What is a norm in Russian? The concept of language norm. Main types of norms
And accentological norms. Lexical and phraseological norms
Plan
1. The concept of a language norm, its characteristics.
2. Standard options.
3. Degrees of normativity of linguistic units.
4. Types of norms.
5. Norms oral speech.
5.1. Orthoepic norms.
5.2. Accentological norms.
6. Norms of oral and written speech.
6.1. Lexical norms.
6.2. Phraseological norms.
Speech culture, as mentioned earlier, is a multifaceted concept. It is based on the idea of a “speech ideal” that exists in the human mind, a model in accordance with which correct, competent speech should be constructed.
Norm is the dominant concept of speech culture. In the Big Explanatory Dictionary of the Modern Russian Language D.N. Ushakova meaning of the word norm is defined as follows: “legalized establishment, ordinary mandatory procedure, state". Thus, the norm reflects, first of all, customs and traditions, streamlines communication and is the result of the socio-historical selection of one option from several possible ones.
Language norms– these are the rules of use linguistic means at a certain period of development literary language(rules of pronunciation, word usage, use morphological forms different parts speech, syntactic constructions, etc.). This is a historically established uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of language elements, recorded in grammars and standard dictionaries.
Language norms are characterized by a number of features:
1) relative stability;
2) common use;
3) universally binding;
4) compliance with the use, tradition and capabilities of the language system.
The norms reflect natural processes and phenomena occurring in language are supported by language practice.
The sources of norms are the speech of educated people, the works of writers, as well as the most authoritative means mass media.
Functions of the norm:
1) ensures that speakers of a given language can correctly understand each other;
2) inhibits the penetration of dialectal, colloquial, colloquial, slang elements into the literary language;
3) develops linguistic taste.
Language norms are a historical phenomenon. They change over time, reflecting changes in the use of language. The sources of changes in norms are:
Colloquial speech (cf., for example, colloquial options such as Ringing- along with lit. callsIt; cottage cheese- along with lit. cottage cheese; [de]kan along with lit [d'e]kan);
Colloquial speech (for example, in some dictionaries they are recorded as acceptable colloquial stress options agreement, phenomenon, which until recently were colloquial, non-normative variants);
Dialects (for example, in the Russian literary language there are a number of words that are dialectal in origin: spider, snowstorm, taiga, life);
Professional jargons (cf. variants of stress actively penetrating into modern everyday speech whooping cough, syringes, adopted in the speech of health workers).
Changes in norms are preceded by the appearance of their variants, which exist in a language at a certain stage of its development and are actively used by native speakers. Language options- these are two or more ways of pronunciation, stress, formation of grammatical forms, etc. The emergence of variants is explained by the development of language: some linguistic phenomena become obsolete and fall out of use, while others appear.
In this case, the options may be equal – normative, acceptable in literary speech ( bakery And bulo [sh]aya; barge And barge; Mordvin And Mordvin ov ).
More often, only one of the options is recognized as normative, the others are assessed as unacceptable, incorrect, violating the literary norm ( drivers and wrong. driverA; catholOg and wrong. catalog).
Unequal options. As a rule, variants of the norm specialize in one way or another. Very often the options are stylistic specialization: neutral – high; literary - colloquial ( stylistic options ). Wed. stylistically neutral pronunciation of the reduced vowel in words like s[a]net, p[a]et, m[a]dern and the pronunciation of the sound [o] in the same words, characteristic of a high, specifically bookish style: s[o]no, p[o]et, m[o]dern; neutral (soft) pronunciation of sounds [g], [k], [x] in words like jump up, jump up, jump up and the bookish, firm pronunciation of these sounds characteristic of the Old Moscow noma: flutter, flutter, jump up. Wed. also lit. contract, locksmith And and decomposition contract, locksmith I.
Often options are specialized in terms of their degree of modernity(chronological options ). For example: modern creamy and outdated plum[sh]ny.
In addition, the options may have differences in meaning ( semantic options ): moves(move, move) and drives(set in motion, encourage, force to act).
Based on the relationship between the norm and the variant, three degrees of normativity of linguistic units are distinguished.
Standard I degree. A strict, rigid norm that does not allow options. In such cases, the options in the dictionaries are accompanied by prohibitive notes: choice s – not right. choice A; shi[n’e]l – not right. shi[ne]l; motionSolicitation – not right. petition; pampered – not rec. spoiled. In relation to linguistic facts that are outside the literary norm, it is more correct to speak not about variants, but about speech errors.
Standard II degree. The norm is neutral, allowing equal options. For example: a loop And a loop; pool And ba[sse]yn; stack And haystack. In dictionaries, similar options are connected by the conjunction And.
Standard III degree. A flexible norm that allows the use of colloquial, outdated forms. Variants of the norm in such cases are accompanied by marks add.(acceptable), add. outdated(acceptable obsolete). For example: Augustovsky – add. Augustovskiy; budo[chn]ik and additional mouth budo[sh]ik.
Variants of norms in the modern Russian literary language are represented very widely. To choose correct option, it is necessary to refer to special dictionaries: spelling dictionaries, stress dictionaries, difficulty dictionaries, explanatory dictionaries, etc.
Language norms are mandatory for both oral and written speech. The typology of norms covers all levels of the language system: pronunciation, stress, word formation, morphology, syntax, spelling, and punctuation are subject to norms.
In accordance with the main levels of the language system and the areas of use of linguistic means, the following types of norms are distinguished.
Types of norms
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| Norms of oral speech | Standards of writing | Norms of oral and written speech |
| - accentological(norms for stress setting); - orthoepic(pronunciation standards) | - spelling(spelling norms); - punctuation(punctuation norms) | - lexical(norms of word usage); - phraseological(norms for the use of phraseological units); - word-formative(norms for word formation); - morphological(norms for the formation of forms of words of various parts of speech); - syntactic(norms for constructing syntactic constructions) |
Oral speech is spoken speech. It uses a system phonetic means expressions, which include: speech sounds, word stress, phrasal stress, intonation.
Specific to oral speech are pronunciation norms (orthoepic) and stress norms (accentological).
The norms of oral speech are reflected in special dictionaries (see, for example: Orthoepic dictionary of the Russian language: pronunciation, stress, grammatical forms / edited by R.I. Avanesov. - M., 2001; Ageenko F.L., Zarva M.V. Dictionary of accents for radio and television workers. - M., 2000).
5.1. Orthoepic norms- these are the norms of literary pronunciation.
Orthoepia (from Greek. orthos – straight, correct and epic – speech) is a set of rules of oral speech that ensure the unity of its sound design in accordance with the norms historically established in the literary language.
The following groups of orthoepic norms are distinguished:
Pronunciation of vowel sounds: forest - in l[i]su; horn – r[a]ga;
Pronunciation of consonants: teeth – tooth[n], o[t]take – o[d]give;
Pronunciation of individual consonant combinations: in [zh’zh’]i, [sh’sh’]astye; kone[sh]o;
Pronunciation of consonants in individual grammatical forms (in adjective forms: elastic[gy] – elastic[g’y]; in verb forms: took [sa] – took [s’a], I’m staying [s] – I’m staying [s’];
Pronunciation of words of foreign origin: pyu[re], [t’e]terror, b[o]a.
Let us dwell on individual, difficult cases of pronunciation, when the speaker needs to choose the correct option from a number of existing ones.
The Russian literary language is characterized by the pronunciation of [g] plosive. The pronunciation of the [γ] fricative is dialectal and non-normative. However, in a number of words the norm requires the pronunciation of the sound [γ], which, when deafened, turns into [x]: [ γ ]Lord, Bo[γ]a – Bo[x].
In Russian literary pronunciation there used to be a fairly significant range of everyday words in which instead of letter combinations CHN was pronounced ShN. Now, under the influence of spelling, there are quite a few such words left. Yes, pronunciation ShN preserved as obligatory in words kone[sh]o, naro[sh]o and in patronymics: Ilin[sh]a, Savvi[sh]na, Nikiti[sh]a(cf. the spelling of these words: Ilyinichna, Savvichna, Nikitichna).
A number of words allow variations in pronunciation CHN And ShN: decent And orderly, brown And bun[sh]aya, milk[chn]itsa And milk [sh]itsa. In some words, the pronunciation of ShN is perceived as outdated: lavo[sh]ik, grain[sh]evy, apple[sh]ny.
In scientific and technical terminology, as well as in words of a bookish nature, it is never pronounced ShN. Wed: flowing, heart (attack), milky (path), celibate.
Consonant group Thu in words what to nothing pronounced like PC: [pcs]o, [pcs]oby, not [pcs]o. In other cases - like Thu: not [that] about, according to [reading] and, according to [reading] a, [that] y, [reading].
For pronunciation foreign words The following trends are characteristic of the modern Russian literary language.
Foreign words are subject to the phonetic patterns in force in the language, so the majority of foreign words in pronunciation do not differ from Russian ones. However, some words retain their pronunciation features. This concerns
1) pronunciation of unstressed ABOUT;
2) pronunciation of the consonant before E.
1. In some groups of borrowed words that have limited use, the unstressed sound is (unstable) preserved ABOUT. These include:
Foreign proper names: Voltaire, Zola, Jaurès, Chopin;
A small part of special terms that hardly penetrate into colloquial speech: bolero, nocturne, sonnet, modern, rococo.
Pronunciation ABOUT in the pre-stressed position, which is typical in these words for a bookish, high style; in neutral speech a sound is pronounced A: V[a]lter, n[a]cturne.
The absence of reduction in post-stressed position is characteristic of words cocoa, radio, credo.
2. The Russian language system tends to soften the consonant before E. In insufficiently mastered borrowed words, the preservation of a hard consonant is observed in accordance with the norm of a number of European languages. This deviation from typical Russian pronunciation is much more widespread than the pronunciation of unstressed ABOUT.
Pronunciation of a hard consonant before E observed:
In expressions that are often reproduced using other alphabets: d e-facto, d e-ju r e,c r edo;
IN proper names: Flo[be]r, S[te]rn, Lafon[te]n, Sho[pe]n;
In special terms: [de]mping, [se]psis, ko[de]in, [de]cadence, ge[ne]sis, [re]le, ek[ze]ma;
In some frequent words that have come into widespread use: pyu[re], [te]mp, e[ne]rgy.
Most often, consonants retain firmness in borrowed words D, T; then - WITH, Z, N, R; occasionally - B, M, IN; sounds are always softened G, TO And L.
Some words of foreign origin in modern literary language are characterized by variable pronunciation of hard and soft consonants before E [d'e]kan - [de]kan, [s'e]ssia - [ses]siya, [t'e]terror.
In a number of words, the firm pronunciation of the consonant before E is perceived as cutesy, pretentious: academy, plywood, museum.
5.2. Accentology- a branch of the science of language that studies the features and functions of stress.
Stress norms regulate the choice of options for the placement and movement of a stressed syllable among unstressed ones.
In Russian, a stressed vowel in a syllable is distinguished by its duration, intensity and tone movement. Russian accent is free, or varied, those. not assigned to any specific syllable in a word (cf. stress in French, assigned to the last syllable, in Polish - to the penultimate). In addition, the stress in a number of words may be mobile– changing its place in various grammatical forms (for example, accepted - accepted, rights - rights).
The accentological norm in the modern Russian literary language is characterized by variability. Highlight different kinds accent options:
Semantic variants (variation of stress in them performs a semantic distinguishing function): Clubs - clubs, cotton - cotton, coal - coal, submerged(for transport) – immersed(into the water; into solving the problem);
Stylistic options (determined by the use of words in different functional styles of speech): silk(common use) – silk(poetic) compass(common use) – compass(prof.);
Chronological (differ by active or passive use in modern speech): thinking(modern) – thinking(obsolete), angle(modern) – cancerUrs(obsolete).
Stress in the Russian language is an individual feature of each word, which causes significant difficulties in determining the place of stress in a number of words. Difficulties also arise due to the fact that in many words the stress moves when the grammatical form changes. In difficult cases, when placing emphasis, you should refer to dictionaries. Taking into account certain patterns will also help to correctly place stress in words and word forms.
Among nouns a significant group of words with fixed stress stands out: dish(cf. plural part named after P.: dishes), bulletin (bulletin, bulletin), keychain (keychain, keychain), tablecloth, area, hospital, font, scarf, syringe, bow, cake, shoes, manger).
At the same time, there are a number of words in which, when the grammatical form changes, the stress moves from the stem to the ending or from the ending to the stem. For example: bandage (bandages), priest (prince), front (fronts), penny (pennies), coat of arms (coat of arms), shred (shreds), hit (hits), wave (waves) etc.
When placing emphasis on adjectives The following pattern applies: if in the short form of the feminine gender the emphasis falls on the ending, then in the forms of the masculine, neuter gender and in the form plural the shock will be the base: rights - rights, rights, rights; and in the form comparative degree– suffix: light - brighter, But beautiful - more beautiful.
Verbs in the past tense they often retain the same stress as in the indefinite form: to speak - she spoke, to know - she knew, to put - she laid. In a number of verbs, the emphasis moves in feminine forms to the ending: take - tookA, take - tookA, take off - took offA, start - startedA, call - called.
When conjugating verbs in the present tense, the stress can be mobile: walk, walk - walk and motionless: I call - you call, it rings; Turn it on - turn it on, turn it on.
Errors in stress placement can be caused by a number of reasons.
1. Absence of a letter in the printed text Yo. Hence the erroneous emphasis in words like newborn, prisoner, excited, beets(movement of stress and, as a result, pronunciation instead of a vowel sound ABOUT sound E), as well as in words guardianship, scam, bigamist, being, in which instead E pronounced ABOUT.
2. Ignorance of the stress inherent in the language from which the word is borrowed: blinds,(French words in which the stress falls on the last syllable), genesis(from Greek genesis -"origin, emergence").
3. Ignorance of the grammatical properties of the word. For example, noun toast – male, so in the plural form it has stress on the last syllable toast(cf. tables, sheets).
4. Incorrect part-speech assignment of the word. So, if you compare the words busy and busy, developed And developed, then it turns out that the first of them are adjectives that have stressed ending, and the second are participles, which are pronounced with an emphasis on the base.
Norms of oral and written speech are norms characteristic of both forms of literary language. These norms regulate the use in speech of units of different language levels: lexical, phraseological, morphological, syntactic.
6.1. Lexical norms represent the rules for the use of words in a language and their lexical compatibility, which is determined by the meaning of the word, its stylistic relevance and emotional and expressive coloring.
The use of words in speech is governed by the following rules.
1. Words must be used in accordance with their meaning.
2. It is necessary to observe the lexical (semantic) compatibility of words.
3.When using polysemantic words sentences must be constructed in such a way that it is clear exactly what meaning is realized by the word in a given context. For example, the word knee has 8 meanings in literary language: 1) a joint connecting the femur and tibia; 2) part of the leg from this joint to the pelvis; 3) a separate joint, link, segment in composition of something., which is a connection of such segments; 4) a bend of something, running in a broken line, from one turn to another; 5) in singing, a piece of music - a passage, a separate thing that stands out. place, part; 6) in dance - a separate technique, a figure, distinguished by its effectiveness; 7) unexpected, unusual act; 8) branching of the clan, generation in the pedigree.
4. Words of foreign origin must be used justifiably; clogging speech with foreign words is unacceptable.
Failure to comply with lexical norms leads to errors. Let's name the most typical of these errors.
1. Ignorance of the meaning of words and the rules of their semantic compatibility. Wed: It was very experienced thorough engineer (thorough - Means "thorough" and cannot be combined with the names of persons).
2. Mixing of paronyms. For example: Leonov is the first rogue space(instead of pioneer). Paronyms(from Greek . para– near, nearby + onyma- Name) – words that are similar in sound, but different in meaning or partially coinciding in their meaning. Differences in the meaning of paronyms lie in private additional semantic shades that serve to clarify thoughts. For example: humane - human; economical - economical - economical.
Humane – attentive, responsive, humane. Human boss. Human – relating to a person, to humanity; peculiar, inherent in man. Human society. Human aspirations.
Economical – one who spends something thriftily, who observes economy. Thrifty housewife. Economical – enabling smth. save money, profitable in economic terms, in operation. Economical loading method. Economic – related to economics. Economic law.
3. Incorrect use of one of the synonyms: The amount of work is significant increased (should be said increased).
4. The use of pleonasms (from the Greek. pleonasmos– redundancy) – expressions containing unambiguous and therefore unnecessary words: Workers again resumed work(again - superfluous word); most maximum (most- a superfluous word).
5. Tautology (from Greek. tautologia from tauto- same thing + logos– word) – repetition of words with the same root: united together, it should be attributed following features, the narrator said.
6. Speech insufficiency - the absence in the statement of components necessary for its accurate understanding. For example: The medicine is made on the basis of ancient manuscripts. Wed. corrected version: The medicine is made based on recipes contained in ancient manuscripts.
7. Unjustified use of foreign words in speech. For example: Abundance accessories burdens the plot of the story, distracts attention from the main thing.
In order to comply with lexical norms, it is necessary to refer to explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of homonyms, synonyms, paronyms, as well as dictionaries of foreign words in the Russian language.
6.2. Phraseological norms – norms for the use of set expressions ( from small to large; to kick the bucket; red as a lobster; salt of the earth; no year week).
The use of phraseological units in speech must comply with the following rules.
1. A phraseological unit must be reproduced in the form in which it is fixed in the language: it is impossible to expand or shorten the composition of the phraseological unit, replace some lexical components in the phraseological unit with others, change the grammatical forms of the components, change the order of the components. Thus, it is erroneous to use phraseological units turn the bank(instead of make a roll); play meaning(instead of play a role or matter); the main highlight of the program(instead of highlight of the program);work hard(instead of work hard); get back on track(instead of get back to square one);eat the dog(instead of eat the dog).
2. Phraseologisms should be used in their general linguistic meanings. Violating this rule results in errors like: The buildings are located so close to each other that they you can't spill water (turnover you can't spill water on anyone used in relation to close friends); At the ceremonial line dedicated to the holiday last call, one of the ninth graders said: “We have gathered today to carry out on the last journey their older comrades(to see off on the last journey - “to say goodbye to the dead”).
3. The stylistic coloring of a phraseological unit must correspond to the context: colloquial and colloquial expressions should not be used in texts of book styles (cf. the unsuccessful use of a colloquial phraseological unit in a sentence: The plenary session opening the conference brought together a large number of participants, the hall was overcrowded - you can't hit it with a gun ). You need to use book phraseological units with caution in everyday colloquial speech (for example, it is stylistically unjustified to use a book biblical phrase in a phrase This gazebo in the center of the park - holy of holies youth of our neighborhood).
Violations of phraseological norms are often found in works of fiction and act as one of the means of creating the writer’s individual style. In non-fiction speech, one should adhere to the normative use of stable phrases, turning to phraseological dictionaries of the Russian language in cases of difficulties.
Questions and tasks for self-control
1. Define a language norm, list the characteristics of the norm.
2. What is a variant of the norm? What types of options do you know?
3. Describe the degree of normativity of linguistic units.
4. What types of norms are distinguished in accordance with the main levels of the language system and areas of use of linguistic means?
5. What do spelling norms regulate? Name the main groups of orthoepic norms.
6. Describe the main features of the pronunciation of foreign words.
7. Define the concept of accentological norm.
8. What are the features of Russian word stress?
9. Define the accentological variant. Name the types of accentological variants.
10. What do lexical norms regulate?
11. Name the types of lexical errors, give examples.
12. Define the concept of phraseological norm.
13. What rules must be followed when using phraseological units in speech?
Lectures No. 4, 5
GRAMMAR STANDARDS
A linguistic norm is a historically determined set of commonly used linguistic means, as well as the rules for their selection and use, recognized by society as the most suitable in a particular historical period. A norm is one of the essential properties of a language, ensuring its functioning and historical continuity due to its inherent stability, although not excluding the variability of linguistic means and noticeable historical variability, since the norm is designed, on the one hand, to preserve speech traditions, and on the other, to satisfy current and the changing needs of society. A special case of a language norm is a literary norm.
The main sources of language norms include:
Works of classical writers;
Works by contemporary writers who continue classical traditions;
Media publications;
Common modern usage;
Data from linguistic research.
Characteristics language norms are:
Relative stability;
Prevalence;
Common usage;
General obligatory;
Conformity to the use, custom and capabilities of the language system.
In literary language, the following types of norms are distinguished:
1) norms of written and oral forms of speech;
2) norms of written speech;
3) norms of oral speech.
1) The norms common to oral and written speech include:
*lexical norms;
*stylistic norms.
2) Special norms of written speech are:
*spelling standards;
*punctuation standards.
3) Applicable only to oral speech:
*pronunciation standards;
*accent norms;
*intonation norms.
Orthoepic norms.
Orthoepic norms include norms of pronunciation, stress and intonation. Compliance with spelling norms is an important part of speech culture, because their violation creates in listeners an unpleasant impression of the speech and the speaker himself, and distracts from the perception of the content of the speech. Orthoepic norms are recorded in orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language and dictionaries of accents. Intonation norms are described in “Russian Grammar” and Russian language textbooks.
Morphological norms.
Morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (forms of gender, number, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). Typical violation morphological norms is the use of a word in a non-existent or inflectional form that does not correspond to the context (the analyzed image, the reigning order, the victory over fascism, called Plyushkin a hole). Sometimes you can hear the following phrases: railway rail, imported shampoo, registered parcel post, patent leather shoes. There is a morphological error in these phrases - the gender of the nouns is incorrectly formed.
Syntactic norms.
Syntactic norms dictate correct construction basic syntactic units - phrases and sentences. These norms include rules for word agreement and syntactic control, relating parts of a sentence to each other using the grammatical forms of words so that the sentence is a literate and meaningful statement. Violation of syntactic norms is found in the following examples: while reading it, a question arises; The poem is characterized by a synthesis of lyrical and epic principles; Having married his brother, none of the children were born alive.
Speech etiquette. Specifics of Russian speech etiquette.
Speech etiquette is a system of rules of speech behavior and stable formulas of polite communication.
Possession of speech etiquette contributes to the acquisition of authority, generates trust and respect. Knowing the rules of speech etiquette and observing them allows a person to feel confident and at ease, and not experience awkwardness or difficulties in communication.
Strict adherence to speech etiquette in business communication leaves a favorable impression of the organization among clients and partners and maintains its positive reputation.
Speech etiquette has national specifics. Each nation has created its own system of rules of speech behavior. IN Russian society Of particular value are such qualities as tact, courtesy, tolerance, goodwill, and restraint.
The importance of these qualities is reflected in numerous Russian proverbs and sayings that characterize ethical standards of communication. Some proverbs indicate the need to listen carefully to your interlocutor: A smart person does not speak, an ignorant person does not allow him to speak. Tongue - one, ear - two, say once, listen twice. Other proverbs point out typical mistakes in constructing a conversation: Answers when he is not asked. Grandfather talks about chicken, and grandmother talks about duck. You listen, and we will remain silent. A deaf man listens to a mute man speak. Many proverbs warn about the danger of an empty, idle or offensive word: All a person’s troubles come from his tongue. Cows are caught by the horns, people by the tongue. A word is an arrow; if you release it, it will not return. What is unspoken can be expressed, what has been said cannot be returned. It's better to understate than to overtell. It buzzes from morning to evening, but there is nothing to listen to.
*Tactfulness is ethical standard, which requires the speaker to understand the interlocutor, avoid inappropriate questions, and discuss topics that may be unpleasant for him.
*Carefulness consists in the ability to anticipate possible questions and wishes of the interlocutor, the willingness to inform him in detail on all topics relevant to the conversation.
*Tolerance means being calm about possible differences of opinion and avoiding harsh criticism of the views of your interlocutor. You should respect the opinions of other people and try to understand why they have this or that point of view. Closely related to such a character quality as tolerance is self-control - the ability to calmly respond to unexpected or tactless questions and statements from an interlocutor.
*Goodwill is necessary both in relation to the interlocutor and in the entire structure of the conversation: in its content and form, in intonation and choice of words.
Functional styles. Scientific style.
Functional speech styles are styles used in one or another area of human communication; a type of literary language that performs a specific function in communication.
To avoid confusion with linguistic styles, functional styles are sometimes called linguistic genres, functional varieties of language. Each functional style has its own characteristics of using a general literary norm; it can exist both in written and oral form. There are five main types of functional speech styles, differing in the conditions and goals of communication in some area of social activity: scientific, official business, journalistic, colloquial, artistic.
Official business style.
Official business style is a functional style of speech, the environment of speech communication in the sphere of official relations: in the sphere legal relations and management. This area covers international relationships, jurisprudence, economics, military industry, advertising, communication in official institutions, government activities.
Business style is used for communication and information in an official setting (the sphere of legislation, office work, administrative and legal activities). This style is used for drawing up documents: laws, orders, regulations, characteristics, protocols, receipts, certificates. The scope of application of the official business style is law, the author is a lawyer, lawyer, diplomat, or just a citizen. Works in this style are addressed to the state, citizens of the state, institutions, employees, etc., with the aim of establishing administrative-legal relations.
This style exists more often in written speech; the type of speech is predominantly reasoning. The type of speech is most often a monologue, the type of communication is public.
Style features - imperativeness (due character), accuracy, not allowing two interpretations, standardization (strict composition of the text, precise selection of facts and ways of presenting them), lack of emotionality.
The main function of the official business style is informational (transfer of information). It is characterized by the presence speech clichés, generally accepted form of presentation, standard presentation of the material, widespread use of terminology and nomenclature names, the presence of complex non-abbreviated words, abbreviations, verbal nouns, the predominance of direct word order.
Peculiarities:
1) compactness;
2) standard arrangement of material;
3) widespread use of terminology;
4) frequent use verbal nouns, complex conjunctions, as well as various stable phrases;
5) the narrative nature of the presentation, the use of nominative sentences with listing;
6) direct word order in a sentence as the predominant principle of its construction;
7) a tendency to use complex sentences that reflect the logical subordination of some facts to others;
8) almost complete absence of emotionally expressive speech means;
9) weak individualization of style.
Journalistic style.
Journalistic style- functional style of speech, which is used in the following genres: article, essay, report, feuilleton, interview, pamphlet, oratory.
The journalistic style serves to influence people through the media (newspapers, magazines, television, posters, booklets). It is characterized by the presence of socio-political vocabulary, logic, emotionality, evaluativeness, and appeal. In addition to neutral, it widely uses high, solemn vocabulary and phraseology, emotionally charged words, the use of short sentences, chopped prose, verbless phrases, rhetorical questions, exclamations, repetitions, etc. The linguistic features of this style are affected by the breadth of topics: there is a need to include special vocabulary that requires explanation. On the other hand, a number of topics are in the center of public attention, and vocabulary related to these topics takes on a journalistic connotation. Among such topics, we should highlight politics, economics, education, healthcare, criminology, and military topics.
The journalistic style is characterized by the use evaluative vocabulary with strong emotional overtones.
This style is used in the sphere of political-ideological, social and cultural relations. The information is intended not only for a narrow circle of specialists, but for broad sections of society, and the impact is aimed not only at the mind, but also at the feelings of the recipient.
Functions of journalistic style:
*Information - desire to the shortest possible time inform people about the latest news
*Influencing - the desire to influence people's opinions
Speech task:
*influence mass consciousness
*call to action
*provide information
The vocabulary has a pronounced emotional and expressive coloring and includes colloquial, colloquial and slang elements. Vocabulary characteristic of the journalistic style can be used in other styles: official business, scientific. But in journalistic style it acquires a special function - to create a picture of events and convey to the addressee the journalist’s impressions of these events.
Language norm - central concept speech culture. The degree of correctness, accuracy, intelligibility, clarity, logic, expressiveness, expediency and appropriateness of speech is regulated by linguistic and stylistic norms.
The language norm is the most preferable one for serving native speakers of this language in the process of communication and the most appropriate system of expression at all linguistic levels (means of pronunciation, word usage, word and form formation, syntactic means). Essentially, the norm reflects objectively existing trends in a given society towards improving speech culture. When determining a norm, one should proceed from the idea that it presupposes compliance with the systemic structural foundations of the language as a whole, modern trends language development, adequacy of linguistic expression to extralinguistic needs.
The main criterion of a language norm is the principle of communicative expediency, which contributes to the understanding of the statement.
“A norm is not only a socially approved rule, but also a rule objectified by real speech practice, a rule that reflects the laws of the language system and is confirmed by the word formation of authoritative writers” - this is the definition of a norm given by K.S. Gorbachevich.
Recognition of the normativity (correctness) of a linguistic fact, in his opinion, is usually based on the indispensable presence of three main features:
1) regular use (reproducibility) of this method of expression;
2) compliance of this method of expression with the capabilities of the literary language system (taking into account its historical restructuring);
3) public approval of a regularly reproduced method of expression (and the role of a judge in this case usually falls to the lot of writers, scientists, and the educated part of society).
According to A.A. Murashov, a norm is a linguistically accepted, culturally and socially conditioned rule and phenomenon of language, possessing directiveness (obligation to follow), accepted by the majority of speakers, reflecting the patterns of development of language systems in general, enshrined in the language of fiction and aesthetically justified.
As is known, the modern language, which is a highly organized system of means of communication for all Russians, is represented by such varieties as literary speech (language), territorial dialect speech, and vernacular. The leading form of implementation of the Russian language is literary speech, the norms of which are codified as exemplary (recorded in grammars, textbooks, dictionaries), distributed by the media. (Although in the media and on TV there is often a deviation from the literary norm.)
The literary norm (i.e., the norm of a literary language, as opposed to the norm inherent in dialects, professional and social argot, etc.) is characterized by such an important property as the functional and stylistic differentiation of linguistic means. Signs of the norm of a literary language are relative stability, prevalence, common usage, preference and universal obligatory nature, compliance with use, custom (usus) and capabilities of the language system, reflection of its development trends.
A literary norm may be codified, or may be in the process of codification, or in the form of a potential but not yet codified trend. Codification records phenomena that have already developed in the process of language practice. Therefore, we can talk about the dynamic nature of the literary norm and the dialectical nature of the process of its codification in the process of communication.
There are differences between realized (or embodied) and potential, realized (or non-embodied) norms. The implemented norm consists of two parts:
1) updated (modern, productive, active, well-understood and practically codified norm);
2) non-updated (archaisms, outdated variants of the norm, as well as rarely used variants, doublets, etc.). The implemented norm also includes two parts:
1) neologisms and neologisms becoming the norm in different levels language;
2) a fundamentally non-codifiable area of speech activity (individual, occasional formations).
The discrepancies between the literary norm and the actual use of language depend on historical stage society, its social structure, as well as the characteristics of the language situation. The increasing impact of mass communication is usually accompanied by a significant unification of speech practice.
The most important task of the culture of speech as a linguistic science is the study of language norms at all levels of language (i.e. in all its sections: phonetics, grammar, vocabulary, etc.) in their established traditional forms, as well as in contradictions, in developing or emerging trends in change, etc.
More on topic 2.4. The concept of language norms:
- The concept of Norm. Norm and Option. Stylistic variation and fluctuation of the norm. Reasons for violating the norms of literary language
- Linguistic norms (literal language norms) are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of the lit language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, spelling, word usage, grammar.
- Normalization as the main dash liter. language. Norms of letters. language in vocabulary, phraseology. phonetics, orthoepy. word formation. grammar, spelling. punctuation. Variability of literary language norms.
Topic No. 3. The concept of language norm. Basic types of norms.
Reasons for mass speech errors
The causes of negative phenomena in speech practice include:
· people's trust in the printed word (the habit of considering everything printed and said on television as an example of the norm);
· reducing editorial demands on journalists regarding compliance with language standards;
· reduction in the quality of proofreading work;
· gap between the complex requirements of the new school curriculum in the Russian language and the real possibilities of today's Russian school;
· decreased interest among schoolchildren in classical literature;
· problems in replenishing library collections;
· transformation of the 1956 “Rules of Spelling and Punctuation” into a bibliographic rarity and their absence new edition;
· disrespect for the humanities;
· disrespect for the addressees of the speech;
· disregard for the native language.
In this regard, in a modern school, during humanities lessons, it is necessary to pay great attention to the problems of modern language, not to ignore existing linguistic facts, but to interpret them and shape the attitude of schoolchildren to the development of their native language.
Topic No. 3. The concept of language norm. Basic types of norms.
1.What is a language norm and what are its features?
Language norm (literary norm)- these are the rules for the use of linguistic means, the uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of elements of a literary language in a certain period of its development.
Features of the language norm:
Stability and stability, ensuring the balance of the language system over a long period of time;
The widespread and generally binding nature of compliance with regulatory rules;
Cultural and aesthetic perception (evaluation) of language and its facts; the norm consolidates all the best that has been created in the speech behavior of mankind;
Dynamic nature (changeability), due to the development of the entire language system, realized in living speech;
The possibility of linguistic “pluralism” (the coexistence of several options that are recognized as normative).
Codification is a linguistically reliable description of fixing the norms of a literary language in sources specially designed for this purpose (grammar textbooks, dictionaries, reference books, manuals).
2. How is the inconsistency of the norm manifested?
A linguistic norm is a complex and rather contradictory phenomenon: it dialectically combines a number of opposing features.
1. Relative sustainability and stability linguistic norms are necessary conditions for ensuring the balance of the language system over a long period of time. At the same time, the norm is a historical phenomenon, which is explained social nature a language that is constantly evolving together with the creator and speaker of the language - society itself.
The historical nature of the norm is due to its dynamism, variability. What was the norm in the last century and even 10-15 years ago may become a deviation from it today. If you turn to dictionaries and literary sources from 100 years ago, you can see how the norms of stress, pronunciation, grammatical forms of words, their (words) meaning and use have changed. For example, in the 19th century they said: shkap (instead of closet), zhyra (instead of heat), strict (instead of strict), quiet (instead of quiet), Alexandrinsky Theater (instead of Alexandrinsky), returned (instead of having returned); at the ball, weather, trains, this beautiful paleto(t) (coat); certainly (instead of necessarily), necessary (instead of necessary), etc.
2. On the one hand, the norm is characterized by widespread and universally binding compliance with certain rules, without which it would be impossible to “control” the element of speech. On the other hand, we can talk about "linguistic pluralism"– the simultaneous existence of several options (doublets) that are recognized as normative. This is a consequence of the interaction of traditions and innovations, stability and variability, subjective (author of speech) and objective (language).
3. Basic sources of language norms- these are, first of all, works classical literature, exemplary speech of highly educated native speakers, common, widespread modern usage, and Scientific research. However, recognizing the importance of literary tradition and the authority of sources, you should also remember author's individuality, capable of violating norms, which is certainly justified in certain communication situations.
Changes in language norms are preceded by the appearance of their variants (doublets), which actually already exist in speech and are used by native speakers. Variants of norms are reflected in special dictionaries, such as the “Spelling Dictionary”, “Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language”, “Dictionary of Word Compatibility”, etc.
Currently, the process of changing language norms has become especially active and noticeable against the backdrop of events of historical and political significance, economic reforms, changes in the social sphere, science, and technology. It should be remembered that a language norm is not a dogma: depending on the conditions, goals and objectives of communication, and on the characteristics of a particular style, deviations from the norm are possible. However, these deviations should reflect the variants of norms that exist in the literary language.
3.What are the trends in the development of language norms?
Certain trends are observed in the development of language norms:
1) a tendency to save. This tendency manifests itself at all levels of language (from nomination to syntax) and is expressed in the contraction of words and elements, for example nauchka (scientific library), You threw me (out of balance); loss of suffixes and endings: rails - rail, grams - grams, wet - wet.
2) the tendency towards unification - the alignment of private grammatical knowledge with general shape: director, professor
3) expansion of colloquialism into book speech and neutralization of colloquial elements in literary speech.
4.What differences exist in the degree of normativity?
According to the degree of normativity, it is customary to distinguish the following types of norms:
1. Strict(mandatory) norm (1st degree norm) – in this type of norm there is only one correct option. Pr: document.
2. Neutral norm (2nd degree norm) – there are two equal options. Ex: cottage cheese - cottage cheese.
3. Movable norm (norm of the 3rd degree) - has two options, these options are not equal: the 1st option is the main one, the 2nd option is not literary.
The 1st degree norm is called imperative, norms 2 and 3 degrees – dispositive norms.
5.What types of norms can be distinguished in accordance with the main levels of language and areas of use of linguistic means?
In accordance with the main levels of language and areas of use of linguistic means, the following are distinguished: types of norms.
1. Orthoepic norms(Greek correct speech) – norms for stress and pronunciation. Spelling errors make it difficult to perceive the speaker’s speech. Social role correct pronunciation is very important, since knowledge of orthoepic norms greatly facilitates the communication process.
In order not to make mistakes in speech, you need to use special dictionaries, such as “Dictionary of Stresses of the Russian Language”, “Spelling Dictionary”, “Dictionary of Difficulties in Oral Speech”, etc.
Options that are outside the literary norm are accompanied by prohibitive notes: “ not rec."(Not recommended), "not right."(wrong), "rude."(rough), "bran."(expletive language), etc.
2. Lexical norms or norms of word usage, are: a) the use of a word in the meanings that it has in modern language; b) knowledge of its lexical and grammatical compatibility; c) the correct choice of a word from a synonymous series; d) the appropriateness of its use in a particular speech situation.
3. Morphological norms regulate the formation and use of grammatical forms of words. Let us note that morphological norms include, first of all: norms for determining the grammatical gender of some nouns, norms for the formation of the plural of nouns, norms for the formation and use of case forms of nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns; norms for the formation of comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs; norms for the formation and use of verb forms, etc.
4. Syntactic norms are associated with the rules for the construction and use of phrases and various sentence models. When constructing a phrase, you must first of all remember about management; When constructing a sentence, you should take into account the role of word order, follow the rules for using participial phrases, the laws of constructing a complex sentence, etc.
Morphological and syntactic norms are often combined under common name – grammatical norms.
5. Spelling norms (spelling norms) And punctuation norms do not allow distortion of the visual image of a word, sentence or text. To write correctly, you need to know the generally accepted rules of spelling (the spelling of a word or its grammatical form) and punctuation (the placement of punctuation marks).
6.Where is the language norm fixed? Give examples.
The language norm is fixed in normative dictionaries and grammars. A significant role in the dissemination and preservation of norms belongs to fiction, theater, school education and media.
Some names and names (for example, names of geographical objects) can exist in a language in different forms (variants), however, usually only one of them is normalized form, that is, in a form that is mandatory for use in scientific, reference and educational publications, as well as in periodicals. For example: St. Petersburg (Peter).
State educational institution
higher professional education
RUSSIAN STATE SOCIAL
UNIVERSITY
Branch in Ivanteevka
Department of Socio-Economic Disciplines
TEST
in Russian language and speech culture
Subject; “Language norm: definitions, basic provisions of the theory of norm”
Scientific adviser:
Chernyakhovskaya M.A.
___________________
"___" ____________2011
Completed:
1st year student
correspondence courses
specialty "Social work"
___________________
"___" ____________2011
Ivanteevka, 2011
Introduction………………………………………………………………………………..3
1. The concept of language norms………………………………………………………..4
2. Types and classification of language norms…………………………….……...……..5
3. Spelling dictionary………………………………………………………...6
4. The dynamism of language development and the variability of norms………………………..……7
Conclusion………………………………………………………………………………………..9
References…………………………………………………………………………………..10
Introduction
Academician D.S. Likhachev advised: “You need to learn good, calm, intelligent speech for a long time and carefully - listening, remembering, noticing, reading and studying. Our speech is the most important part of not only our behavior, but also our soul and mind.”
The task of developing speech skills has become especially urgent in recent decades. This is due to a sharp change in the communication and, accordingly, language situation in society, and with political democratic processes. It is very important for a modern person to be able to construct his own oral statement, understand and adequately respond to someone else’s speech, convincingly defend his own position, observing speech and ethical-psychological rules of behavior.
According to researchers, managers and businessmen spend up to 80% of their working time on communication. In progress professional activity representatives of these specialties use oral speech to plan work, coordinate efforts, check and evaluate results; for assimilation, acquisition and transmission of information; finally, for influence - influence on the views and beliefs, actions of others, in order to change attitudes towards certain facts and phenomena of reality. Speech and the ability to communicate are the main “tools” for creating the image of a business person, i.e. self-presentation, constructing one’s image for others. A noble image guarantees a leader or entrepreneur half the success and constant satisfaction from work. Insufficient speech culture significantly reduces your rating and can have a detrimental effect on your career. Therefore, training highly qualified and competent entrepreneurs and management specialists is impossible without training in the culture of oral verbal communication. The linguistic norm is the central concept of the theory of speech culture.
1. The concept of language norm.
Linguistic norms (standards of literary language, literary norms) are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of the literary language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, spelling, word usage, grammar. A norm is a pattern of uniform, generally accepted use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).
A linguistic phenomenon is considered normative if it is characterized by such features as:
Compliance with the structure of the language;
Massive and regular reproducibility in the process of speech activity of the majority of speaking people;
Public approval and recognition.
Linguistic norms were not invented by philologists; they reflect a certain stage in the development of the literary language of the entire people. Language norms cannot be introduced or abolished by decree; they cannot be reformed administratively. The activity of linguists who study language norms is different - they identify, describe and codify language norms, as well as explain and promote them.
The main sources of language norms include:
Works of classical writers;
Works by contemporary writers who continue classical traditions;
Media publications;
Common modern usage;
Data from linguistic research.
The characteristic features of language norms are:
1. relative stability;
2. prevalence;
3. common use;
4. universally binding;
5. correspondence to the use, custom and capabilities of the language system.
Norms help the literary language maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to perform one of essential functions- cultural.
A speech norm is a set of the most stable traditional implementations of a language system, selected and consolidated in
process of public communication.
The normalization of speech is its compliance with the literary and linguistic ideal.
2. Types of norms and classification of language norms
In literary language, the following types of norms are distinguished:
1) norms of written and oral forms of speech;
2) norms of written speech;
3) norms of oral speech.
The norms common to oral and written speech include:
Lexical norms;
Grammar rules;
Stylistic norms.
Special norms of written speech are:
Spelling standards;
Punctuation standards.
Applicable only to oral speech:
Pronunciation standards;
Stress norms;
Intonation norms.
Norms common to oral and written speech relate to linguistic content and text construction. Lexical norms, or norms of word use, are norms that determine the correct choice of a word from a number of units that are close to it in meaning or form, as well as its use in the meanings that it has in the literary language.
Lexical norms are reflected in explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of foreign words, terminological dictionaries and reference books.
Compliance with lexical norms is the most important condition for the accuracy of speech and its correctness.
Their violation leads to lexical errors different types(examples of errors from applicants’ essays):
Incorrect choice of a word from a number of units, including confusion of paronyms, inaccurate choice of synonym, incorrect choice of a unit of the semantic field (bone type of thinking, analyze the life activity of writers, Nikolaev aggression, Russia experienced many incidents in domestic and foreign policy in those years);
Violation of norms of lexical compatibility (a herd of hares, under the yoke of humanity, a secret curtain, ingrained foundations, has gone through all stages of human development);
The contradiction between the speaker’s intention and the emotional and evaluative connotations of the word (Pushkin correctly chose the path of life and followed it, leaving indelible traces; He made an enormous contribution to the development of Russia);
The use of anachronisms (Lomonosov entered the institute, Raskolnikov studied at the university);
A mixture of linguistic and cultural realities (Lomonosov lived hundreds of miles from the capital);
Misuse phraseological units(Youth was flowing out of him; We need to get him out into fresh water).
Grammatical norms are divided into word-formation, morphological and syntactic.
Morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (forms of gender, number, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). A typical violation of morphological norms is the use of a word in a non-existent or inflectional form that does not correspond to the context (analyzed image, reigning order, victory over fascism, called Plyushkin a hole). Sometimes you can hear the following phrases: railway rail, imported shampoo, registered parcel post, patent leather shoes. There is a morphological error in these phrases - the gender of the nouns is incorrectly formed.
Orthoepic norms include norms of pronunciation, stress and intonation of oral speech. Pronunciation norms of the Russian language are determined primarily by the following phonetic factors:
Stunning of voiced consonants at the end of words: du[p], bread[p].
Reduction of unstressed vowels (changes in sound quality)
Assimilation is the likening of consonants in terms of voicedness and deafness at the junction of morphemes: only voiced consonants are pronounced before voiced consonants, only voiceless ones are pronounced before deaf ones: furnish - o[p]post, run away - [h]escape, fry - and [z]roast.
The loss of some sounds in combinations of consonants: stn, zdn, stl, lnts: holiday - pra[zn]ik, sun - so[nc]e.
Compliance with spelling norms is an important part of speech culture, because their violation creates in listeners an unpleasant impression of the speech and the speaker himself, and distracts from the perception of the content of the speech. Orthoepic norms are recorded in orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language and dictionaries of accents.
3. Spelling dictionary.
This dictionary mainly includes the following words:
Pronunciation that cannot be clearly established based on their written form;
Having a movable stress in grammatical forms;
Forming some grammatical forms in non-standard ways;
Words that experience stress fluctuations throughout the entire system of forms or in individual forms.
The dictionary introduces a scale of normativity: some options are considered equal, in other cases one of the options is considered basic and the other acceptable. The dictionary also gives marks indicating the variant of pronunciation of the word in poetic and professional speech.
The following main phenomena are reflected in pronunciation notes:
Softening of consonants, i.e. soft pronunciation of consonants under the influence of subsequent soft consonants, for example: review, -i;
Changes occurring in consonant clusters, such as pronunciation of stn as [sn] (local);
Possible pronunciation of one consonant sound (hard or soft) in place of two identical letters, for example: apparatus, -a [n]; effect, -a [f b];
Firm pronunciation of consonants followed by the vowel e in place of spelling combinations with e in words of foreign origin, for example hotel, -я [te];
Lack of reduction in words of foreign origin, i.e. pronunciation of unstressed vowel sounds in place of the letters o, e, a, which does not correspond to the rules of reading, for example: bonton, -a [bo]; nocturne, -a [faculty. But];
Peculiarities in the pronunciation of consonants associated with syllable separation in words with collateral stress, for example, head of the laboratory [zaf/l], neskl. m, f.
4. Dynamic development of language and variability of norms .
The language system, being in constant use, is created and modified by the collective efforts of those who use it... New things in speech experience that do not fit into the framework of the language system, but that work and are functionally appropriate, lead to restructuring in it, and each successive state of the language system serves basis for comparison during subsequent processing of speech experience. Thus, language develops and changes in the process of speech functioning, and at each stage of this development the language system inevitably contains elements that have not completed the process of change.
Therefore, various fluctuations and variations are inevitable in any language."
The constant development of language leads to changes in literary norms. What was the norm in the last century and even 15-20 years ago may become a deviation from it today. So, for example, previously the words snack bar, toy, bakery, everyday, deliberately, decently, creamy, apple, scrambled eggs were pronounced with the sounds [shn]. At the end of the 20th century. such pronunciation as the only (strictly obligatory) norm was preserved only in the words deliberately, scrambled eggs. In the words bakery, along with the traditional pronunciation [shn], the new pronunciation [chn] is recognized as acceptable. In the words everyday, apple, the new pronunciation is recommended as the main option, and the old one is allowed as a possible option. In the word creamy, the pronunciation [shn] is recognized as an acceptable, but outdated option, and in the words snack bar, toy, the new pronunciation [chn] has become the only possible normative option.
This example clearly shows that in the history of a literary language the following are possible:
Maintaining the old norm;
Competition between two options, in which dictionaries recommend the traditional option;
Competition of options, in which dictionaries recommend a new option;
Approval of the new option as the only normative one.
In the history of a language, not only orthoepic norms change, but also all other norms.
An example of a change in lexical norm is the words diploma student and applicant. At the beginning of the 20th century. the word diplomant denoted a student completing a thesis work, and the word diplomannik was a colloquial (stylistic) version of the word diplomant. In the literary norm of the 50-60s. a distinction was made in the use of these words: the word diplomat began to be used to call a student during the period of preparation and defense of the thesis (it lost the stylistic connotation of a colloquial word), and the word diplomat began to be used to name the winners of competitions, shows, competitions, marked with a winner’s diploma.
The word applicant was used to designate those who graduated high school, and those who entered the university, since both of these concepts in many cases refer to the same person. In the middle of the 20th century. For those graduating from high school, the word graduate was assigned, and the word applicant in this meaning fell out of use.
Grammar norms also change in the language. IN XIX literature V. and in colloquial speech of that time the words dahlia, hall, piano were used - these were feminine words. In modern Russian, the norm is to use these words as masculine words - dahlia, hall, piano.
An example of a change in stylistic norms is the entry into the literary language of dialectal and colloquial words, for example, bully, whiner, background, pandemonium, hype.
Conclusion
Each new generation relies on existing texts, stable figures of speech, and ways of expressing thoughts. From the language of these texts, it selects the most appropriate words and figures of speech, takes what is relevant for itself from what was developed by previous generations, bringing in its own to express new ideas, ideas, a new vision of the world. Naturally, new generations are abandoning what seems archaic, not in tune with the new manner of formulating thoughts, conveying their feelings, attitudes towards people and events. Sometimes they return to archaic forms, giving them new content, new angles of understanding.
Every historical era the norm is a complex phenomenon and exists in rather difficult conditions.
1. Norms help the literary language maintain its integrity and general intelligibility, protect it from the flow of dialect speech, social jargon, and vernacular.
2.Language norms are constantly changing. This is an objective process that does not depend on the will and desire of individual language speakers.
3.Norms help the literary language maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to perform one of the most important functions - cultural.
Bibliography
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Publisher: Iris-Press
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