additional.

According to the concept of a psychologist, absolutely all people on earth experience needs at all levels. Moreover, there is the following law: basic human needs are dominant. However, the need high level they can also remind of themselves and become motivators of behavior, but this happens only when the basic ones are satisfied.

The basic needs of people are those aimed at survival. At the base of Maslow's pyramid are the basic needs. biological needs human beings are the most important. Next comes the need for security. Satisfying human needs for security ensures survival, as well as a sense of the constancy of living conditions.

A person feels the needs of a higher level only when he has done everything to provide for his physical well-being. The social needs of a person lie in the fact that he feels the need to unite with other people, in love and recognition. Once this need has been met, the following come to the fore. The spiritual needs of a person are self-respect, protection from loneliness, and feeling worthy of respect.

Further, at the very top of the pyramid of needs is the need to reveal one's potential, to fulfill oneself. Maslow explained such a human need for activity as a desire to become what he originally is.

Maslow assumed that this need is innate and, most importantly, common to each individual. However, at the same time, it is obvious that people are strikingly different from each other in terms of their motivation. For various reasons, not everyone manages to reach the pinnacle of necessity. Throughout life, people's needs can vary between physical and social, so they are not always aware of the needs, for example, in self-realization, because they are extremely busy satisfying lower desires.

The needs of man and society are divided into natural and unnatural. In addition, they are constantly expanding. The development of human needs occurs due to the development of society.

Thus, we can conclude that the higher the needs a person satisfies, the brighter his individuality is manifested.

Are hierarchy violations possible?

Examples of violation of the hierarchy in the satisfaction of needs are known to everyone. Probably, if the spiritual needs of a person were experienced only by those who are full and healthy, then the very concept of such needs would have long since sunk into oblivion. Therefore, the organization of needs is replete with exceptions.

Needs Satisfaction

Extremely important fact is that the satisfaction of need can never occur on the principle of "all or nothing". After all, if this were so, then the physiological needs would be saturated once and for life, and then the transition to the social needs of a person would follow without the possibility of a return. There is no need to prove otherwise.

Biological human needs

The bottom level of Maslow's pyramid is those needs that ensure human survival. Of course, they are the most urgent and have the most powerful motivating force. In order for an individual to feel the needs of higher levels, biological needs must be satisfied at least minimally.

Needs for security and protection

This level of vital or vital needs is the need for security and protection. We can safely say that if physiological needs are closely related to the survival of the organism, then the need for security ensures its long life.

Needs for love and belonging

This is the next level of Maslow's pyramid. The need for love is closely related to the desire of the individual to avoid loneliness and be accepted into human society. When the needs at the previous two levels are satisfied, motives of this kind take a dominant position.

Almost everything in our behavior is determined by the need for love. It is important for any person to be included in a relationship, whether it be a family, a work team or something else. The baby needs love, and nothing less than the satisfaction of physical needs and the need for security.

The need for love is especially evident in the adolescent period of human development. At this time, it is the motives that grow out of this need that become leading.

Psychologists often say that typical behavioral traits appear during adolescence. For example, the main activity of a teenager is communication with peers. Also characteristic is the search for an authoritative adult - a teacher and mentor. All teenagers subconsciously strive to be different from everyone else - to stand out from the general crowd. From here comes the desire to follow fashion trends or belong to a subculture.

Need for love and acceptance in adulthood

As a person ages, love needs begin to focus on more selective and more deep relationship. Now needs push people to create families. In addition, it is not the quantity of friendships that becomes more important, but their quality and depth. It is easy to see that adults have far fewer friends than adolescents, but these friendships are necessary for the mental well-being of the individual.

In spite of a large number of variety of means of communication, people in modern society very disparate. To date, a person does not feel part of the community, perhaps - part of a family that has three generations, but many do not even have this. In addition, children who have experienced a lack of intimacy experience fear of it later in life. On the one hand, they neurotically avoid close relationships, as they are afraid of losing themselves as a person, and on the other hand, they really need them.

Maslow identified two main types of relationships. They are not necessarily marital, but may well be friendly, between children and parents, and so on. What are the two types of love identified by Maslow?

Scarce love

This kind of love is aimed at the desire to make up for the lack of something vital. Scarce love has a definite source - it is unmet needs. The person may lack self-respect, protection, or acceptance. This kind of love is a feeling born of selfishness. It is motivated by the desire of the individual to fill his inner world. A person is not able to give anything, he only takes.

Alas, in most cases the basis long term relationship, including marital love, is precisely scarce love. The parties to such a union can live together all their lives, but much in their relationship is determined by the inner hunger of one of the participants in the couple.

Scarce love is a source of dependence, fear of losing, jealousy and constant attempts to pull the blanket over yourself, suppressing and subjugating a partner in order to tie him closer to himself.

existential love

This feeling is based on the recognition of the unconditional value of a loved one, but not for any qualities or special merits, but simply for what he is. Of course, existential love is also designed to satisfy human needs for acceptance, but its striking difference is that it does not have an element of possessiveness. The desire to take away from your neighbor what you need yourself is also not observed.

The person who is able to experience existential love does not seek to remake a partner or somehow change him, but encourages everything in him. best qualities and supports the desire to grow and develop spiritually.

Maslow himself described this kind of love as a healthy relationship between people based on mutual trust, respect and admiration.

Self Esteem Needs

Despite the fact that this level of needs is designated as the need for self-esteem, Maslow divided it into two types: self-esteem and respect from other people. Although they are closely related to each other, it is often extremely difficult to separate them.

A person's need for self-respect is that he must know that he is capable of much. For example, that he will successfully cope with the tasks and requirements assigned to him, and that he feels like a full-fledged person.

If this type of need is not satisfied, then there is a feeling of weakness, dependence and inferiority. Moreover, the stronger such experiences, the less effective human activity becomes.

It should be noted that self-respect is healthy only when it is based on respect from other people, and not on status in society, flattery, and so on. Only in this case, the satisfaction of such a need will contribute to psychological stability.

Interestingly, the need for self-respect in different periods life manifests itself in different ways. Psychologists have noticed that young people who are just starting to start a family and look for their professional niche need respect from the outside more than others.

Needs of self-actualization

The highest level in the pyramid of needs is the need for self-actualization. Abraham Maslow defined this need as the desire of a person to become what he can become. For example, musicians write music, poets compose poetry, artists draw. Why? Because they want to be themselves in this world. They need to follow their nature.

For whom is self-actualization important?

It should be noted that not only those who have some kind of talent need self-actualization. Everyone, without exception, has his own personal or creative potential. Each person has his own calling. The need for self-actualization is to find your life's work. The forms and possible ways of self-actualization are very diverse, and it is at this spiritual level of needs that the motives and behavior of people are most unique and individual.

Psychologists say that the desire to maximize self-realization is inherent in every person. However, the people Maslow called self-actualizing are very few. No more than 1% of the population. Why do those incentives that should encourage a person to activity not always work?

Maslow in his works indicated the following three reasons for such unfavorable behavior.

Firstly, a person's ignorance of his capabilities, as well as a misunderstanding of the benefits of self-improvement. In addition, there are ordinary self-doubts or fear of failure.

Secondly, the pressure of prejudice - cultural or social. That is, a person's abilities can go against the stereotypes that society imposes. For example, stereotypes of femininity and masculinity can prevent a young man from becoming a talented makeup artist or dancer, and a girl from achieving success, for example, in military affairs.

Third, the need for self-actualization can run counter to the need for security. For example, if self-realization requires a person to take risky or dangerous actions or actions that do not guarantee success.

Question How do human needs relate to in a healthy way life?

Answer Among the variety of human needs, it is necessary to highlight the so-called vital (vital) needs. They provide the biological needs of the body in air, water, food, sleep, etc. Their dissatisfaction threatens a person with death. Correlating these needs with a healthy lifestyle, we can talk about the extent and method of their implementation. In other words, their optimal satisfaction for a given individual is likely to significantly increase his level of health. At the same time, schematism in this matter threatens to turn into a tragedy. As an example, we can cite the results of experiments repeatedly conducted by scientists on two dogs, when one of them was fed only black bread, the other only white, giving both water. If the condition of the first dog practically did not change, then the second dog literally died on the third or fourth month of the experiment. Another example: such an exotic method of execution is known, when the sentenced person is fed exclusively with meat for several days (water is also given). On the ninth or tenth day, the unfortunate person dies from the strongest self-poisoning of the body. There are a lot of similar examples, when there are separate perversions in the satisfaction of vital needs with subsequent deplorable results.

Numerous other (except vital) needs of a person are formed in the process of his life. Among them, one can immediately distinguish a group of pathological needs (smoking, drugs, alcohol, etc.), which, unambiguously, destroy the body. When, in a state of stress, courage, a desire to stand out or, conversely, to join the "flock", a person thoughtlessly turns to such a method of suicide and then repeats it again and again, he does not think about the terrible consequences of the body's addiction to this evil and its subsequent destruction. In the overwhelming majority of cases, the need formed in this way for this person becomes fatal.

The remaining needs are usually divided into reasonable and unreasonable, although such a division is, of course, subjective and relative. Needs such as knowledge, physical activity etc., of course, should be considered reasonable, and motor activity - an integral element of a healthy lifestyle. However, here, as well as everywhere, a measure is needed. The individuality of this measure is a defining property not only of each individual, but also of a particular stage of his life path.

Science has yet to develop a concept for the formation of healthy and prevention of unhealthy human needs, especially in childhood and adolescence.

Question Is the set of vital human needs limited?

Answer Without exception, all people need a fairly limited set of needs, without which a person can be from several minutes to several years. These include: air, water, food, sleep, sunlight, appropriate meteorological conditions, the presence of movement, information, human communication, labor (self-realization) and the administration of physiological needs.

If it is impossible to satisfy these needs, a person first experiences stress, and then the death of the body may occur. As already noted, for each person there is an individual optimal interval for each need, going beyond which, both in the direction of decrease and increase, provokes the occurrence of diseases. It is important to note that this interval changes with age. This is illustrated in Fig. 1.1.

Rice. 1.1. Influence of a resource, for example, protein food, on the state of the body: 1 - young age; 1" - mature age; outside the interval 1(1") - depression of vital activity

Question Is it possible to briefly characterize the features of the processes of satisfying vital needs?

Answer About air, water, food, etc. and how to breathe, drink, eat, etc. hundreds of books and articles have been written, many dissertations have been defended. Nevertheless, most people pay little attention to the recommendations of scientists and continue to live in accordance with the instinctive needs of their body, family traditions, financial capabilities, current circumstances (domestic, industrial, etc.). This behavior is also explained by the inconsistency of the recommendations given by different specialists, their ambiguity for people of different places of residence, different professional activity, gender, age, temperament, etc. Therefore, due to the limited volume of the manual, below we will focus only on the most important recommendations, the implementation of which will be useful for everyone.

Question How did prominent thinkers and philosophers formulate their attitude to vital needs and resources to satisfy them?

Answer Saint Theophan the Recluse instructed: “To work is a sacred thing. But health must also be protected. Health is like that horse. touch, walk more than sit - and labor will not leave a ruinous trace. If you can add to this bodily exercises - sharpening, sawing, planing, chopping, then this can make you completely inaccessible to infirmities.

"Air is the pasture of life," the ancient Greeks believed. Treatment fresh air One of the famous commandments of Hippocrates. Our famous scientist A. Chizhevsky discovered the exceptional role of negatively charged ions contained in fresh natural air on people's health.

"Water is the cradle of life," both doctors and philosophers believe so. The amazing properties of water are still a mystery to scientists. Undoubtedly, its huge impact on human health and life. There is no doubt that the resources drinking water limited and all more people on Earth are beginning to feel it.

"Nutrition is the most intimate communication between man and nature," wrote the famous Russian physiologist I. Mechnikov. "Eating all plants growing in the country where a person lives is best pledge the fact that the body will receive all the components it needs," Hippocrates taught. The ambiguity of the processes in the human body that occur when eating food has long been noticed, to which different nations formulated capacious expressions like: "A man digs his own grave with a knife and a fork", "A third of diseases are from bad cooks, and two thirds from good ones", etc.

Topic: Hierarchy of human needs according to A. Maslow

Kadyrova R.K.

Questions:

The concept of needs.

Various theories and classifications of needs.

Hierarchy of needs according to A. Maslow.

Description of basic human needs.

Basic needs for daily activities person.

Conditions and factors influencing the way and efficiency of satisfaction of needs.

Possible reasons for the need for care (illness, injury, age).

The role of the nurse in restoring and maintaining the independence of the patient in meeting his basic needs

The role of the nurse in improving the lifestyle of the patient and his family.

The concept of needs

The normal life of a person, as a social being, representing a holistic, dynamic, self-regulating biological system is provided by a combination of biological, psychosocial and spiritual needs. Satisfaction of these needs determines the growth, development, harmony of man with the environment.

Human life depends on many factors that are ordered in time and space and are supported by the life support systems of the human body in the environment.

Need- this is a conscious psychological or physiological deficiency of something, reflected in the perception of a person, which he experiences in the attraction of his whole life. (MANGO Glossary, edited by G.I. Perfilieva).

Basic theories and classifications of needs

The authors of the need-information theory, which explains the causes and driving forces of human behavior, are Russian scientists Simonov and Ershov. The essence of the theory is that needs are motivated by the conditions of the organism's existence in a constantly changing environment.

The transition of a need into deeds and actions is accompanied by emotions.

Emotions are indicators of needs. They can be positive and negative to the satisfaction of needs. Simonov and Ershov divided all needs into three groups:

Group - vital (The need to live and provide for one's life).

group - social (the need to take a certain place in society)

group - cognitive (the need to know the external and internal world).

The American psychophysiologist A. Maslow, of Russian origin, identified 14 basic human needs in 1943 and arranged them according to five steps (see diagram)

Physiological needs are the lower needs controlled by the organs of the body, such as breathing, food, sexual, the need for self-defense.

Security needs - the desire for material security, health, provision for old age, etc.

Social needs - the satisfaction of this need is biased and difficult to describe. One person is satisfied with very few contacts with other people, in another person this need for communication is expressed very strongly.

The need for respect, awareness of one's own dignity, is here in question about respect, prestige, social success. It is unlikely that these needs are met by an individual, this requires groups.

V. The need for personal development, for the realization of oneself, self-realization, self-actualization, in understanding one's purpose in the world.

Hierarchy of needs (development stages) according to a. Maslow. Essence of needs theory a. Maslow. Characteristics of basic human needs

Life, health, happiness, of a person depends on the satisfaction of needs for food, air, sleep, etc. These needs are self-satisfied throughout life. They are provided by the function of various organs and systems of the body. A disease that causes a dysfunction of one or another organ, one or another system, interferes with the satisfaction of needs, leads to discomfort.

In 1943, the American psychologist A. Maslow developed one of the theories of the hierarchy of needs that determine human behavior. According to his theory, some human needs are more essential than others. This allowed them to be classified according to a hierarchical system; from physiological to self-expression needs.

Currently, in countries with a high level of social - economic development, where the priorities in meeting basic needs have changed significantly, it is not so popular. For our conditions today, this theory remains popular.

In order to live, a person needs to satisfy the physiological needs for air, food, water, sleep, excretion of waste products, the ability to move, communicate, with others, feel touch and satisfy their sexual interests.

Oxygen requirement- normal breathing, one of the basic physiological needs of a person. Breath and life are inseparable concepts.

With a lack of oxygen, breathing becomes frequent and superficial, shortness of breath appears cough. A prolonged decrease in the concentration of oxygen in the tissues leads to cyanosis, the skin and visible mucous membranes become bluish. Maintaining this need should be a priority for the healthcare worker. A person, satisfying this need, maintains the gas composition of the blood necessary for life.

Needin food is also essential for maintaining health and well-being. Rational and adequate nutrition helps eliminate risk factors for many diseases. For example, coronary heart disease is caused by regular consumption of foods rich in saturated animal fats and cholesterol. A diet high in grains and fiber may reduce the risk of colon cancer. The high protein content of food promotes wound healing.

The health worker must educate the patient and give advice on rational and adequate nutrition to meet the person's need for food.

Restrict: the use of egg yolks, sugar, sugary foods, salt, alcoholic beverages.

Food is better to cook, bake, but not fry.

It must be remembered that an unmet need for food leads to a violation of health.

Fluid requirement- this is drinking liquids, 1.5-2 liters daily - water, coffee, tea, milk, soup, fruits, vegetables. This amount makes up for losses in the form of excretions of urine, feces, sweat, fumes during breathing. In order to maintain the water balance, a person must consume more liquid than he excretes, otherwise there are signs of dehydration, but not more than 2 liters, so as not to cause dysfunction of many organs and systems. The patient's ability to avoid many complications depends on the ability of the nurse to anticipate the danger of dehydration or the formation of edema.

The need to excrete waste products. The undigested part of the food is excreted from the body in the form of urine, feces. Selection modes are individual for each person. Satisfaction of other needs may be delayed, but excretion of waste products cannot be delayed for long time. Many patients find the process of excretion of waste products intimate and prefer not to discuss these issues. When satisfying a violated need, the nurse must provide him with the opportunity for privacy, respect the patient's right to confidentiality,

Need for sleep and rest- with lack of sleep, the level of glucose in the blood decreases, the nutrition of the brain deteriorates and thought processes slow down; attention is scattered, short-term memory worsens. Studies conducted by American experts show that in a person who did not sleep half the night, the number of blood cells responsible for phagocytosis is halved. Sleep is more necessary for a free person, because it helps to improve his well-being. Despite the fact that a person's susceptibility to external stimuli during sleep is reduced, this is a fairly active state. As a result of research, several stages of sleep have been identified.

Stage 1- slow sleep. Light sleep and last only a few minutes. At this stage, there is a decline in the physiological activity of organisms, a gradual decrease in the activity of vital organs, metabolism. A person can be easily awakened, but if the dream is not interrupted, then the second stage occurs after 15 minutes.

Stage 2– slow sleep. Light sleep, lasts 10-20 minutes. vital functions continue to weaken, complete relaxation sets in. It's hard to wake someone up.

Stage 3– slow sleep. The deepest stage of sleep, lasting 15-30 minutes, is difficult to wake the sleeper. Continued weakening of vital functions,

Stage 4– slow sleep. Deep sleep, lasting 15-30 minutes, is very difficult to wake the sleeper. During this phase, the restoration of physical strength occurs. Vital functions are much less pronounced than during wakefulness. Stage 4 is followed by stages 3 and 2, after which the sleeper enters stage 5 sleep.

Stage 5- fast sleep. Bright, colorful dreams are possible 50-90 minutes after the first stage. There are rapid eye movements, changes in heart rate and breathing, and increases or fluctuations in blood pressure. Decreased skeletal muscle tone. During this phase, the mental functions of a person are restored, it is very difficult to wake the sleeping person. The duration of this stage is about 20 minutes.

After stage 5 sleep on a short time the 4th, 3rd, 2nd, then again the 3rd, 4th and 5th stages come, i.e. the next sleep cycle.

Several factors can influence a person's sleep; physical ailment, drugs and drugs, lifestyle, emotional stress, environment and exercise. Any disease that is accompanied by pain, physical discomfort, anxiety and depression leads to sleep disturbance. The nurse must familiarize the patient with the action of the prescribed medicines and their effect on sleep.

Rest- a state of reduced physical and mental activity. You can relax not only lying on the couch, but also during a long walk, reading books or when performing special relaxing exercises. Loud noises, bright lights, and the presence of other people in a health care facility can make it difficult to relax.

The need for rest and sleep for human life, knowledge of its stages and possible causes that cause a violation of the usual functions of the human body, will enable the nurse to help the patient and satisfy his need for sleep with the means available to her.

Need in movement. Limited mobility or immobility creates many problems for a person. This condition can be long or short, temporary or permanent. It can be caused by trauma followed by splinting, limb traction with the use of special devices. Pain in the presence of chronic diseases, residual effects of cerebrovascular accident.

Immobility is one of the risk factors for the development of bedsores, impaired function of the musculoskeletal system, the functioning of the heart and lungs. With prolonged immobility, there are changes in the digestive system, dyspepsia, flatulence, anorexia, diarrhea or constipation. Intensive straining during the act of defecation, to which the patient must resort, can lead to hemorrhoids, myocardial infarction, cardiac arrest. Immobility, especially when lying down, interferes with urination and can lead to bladder infections, bladder stones, and kidney stones.

And the main problem of the patient, he cannot communicate with environment which has a significant impact on the formation of a person's personality. Depending on the degree and duration of the state of immobility, the patient may develop certain problems in the psychosocial sphere, the ability to learn, motivation, feelings and emotions change.

Nursing care aimed at the maximum possible restoration of mobility, independence when moving using crutches, sticks, prostheses, is of great importance for improving the patient's quality of life.

Sexual need. It does not stop even with illness or old age.

The sexual health of a person can be directly or indirectly affected by his disease, developmental defects. Nevertheless, many people are reluctant to talk about this topic even in the presence of serious sexual problems.

Solving actual or potential sexual problems can help the patient achieve harmony in all aspects of health.

It is necessary when talking with a patient:

develop a solid scientific basis for understanding healthy sexuality and its most common disorders and dysfunctions;

understand how a person's sexual orientation, culture, and religious beliefs affect sexuality;

learn to identify problems that are beyond the competence of nursing, and recommend to the patient the help of an appropriate specialist.

The need for security. For most people, safety means reliability and convenience. Each of us needs shelter, clothing and someone who can help. The patient feels safe if the bed, wheelchair, stretcher are fixed, the floor covering in the ward and in the corridor is dry and free of foreign objects, the room in dark time day is adequately lit; at poor eyesight have glasses. The person is dressed according to the weather, and the dwelling is warm enough, and if necessary, assistance will be provided to him. The patient must be sure that he is able not only to ensure his own safety, but also not to harm others. Avoid stressful situations.

Social needs- these are the needs for family, friends, their communication, approval, affection, love, etc.

People want to be loved and understood. Nobody wants to be abandoned, unloved and lonely. If this happened, it means that the social needs of a person are not satisfied.

With severe illness, incapacity for work or in old age often arises vacuum, social contacts are broken. Unfortunately, in such cases, the need for communication is not satisfied, especially in the elderly, and lonely people. One should always keep in mind the social needs of a person, even in cases where he prefers not to talk about it.

Helping the patient decide social problem can significantly improve the quality of his life.

The need for self-respect and respect. Communicating with people, we cannot be indifferent to the assessment of our success by others.

A person has a need for respect and self-respect. But for this it is necessary that work bring satisfaction to him, and rest be rich and interesting, the higher the level of socio-economic development of society, the more fully the needs for self-esteem are satisfied. Disabled and elderly patients lose this feeling, since they are no longer of interest to anyone, there is no one to rejoice in their success, and therefore they have no opportunity to satisfy their need for respect.

The need for self-expression is the highest level of human need. Satisfying their need for self-expression, each believes that he is doing better than others. For one, self-expression is writing a book, for another it is growing a garden, for a third it is raising children, and so on.

So, at each level of the hierarchy, the patient may have one or more unmet needs, the nurse, when drawing up a plan for caring for the patient, must help him realize at least some of them.

Human needs.

Lack of motivation is the greatest spiritual tragedy that destroys all life foundations. G. Selye.

Need It is a need, a need for something for human life.

The manifestation of needs in animals is associated with a complex of corresponding unconditioned reflexes, called instincts (food, sexual, orienting, protective).

by the most a prime example human needs are cognitive. A person seeks to know the world not only in his immediate environment, but also in remote areas of time and space, to understand the causal relationships of phenomena. He seeks to explore phenomena and facts, to penetrate into the micro- and macrocosm. IN age development human cognitive needs go through the stages:

Orientation,

Curiosity

directed interest,

tendencies,

Conscious self-education,

Creative search.

Need - the state of a living being, expressing its dependence on what constitutes the conditions of its existence.

The state of need for something causes discomfort, a psychological feeling of dissatisfaction. This stress forces a person to be active, to do something to relieve stress.

Only unsatisfied needs have motivating power.

Needs Satisfaction- the process of returning the body to a state of equilibrium.

Can be distinguished three types of needs:

Natural, or physiological, or organic needs, which reflect the needs of our body.

Material, or subject-material,

Spiritual - generated by life in society, associated with the development of the individual, with the desire to express through creative activity everything that a person is capable of.

The first who developed and understood the structure of needs, identified their role and significance, was the American psychologist Abraham Maslow. His teaching is called the "hierarchical theory of needs" A. Maslow arranged the needs in ascending order, from the lowest - biological, to the highest - spiritual.

This scheme is called "Pyramid of Needs" or "Maslow's Pyramid"

1. Physiological needs - food, breath, sleep, etc.
2. The need for security is the desire to protect one's life.
3. Social needs - friendship, love, communication.
4. prestige needs - respect, recognition by members of society.
5. Spiritual needs - self-expression, self-realization, self-actualization, self-realization.

There are various classifications of human needs. One of them was developed by the American social psychologist A. Maslow. It is a hierarchy and includes two groups of needs:

primal needs (innate) - in particular, physiological needs, the need for security, dependent needs (purchased) social, prestigious, spiritual. According to Maslow, a need of a higher level can only appear if needs lying on a higher level are satisfied. low levels hierarchy. Only after satisfying his needs of the first level (the most voluminous in terms of content and significance), a person has needs of the second level.

Needs are only one motive for activity. Allocate more:

1. social settings.
2. Beliefs.
3. Interests.

Under interests It is customary to understand such an attitude towards an object that creates a tendency to pay attention to it.
When we say that a person has an interest in cinema, this means that he tries to watch films as often as possible, read special books and magazines, discuss the films he has watched, etc. It should be distinguished from interests inclinations. Interest expresses a focus on a certain subject, and propensity to a certain activity. Interest is not always combined with inclination (much depends on the degree of accessibility of a particular activity). For example, an interest in cinema does not necessarily entail the opportunity to work as a film director, actor, or cameraman.
The interests and inclinations of a person express orientation his personality, which largely determines his life path, nature of activity, etc.

Beliefs- stable views on the world, ideals and principles, as well as the desire to bring them to life through their actions and deeds

German scientist Max Weber notes that differences in actions depend on wealth or poverty. personal experience, education and upbringing, the originality of the spiritual make-up of the individual.