home

Presentation on the topic: Genres of journalistic style. Reporting as a special journalistic genre Presentation on the topic: Genres of journalistic style. Travel essay

Just like fiction, journalism is thematically inexhaustible, its genre range is enormous. The genres of journalistic style include speeches of lawyers, speakers, appearances in the press (article, note, report, feuilleton); as well as travel sketch, portrait sketch, essay. Today we will dwell in detail on the features of the essay genre and its varieties. Journalism, which is called the chronicle of modern times, since it fully reflects current history, is addressed to topical problems of society - political, social, everyday, philosophical, etc., is close to fiction.

The word "essay" came into Russian from French and historically goes back to the Latin word exagium (weighing). The French ézai can literally be translated by the words experience, trial, attempt, sketch, essay. This is a prose work of small volume and free composition, expressing individual impressions and considerations on a specific occasion or issue and obviously not claiming to be a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject.

The main purpose of an essay is to convey information or explain something. The essay accomplishes this task through the author's direct statement, which means that neither characters nor plot are created in the essay. Typically, an essay assumes a new, subjective opinion about a situation and can be of a philosophical, journalistic, critical, popular science, etc. nature.

The presence of a specific topic or question. A work devoted to the analysis of a wide range of problems, by definition, cannot be written in the essay genre. Some characteristics of an essay An essay expresses individual impressions and considerations on a specific topic or issue and does not purport to be a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject. As a rule, an essay involves a new, subjectively colored word about something; such a work can be philosophical, historical-biographical, journalistic, literary-critical, popular science or purely fictional in nature. in the content of the essay, the personality of the author is assessed primarily - his worldview, thoughts and feelings.

An essay topic should serve its purpose of provoking thought. This may be a controversial thesis or a well-known saying. Therefore, the formulation of the essay topic usually contains a question and a problem, for example: “Smart vote-getters become rulers.” K. Pobedonostsev, “What is more important: guns or butter?” Essay topic

In an essay, an object or phenomenon serves as a pretext for the writer’s thoughts. Or the writer walks in circles around a specific topic, as if “weaving lace” or a “web” of a narrative. This quality can be observed by analyzing the names. Often the preposition “O” appears in them, since the title only approximately reflects the content of the work, or is the initial point for the author’s reasoning, or is not directly related to the topic of the essay. It is no coincidence that the conjunctions “AS” and “OR” are present. (“On Conscience”, “On the Nature of Words”, “How to Read a Book”). The essay can be devoted to philosophical and historical problems, critical and literary issues, autobiographical facts and much more.

An essay can be embodied in various literary forms: a moral sermon, an article, a diary, a story, a confession, a speech, and many others. Using their capabilities and crossing genre boundaries, the essay retains its genre independence. (“Political confession young man", "Sketch of the Poet's Knowledge", "Unsent Letter to the Singer").

1. Title page (used mainly in student essays). 2. Introduction of the essay. The essence and rationale for the chosen topic. At this stage, it is necessary to formulate a question that will be answered during the writing of the essay. In addition, it is important to determine the relevance of the topic and the terms necessary to disclose it 3. The main part of the essay. Statement of the answer to the main question. This part contains an analysis of available data and argumentation of the author’s point of view. Depending on the question, analysis can be carried out on the basis of various philosophical categories, for example: cause - effect, form - content, part - whole, etc. Each paragraph of your essay should contain only one complete thought. 4. Conclusion of the essay. Summarizing the conclusions already made, summing up the general results. In addition, you can once again repeat the main points of the essay, make an illustrative quote, or end the essay with sublime notes. Essay structure

The structure of the essay is determined by the requirements for it: The essay author's thoughts on the issue are presented in the form of brief abstracts (T). The idea must be supported by evidence - therefore the thesis is followed by arguments (A). Arguments are facts, phenomena public life, events, life situations and life experiences, scientific evidence, references to the opinions of scientists, etc. It is better to give two arguments in favor of each thesis: one argument seems unconvincing, three arguments can “overload” a presentation made in a genre focused on brevity and imagery . Essay structure Thus, the essay acquires a ring structure (the number of theses and arguments depends on the topic, the chosen plan, the logic of the development of thought): introduction, thesis, arguments, conclusion.

1. The introduction and conclusion should focus attention on the problem (in the introduction it is posed, in the conclusion the author’s opinion is summarized). 2. It is necessary to highlight paragraphs, red lines, establish logical connection paragraphs: this is how the integrity of the work is achieved. 3. Style of presentation: the essay is characterized by emotionality, expressiveness, and artistry. Experts believe that the desired effect is ensured by short, simple, varied intonation sentences, and the skillful use of the “most modern” punctuation mark - the dash. However, style reflects personality characteristics, it is also useful to remember this. When writing an essay, it is also important to consider the following points: Classification of essays From the point of view of content, essays can be: philosophical, literary-critical, historical, artistic, artistic-journalistic, spiritual-religious, etc.

1. Small volume. Of course, there are no hard boundaries. The volume of the essay is from three to seven pages of computer text. For example, at Harvard Business School, essays are often written in just two pages. IN Russian universities Essays up to ten pages are allowed, albeit typewritten. 2. A specific topic and a distinctly subjective interpretation of it. The topic of the essay is always specific. An essay cannot contain many topics or ideas (thoughts). It reflects only one option, one thought. And develops it. This is the answer to one question. Features of an essay

3. Free composition - important feature essay. Researchers note that the essay, by its nature, is structured in such a way that it does not tolerate any formal framework. It is often constructed contrary to the laws of logic, is subject to arbitrary associations, and is guided by the principle “Everything is the other way around.” 4. Ease of storytelling. It is important for the essay writer to establish a trusting style of communication with the reader; in order to be understood, he avoids deliberately complicated, unclear, and overly strict constructions. The researchers note that good essay can only be written by someone who is fluent in the topic, sees it from various angles and is ready to present to the reader not an exhaustive, but a multidimensional view of the phenomenon that became the starting point of his thoughts.

5. Tendency to paradoxes. The essay is designed to surprise the reader (listener) - this, according to many researchers, is its mandatory quality. The starting point for reflections embodied in an essay is often an aphoristic, vivid statement or a paradoxical definition, literally confronting at first glance indisputable, but mutually exclusive statements, characteristics, theses. 6. Internal semantic unity. Perhaps this is one of the paradoxes of the genre. Free in composition, focused on subjectivity, the essay at the same time has an internal semantic unity, i.e. consistency of key theses and statements, internal harmony of arguments and associations, consistency of those judgments in which the author’s personal position is expressed.

7. Focus on colloquial speech. At the same time, it is necessary to avoid using slang, cliched phrases, abbreviation of words, and an overly frivolous tone in the essay. The language used in essay writing should be taken seriously. So, when writing an essay, it is important to determine (understand) its topic, determine the desired volume and goals of each paragraph. Start with a main idea or catchy phrase. The task is to immediately capture the attention of the reader (listener). Comparative allegory is often used here, when an unexpected fact or event is associated with the main theme of the essay.

1. A mandatory formal requirement for this work is the title. The rest: content, way of presenting thoughts, statement of the problem, formulation of conclusions, etc. - written at the discretion of the author. 2. The main requirement of a substantive nature is to express the author’s view on the problem under consideration. Options are possible here: the comparison is already known points the viewpoint and opinion of the writer or only the expression of the author’s subjective thoughts on the issue under consideration. General recommendations:

3. As a means artistic expression When writing an essay, it is encouraged to use various metaphors, associations, comparisons, give aphorisms, quotes (however, do not forget that an essay is still a personal opinion and you should not get carried away with quoting), drawing parallels and analogies, etc. Liveliness and dynamism are usually added to the text of an essay by questions, unexpected transitions, and unpredictable conclusions. 4. When writing an essay, you should avoid phrases such as “In this essay I will talk about...”, “This essay addresses the problem...”, etc. It is much better to replace them with questions, a statement of a problem, or an appeal to the reader, because the main goal of the essay is to interest the reader, convey to him the author’s point of view, make him think about what he read, and draw his own conclusions on the issues under study. The main thing when writing an essay is to express YOUR point of view.

The dynamism of today's life and the high pace of all processes occurring in society have also affected the sphere of education. The most important requirements for the level of education modern man are not only deep knowledge of professional orientation, but also the ability to competently, coherently, accessiblely and beautifully formulate one’s thoughts. Therefore, one of the most frequently used ways to monitor students’ knowledge is writing an essay.

Dictionary. Essay – 1. a short literary work, a brief description of life events (usually socially significant).2. A general statement of a question. Encyclopedic Dictionary. Essay – 1. in fiction, one of the types of story, characterized by great descriptiveness, affects mainly social problems. 2. a journalistic, including documentary, essay presents and analyzes various facts and phenomena of social life, usually accompanied by a direct interpretation of them by the author.

There are short essays published in newspapers, large ones published in magazines, and entire books of essays. Thus, at one time the magazine published M. Gorky’s essays “In America.” An entire book consists of essays by V. Ovechkin about the Russian village of the 50s, “District Everyday Life.” There are books of essays by V. Korolenko, L. Leonov, D. Granin, V. Lakshin, V. Rasputin.

Travel essays and travel sketches are very popular. Trips, expeditions, meetings with interesting people provide rich material for reliable and at the same time artistic description edges, for stories about interesting people, their way of life, for thinking about life. Characteristic feature The essay is documentary, the reliability of the facts and events that are discussed. It names the real names and surnames of the persons depicted, real and not fictitious places of events, describes the real situation, indicates the time of action, the essay, as in a work of art, uses and means of expression, an element of artistic typification is introduced. An essay, like other genres of journalism, always raises some important problem. There is a distinction between a travel essay, which tells about impressions on the road: sketches of nature, people’s everyday life are given. A portrait essay reveals a person’s personality, his character, and a problematic essay, in which some socially significant problem is raised, ways of solving it are proposed and analyzed. Often, an essay combines all its varieties: a travelogue contains portrait sketches or a problem that worries the author.

How would you title the text? Ex. 411 Which genre of journalistic style of speech would you classify this text as? ( Travel essay.) Signs of what style are manifested? (Artistic.) (Theme is the place of the family in society; the main idea is the family is the basis of society.) Ex. 429 What socially significant issue is discussed in this text? (Moral and ethical.) Determine the topic and main idea.

(Description of the hero’s appearance; a story about his business, profession, creativity; individual biographical facts; a description of the character traits of the hero of his speech; an episode (or several episodes that reveal the main thing in the hero.) Exercise 416 What did you learn from the essay about the Russian writer, master of oral storytelling Irakli Andronikov? How do you imagine this person? What do you think are the main parts of an essay?

As the beginning of an essay, a description of the hero’s appearance, a description of the scene, or a description of the environment can be used. The beginning can also be narrative if the author decided to start the essay with some episode that clearly characterizes the personality of the hero. Everything depends not only on the writing style, but also on the problems that the author solves in his essay. How to start a portrait sketch? An essay is a genre form in which the engine of plot development, the main organizing factor of the material, is the author’s “I”, the image of the author (his attitude to reality, to the subject of the image). Essays can be more or less restrained, strict in the degree of self-expression, in tone (this depends on individual taste and manner), but a mandatory feature of the genre remains the close connection of the presentation with the author’s “I”. What do you think is the place of the author’s position in a portrait sketch?

Card 2 What kind of person do you imagine? Ancient Rus', meaning its most typical, characteristic features? Write the beginning of a essay about a person you know well. Where do you start? Individual work Ex. 419, 420, 421,422. Card 1 Select and write down adjectives that characterize a person’s physique, his figure, posture, gait, face, look, hair, hands.

What is the place of the author's position in the essay? Let's repeat What genres of journalistic style do you know? What is an essay? What is special about a problem essay? What type of speech is used to construct a problem essay? What is a travelogue? Give examples. What is the difference between a portrait sketch and a portrait characterization in a work of art?

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Students, graduate students, young scientists who use the knowledge base in their studies and work will be very grateful to you.

Posted on http://www.allbest.ru/

Publicistical style and its features

The word journalistic is derived from the Latin word publicus, which means “public, state”. The words journalistic (socio-political literature on modern, topical topics) and publicist (author of works on socio-political topics) have the same root as the word journalistic. Etymologically, all these words are related to the word public, which has two meanings: 1) visitors, spectators, listeners; 2) people, people.

The purpose of the journalistic style of speech- informing, transmitting socially significant information with a simultaneous influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something, instilling in him certain ideas, views, inducing him to certain actions.

The scope of use of journalistic style of speech- socio-economic, political, cultural relations.

Genres of journalism- article in a newspaper, magazine, essay, report, interview, feuilleton, oratorical speech, judicial speech, speech on radio, television, at a meeting, report.

The journalistic style of speech is characterized by logic, imagery, emotionality, evaluativeness, appeal and their corresponding linguistic means. It widely uses socio-political vocabulary and various types of syntactic constructions.

A journalistic text is often constructed as a scientific argument: an important public problem, possible ways to solve it are analyzed and evaluated, generalizations and conclusions are made, the material is arranged in a strict logical sequence, and general scientific terminology is used. This brings him closer to the scientific style.

Publicistic speeches are distinguished by reliability, accuracy of facts, specificity, and strict validity. This also brings him closer to the scientific style of speech. On the other hand, journalistic speech is characterized by passion and appeal. The most important requirement for journalism is accessibility: it is intended for a wide audience and must be understandable to everyone.

The journalistic style has much in common with the artistic style of speech. In order to effectively influence the reader or listener, his imagination and feelings, the speaker or writer uses epithets, comparisons, metaphors and other figurative means, resorts to colloquial and even colloquial words and expressions, phraseological expressions that enhance the emotional impact of speech.

The journalistic articles of literary critics V.G. are widely known. Belinsky, N.A. Dobrolyubova, N.G. Chernyshevsky, N.V. Shelgunov, historians S.M. Solovyova, V.O. Klyuchevsky, philosophers V.V. Rozanova, N.A. Berdyaev, speeches by outstanding Russian lawyers A.F. Koni, F.N. Gobber. M. Gorky turned to journalistic genres (the cycles “On Modernity”, “In America”, “Notes on Philistinism”, “Untimely Thoughts”), V.G. Korolenko (letters to A.V. Lunacharsky), M.A. Sholokhov, A.N. Tolstoy, L.M. Leonov. Writers S.P. are known for their journalistic articles. Zalygin, V.G. Rasputin, D.A. Granin, V.Ya. Lakshin, academician D.S. Likhachev.

The journalistic style (as mentioned earlier) includes the speech of the defense attorney or prosecutor in court. And the fate of a person often depends on their oratory and ability to speak.

The journalistic style of speech is characterized by the widespread use of socio-political vocabulary, as well as vocabulary denoting the concepts of morality, ethics, medicine, economics, culture, words from the field of psychology, words denoting the internal state, human experiences, etc.

In the journalistic style the following words are often used: with the prefixes a-, anti-, de-, inter-, time- (s-); with the suffixes -i(ya), -tsi(ya), -izatsi(ya), -ism, -ist; with roots close in meaning to the prefixes, all-, general-, super-.

The vocabulary of the journalistic style is characterized by the use of figurative means, figurative meaning of words, words with a strong emotional connotation.

The means of emotional influence used in this style of speech are diverse. For the most part they resemble figurative and expressive means of artistic style of speech with the difference, however, that their main purpose is not the creation of artistic images, but rather the influence on the reader, listener, convincing him of something and informing, transmitting information.

Emotional means of expressive language can include epithets (including those that are an appendix), comparisons, metaphors, rhetorical questions and appeals, lexical repetitions, gradation. Gradation is sometimes combined with repetition (not a single week, not a single day, not a single minute can be lost), it can intensify grammatical means: the use of gradational conjunctions and conjunctions (not only..., but also; not only..., but and; not only..., how much). This includes phraseological units, proverbs, sayings, colloquial figures of speech (including colloquialisms); the use of literary images, quotes, linguistic means of humor, irony, satire (witty comparisons, ironic inserts, satirical retelling, parody, puns).

Emotional means of language are combined in a journalistic style with strict logical evidence, semantic highlighting of particularly important words, phrases, individual parts statements.

Socio-political vocabulary is replenished as a result of borrowings, new formations and the revival of previously known words, but which have received a new meaning (for example: entrepreneur, business, market, etc.).

In the journalistic style of speech, as in the scientific style, nouns are often used in genitive case in the role inconsistent definition like the voice of the world, neighboring countries. In sentences, verbs in the imperative mood and reflexive verbs often act as predicates.

The syntax of this style of speech is characterized by the use of homogeneous members, introductory words and sentences, participial and participial phrases, and complex syntactic constructions.

Genres of journalistic style

One of the most common genres of journalism is the essay.

Essay - 1. A short literary work, a brief description of life events (usually socially significant). Documentary, journalistic, everyday. 2. A general presentation of a question. O. Russian history. (Explanatory dictionary of the Russian language.)

Essay - 1) In fiction, one of the types of stories is highly descriptive and deals primarily with social problems. 2) A journalistic essay, including a documentary one, presents and analyzes various facts and phenomena of social life, usually accompanied by a direct interpretation of them by the author. (Encyclopedic Dictionary.)

There are short essays published in newspapers, large ones published in magazines, and entire books of essays. Thus, at one time the magazine published M. Gorky’s essays “In America”. An entire book consists of essays by V. Ovechkin about the Russian village of the 50s - “District Everyday Life”. Famous books of essays by V. Korolenko, L. Leonov, D. Granin, V. Lakshin, V. Rasputin.

So, based on dictionary definitions, we can conclude that a characteristic feature of the essay is documentation, reliability of facts, events, which we're talking about. It names the real names and surnames of the persons depicted, real and not fictitious places of events, describes the real situation, and indicates the time of action. An essay, like a work of fiction, uses visual arts, an element of artistic typification is introduced.

An essay, like other genres of journalism, always raises some important problem.

Distinguish travel essay, which tells about travel impressions: sketches of nature, people’s life, portrait sketch- reveals a person’s personality, his character, and problem essay, in which some socially significant problem is raised, ways of solving it are proposed and analyzed. Often, an essay combines all its varieties: in a travel essay, there are portrait sketches or a problem that worries the author.

1. Travel essay.

Very popular travel essay, travel sketches. Trips, expeditions, meetings with interesting people provide rich material for a reliable and at the same time artistic description of the region, for telling stories about interesting people, their way of life, for thinking about life.

A travel essay, a travel diary, travel notes by experts and nature lovers help us better understand the natural environment around us - its sounds, colors, forms, its mysterious language, and penetrate into the deep essence of natural phenomena.

2. Portrait sketch.

The hero of a portrait sketch is a specific person who has certain advantages and disadvantages. In a portrait essay, the author gives not only a portrait in the narrow sense of the word, but also a description of the environment in which the hero of the essay lives and works, talks about his work, interests, hobbies, and his relationships with others. All this together helps to reveal the inner world of the hero of the essay.

An external portrait is not only a description of the face, hands, eye color, hair, hairstyle, clothing, but also gait, gestures, manners, voice characteristics, and laughter. It is very important to talk about the expression of the eyes, gaze, smile. It is not at all necessary to describe all facial features. It is enough to capture and convey the brightest, most memorable, most characteristic of a given person.

An “inner” portrait is a person’s character, his inner world: interests, habits, way of thinking, attitude to business, to people, to himself, his usual moods, behavior in different situations, his beliefs and views, feelings and experiences.

Between the external portrait of a person and his “internal” portrait, i.e. character, there is always a connection, but you need to be able to notice and express it. A person’s character can be expressed in a smile, voice, laughter, in movements, habitual gestures, in characteristic words and turns of speech. To notice and understand this connection, you need to see a person in different situations, meet him more than once, watch him from the outside. And the author of the essay is constantly looking for such linguistic means: words, figures of speech, epithets, comparisons, metaphors that would allow him to most fully, laconicly and at the same time vividly convey the real features of the person depicted and express his attitude towards him.

For completeness and greater authenticity of the portrait, the essay uses biographical data of the person depicted, describes the environment in which the hero operates, the most characteristic and most significant (from the point of view of the main idea, the main plan) episodes from his life.

How to start an essay? Each author solves this question differently in each specific case. In the introduction, the author usually talks about something very important for understanding the personality of the hero of the essay. It should interest and intrigue the reader in order to make him want to read this essay to the end.

3. Problem essay.

At the center of the problematic essay are socially significant issues: political, economic, moral and ethical, etc. The author of the essay tries to intervene in the solution of important problems, enters into polemics with his opponents.

In this genre of journalistic style of speech, portrait sketches can be used, but the main thing here is not the character of this or that person, but his attitude to these issues, different points of view, different views. In such an essay you can also find travel notes and sketches. But they also serve as confirmation of the author’s position in the dispute, an expression of a certain view, and one of the means of proof. An essay of this type is polemical in nature. The problem essay is constructed according to the type of reasoning.

The means of journalistic style (social and moral-ethical vocabulary, rhetorical questions and appeals, appealing intonations, civic pathos, etc.) are used both in fiction and in poetry - classical and modern.

Oral presentation

The journalistic style of speech includes not only articles, essays, reports, but also oral presentations - speeches, reports.

The main task of oral presentation is communication, it is an opportunity to convey information to your listener and convince him to prove his point of view.

In journalistic speeches, colloquial vocabulary, simple sentence structures, incomplete interrogative and exclamatory sentences, appeals are widely used; participial and adverbial phrases are used less frequently, they are replaced subordinate clauses, homogeneous members. Oral public speech is rich in phraseological units, figurative means, it more often than in ordinary oral speech, epithets, comparisons, metaphors are used.

In an oral journalistic speech, both commonly used vocabulary, colloquial and socio-political, are used. If the speech is on a scientific or technical topic, then some commonly used terms are used.

Each of us in our lives has had or will have to speak in front of audiences and prepare a speech ourselves. This is more difficult than paraphrasing someone's article, speech or book. Public speaking requires the speaker to be lively, emotional, passionate about what he is talking about, and convinced of what he is saying, and the ability to communicate with the public. In an oral presentation, the beginning of the speech and the persuasiveness of the argumentation of the main idea are very important. Great value acquires this in cases where the fate of a person is decided, for example, during the defense and prosecution in a trial.

Report

A report is a detailed discussion, characterized by the completeness of the topic and its completeness. A report is the most complex and responsible form of oral presentation. In it, as in other oral statements, one can distinguish the main thesis, the main position that needs to be revealed, proven, and particular theses.

The basics of constructing a report and the requirements for it are set out earlier (see “Oral presentation”). However, the report, unlike other types of oral presentations, has its own characteristics:

1. The report, like any speech, is prepared in advance. Briefly, in the form of a thesis, each position is outlined. The general thesis is confirmed and revealed by specific theses. For each thesis, evidence is selected: facts, examples, figures. The necessary conclusions and generalizations are thought out in advance.

2. Depending on main idea, the main thesis, the tasks and goals set in the report, the speech is built: where to start, how to capture the attention of the audience, how to attract the skeptical part of it to your side and try to convince them of what you will talk about. “For the success of a speech, the flow of thought of the lecturer is important,” wrote A.F. Koni. - If the thought jumps from subject to subject, is thrown around, if the main thing is constantly interrupted, then such speech is almost impossible to listen to. It is necessary to construct a plan so that the second thought follows from the first, the third from the second, etc. or so that there is a natural transition from one to the other.”

3. The report wins if some problems are posed to the listeners and they are immediately solved either by the speaker himself or together with the listeners.

4. The report is well received if it somehow touches on the life, interests, problems of the audience to whom you are speaking, its current concerns or anxieties, prospects and expectations.

5. When giving a report, you can use theses and working notes. Specific situation during the speech requires special words, and sometimes the restructuring of the entire speech. Therefore, it is important not to lose the main train of thought, the logical connection between theses and proposals, to prepare logical transitions in advance, to have examples and arguments in stock.

genre journalism style speech

Discussion

You must be able not only to make reports, conduct a report, take and give interviews, but also to participate in the discussion of messages, reports of other people, in dialogues, disputes and discussions on emerging problems, to be an opponent (i.e., make an objection) on this or that another question. What is important for this?

1. It is necessary to try to polemicize, object to argumentation, with scientific, economic justification to prove the truth, to convince not with the power of one’s voice, but with facts.

2. Turn defending your views (yours or the speaker’s, if you support him) into an offensive.

3. Do not get involved in empty polemics and do not give others a reason for such polemics.

4. Find the courage to admit what is true even from the opponent of your idea.

5. Try not to resort to the means used by an unscrupulous opponent (distortion of facts, statements, avoidance of the main thing).

Newspaper

Speaking about the journalistic style of speech, one cannot ignore the materials of the newspaper, which is one of the most mass media communications, i.e. communication.

One of the important functions of a newspaper is information. Striving in the shortest possible time to report the latest news is reflected in their speech embodiment.

For a modern newspaper, analyticity, evidence-based presentation, and a confidential tone of conversation have become more characteristic.

But the newspaper is also called upon to educate the masses. Therefore, it also performs a popularization function: it reports on new scientific discoveries, new technologies, problems of economics, medicine, forgotten or newly understood facts of history.

The vocabulary of the newspaper is characterized by the use large quantity adjectives and nouns of an evaluative nature, metaphors, phraseological units, terminological words and expressions (necessarily commented), colloquial and colloquial vocabulary, foreign language borrowings.

The syntax of newspaper materials shows relatively simple constructions, an abundance of unusual phrases (especially in headlines), and the use of casual dialogue form; the use of present tense verbs to mean the past or future.

Posted on Allbest.ru

Presentation on the topic: Genres of journalistic style. Travel essay

Slide no. 1

Slide description:

Slide no. 2

Slide description:

Slide no. 3

Slide description:

Just like fiction, journalism is thematically inexhaustible, its genre range is enormous. The genres of journalistic style include speeches of lawyers, speakers, appearances in the press (article, note, report, feuilleton); as well as travel sketch, portrait sketch, essay. Today we will dwell in detail on the features of the essay genre and its varieties. Journalism, which is called the chronicle of modernity, since it fully reflects current history, is addressed to topical problems of society: political, social, everyday, philosophical, etc., and is close to fiction.

Slide no. 4

Slide description:

Slide no. 5

Slide description:

Slide no. 6

Slide description:

The presence of a specific topic or question. A work devoted to the analysis of a wide range of problems, by definition, cannot be written in the essay genre. Some features of an essay An essay expresses individual impressions and thoughts on a specific issue and does not pretend to be a definitive or exhaustive interpretation of the subject. As a rule, an essay involves a new, subjectively colored word about something; such a work can be philosophical, historical-biographical, journalistic, literary-critical, popular science or purely fictional in nature. The content of the essay evaluates, first of all, the personality of the author - his worldview, thoughts and feelings.

Slide no. 7

Slide description:

An essay topic should serve its purpose of provoking thought. This may be a controversial thesis or a well-known saying. Therefore, the formulation of the essay topic usually contains a question and a problem, for example: “Are mercy and compassion necessary in modern world? or “Kindness... What is it?” Essay topic

Slide no. 8

Slide description:

Slide no. 9

Slide description:

An essay can be embodied in various literary forms: a moral sermon, an article, a diary, a story, a confession, a speech, and many others. Using their capabilities and crossing genre boundaries, the essay retains its genre independence. (“Confession of a Young Man”, “Sketch of Knowledge of a Prose Writer”, “An Unsent Letter from an Actress”).

Slide no. 10

Slide description:

1. Title page (used mainly in student essays). 2. Introduction of the essay. The essence and rationale for the chosen topic. At this stage, it is necessary to formulate a question that will be answered during the writing of the essay. In addition, it is important to determine the relevance of the topic and the terms necessary to disclose it 3. The main part of the essay. Statement of the answer to the main question. This part contains an analysis of the available data and argumentation of the author’s point of view. Depending on the question, analysis can be carried out on the basis of various philosophical categories, for example: cause - effect, form - content, part - whole, etc. Each paragraph of your essay should contain only one complete thought. 4. Conclusion of the essay. Summarizing the conclusions already made, summing up the general results. In addition, you can once again repeat the main points of the essay, make an illustrative quote, or end the essay with sublime notes. Essay structure

Slide no. 11

Slide description:

The structure of the essay is determined by the requirements for it: The essay author's thoughts on the issue are presented in the form of brief abstracts (T). The idea must be supported by evidence, so the thesis is followed by arguments (A). Arguments are facts, phenomena of social life, events, life situations and life experiences, scientific evidence, references to the opinions of scientists, etc. It is better to give two arguments in favor of each thesis: one argument seems unconvincing, three arguments can “overload” the presentation made in a genre focused on brevity and imagery. Essay structure Thus, the essay acquires a ring structure (the number of theses and arguments depends on the topic, the chosen plan, the logic of the development of thought): introduction, thesis, arguments, conclusion.

Slide no. 12

Slide description:

The introduction and conclusion should focus attention on the problem (in the introduction it is posed, in the conclusion the author’s opinion is summarized). It is necessary to highlight paragraphs, red lines, and establish a logical connection between paragraphs: this is how the integrity of the work is achieved. Presentation style: the essay is characterized by emotionality, expressiveness, and artistry. Experts believe that the desired effect is ensured by short, simple, varied intonation sentences, and the skillful use of the “most modern” punctuation mark - the dash. However, style reflects personality characteristics, it is also useful to remember this. When writing an essay, it is also important to consider the following points: Classification of essays From the point of view of content, essays can be: philosophical, literary-critical, historical, artistic, artistic-journalistic, spiritual-religious, etc.

Slide no. 13

Slide description:

1.Small volume. Of course, there are no hard boundaries. The volume of the essay is from three to seven pages of computer text. 2. A specific topic and a distinctly subjective interpretation of it. The topic of the essay is always specific. An essay cannot contain many topics or ideas (thoughts). It reflects only one option, one thought. And develops it. This is the answer to one question. Features of an essay

Slide no. 14

Slide description:

3. Free composition is an important feature of the essay. Researchers note that the essay, by its nature, is structured in such a way that it does not tolerate any formal framework. It is often constructed contrary to the laws of logic, is subject to arbitrary associations, and is guided by the principle “Everything is the other way around.” 4. Ease of storytelling. It is important for the essay writer to establish a trusting style of communication with the reader; in order to be understood, he avoids deliberately complicated, unclear, and overly strict constructions. Researchers note that a good essay can only be written by someone who is fluent in the topic, sees it from different angles and is ready to present the reader with a not exhaustive, but multidimensional view of the phenomenon that became the starting point of his thoughts.

Slide no. 15

Slide description:

Slide no. 16

Slide description:

7. Focus on spoken language. At the same time, it is necessary to avoid using slang, cliched phrases, abbreviation of words, and an overly frivolous tone in the essay. The language used in essay writing should be taken seriously. So, when writing an essay, it is important to determine (understand) its topic, determine the desired volume and goals of each paragraph. Start with a main idea or catchy phrase. The task is to immediately capture the attention of the reader (listener). Comparative allegory is often used here, when an unexpected fact or event is associated with the main theme of the essay.

Slide no. 17

Slide description:

1. A mandatory formal requirement for this work is the title. The rest: content, way of presenting thoughts, statement of the problem, formulation of conclusions, etc. - written at the discretion of the author. 2. The main requirement of a substantive nature is to express the author’s view on the problem under consideration. Options are possible here: a comparison of already known points of view and the opinion of the writer, or only the expression of the author’s subjective thoughts on the issue under consideration. General recommendations:

Slide no. 18

Slide description:

3. As a means of artistic expression when writing an essay, the use of various metaphors, associations, comparisons, aphorisms, drawing parallels and analogies, etc. is encouraged. Liveliness and dynamism are usually added to the text of an essay by questions, unexpected transitions, and unpredictable conclusions. 4. When writing an essay, you should avoid phrases such as “In this essay I will talk about...”, “This essay addresses the problem...”, etc. It is much better to replace them with questions, a statement of a problem, or an appeal to the reader, because the main goal of the essay is to interest the reader, convey to him the author’s point of view, make him think about what he read, and draw his own conclusions on the issues under study. The main thing when writing an essay is to express YOUR point of view.

Slide description:

Dictionary. Essay – 1. a small literary work, a brief description of life events (usually socially significant).2. A general statement of a question. Encyclopedic Dictionary. Essay – 1. in fiction, one of the types of short stories, characterized by great descriptiveness, and mainly touches on social problems. 2. a journalistic, including documentary, essay presents and analyzes various facts and phenomena of social life, usually accompanied by a direct interpretation of them by the author.

Slide no. 21

Slide description:

There are short essays published in newspapers, large ones published in magazines, and entire books of essays. Thus, at one time the magazine published M. Gorky’s essays “In America.” An entire book consists of essays by V. Ovechkin about the Russian village of the 50s - “District Everyday Life”. There are books of essays by V. Korolenko, L. Leonov, D. Granin, V. Lakshin, V. Rasputin.

Slide no. 22

Slide description:

Travel essays and travel sketches are very popular. Trips, expeditions, meetings with interesting people provide rich material for a reliable and at the same time artistic description of the region, for telling stories about interesting people, their way of life, for thinking about life. A characteristic feature of the essay is documentation, reliability of the facts and events discussed. It names the real names and surnames of the persons depicted, real and not fictitious places of events, describes the real situation, indicates the time of action, the essay, as in a work of art, uses expressive means, and introduces an element of artistic typification. An essay, like other genres of journalism, always raises some important problem. There is a distinction between a travel essay, which tells about impressions on the road: sketches of nature and people’s everyday life are given. A portrait essay reveals a person’s personality, his character, and a problematic essay, in which some socially significant problem is raised, ways of solving it are proposed and analyzed. Often, an essay combines all its varieties: in a travel essay, there are portrait sketches or a problem that worries the author.

Slide description:

(Description of the hero’s appearance; a story about his business, profession, creativity; individual biographical facts; a description of the characteristics of the hero’s character in his speech; an episode (or several episodes that reveal the main thing in the hero.) What did you learn from the essay about the Russian writer, master of oral storytelling Irakli Andronikov? How do you imagine this person? What do you think are the main parts of an essay?

Slide no. 25

Slide description:

Slide no. 28

Slide description:

Introduction 3

1. Journalistic style 5

1.1. Main features of a journalistic style of speech 5

1.2. Means of emotional expressiveness in journalistic style of speech 9

2. Genres of journalistic style of speech 10

2.1. Travel essay 11

2.2. Portrait sketch 11

2.3. Problem essay 12

Conclusion 13

References 15

Introduction

Depending on the goals and objectives set in the communication process, various linguistic means are selected. As a result, unique varieties of a single literary language are created - functional style.

The word “style” (from Greek. stylus- a rod for writing on wax tablets) later acquired the meaning of “handwriting”, and later began to mean a manner, method, features of speech.

The word “style” has come to mean the quality of what is written. This is the essence of stylistics - the ability to express one’s thoughts in different ways, using different linguistic means, which distinguishes one style of speech from another.

Language styles are called functional because they perform essential functions, being a means of communication, conveying certain information and influencing the listener or reader.

Language is multifunctional - it performs, as already mentioned, several functions that form the main varieties of language. Using these styles, language is able to express complex scientific thought, deep philosophical wisdom, accurately and strictly formulate laws, turn into poetic stanzas or reflect the multifaceted life of the people in an epic. Functions and functional styles determine the stylistic flexibility of the language, diverse possibilities for expressing thoughts.

The functions of language are formed by style, determining one or another manner of presentation - accurate, objective, concretely pictorial, informative and businesslike. In accordance with this, each functional style selects from the literary language those words and expressions, those forms and structures that can best fulfill the internal task of this style.

Functional styles are historically established and socially conscious systems of speech means that are used in one or another sphere of communication and correlate with one or another area of professional activity.

Modern Russian literary language book functional styles are inherent: scientific, journalistic, official business, which are used mainly in written form of speech, and colloquial, used mainly in oral form of speech.

Let us consider the journalistic style of the Russian language in more detail.

1. Journalistic style

1.1. The main features of a journalistic style of speech

The journalistic style is read as particularly complex and branched, characterized by numerous transitional (inter-style) influences. Its main substyles are political and propaganda(appeals, orders, proclamation), official political-ideological(party documents), strictly journalistic– in the narrow sense of the word (pamphlets, essays, feuilletons, etc.), newspaper.

In turn, each substyle is divided into varieties depending on genre and other features. The genre differences here are very noticeable.

The intra-style stratification of newspaper speech turns out to be very complex. The stylistic differences in it are due primarily to the predominance in a particular text of one of the main newspaper functions - informative or propaganda. In addition, some specific newspaper genres (editorial, report, interview, information, etc.) differ in style from all others. Differences in style are also explained by the orientation of the publishing body, the specialization of the newspaper, the subject matter of the content and the author's style of presentation.

In newspaper genres, transitional, inter-style influences are very noticeable, for example, the influence of the artistic-fictional style on an essay, feuilleton, reportage. The essay is a synthetic artistic and journalistic genre, and this is reflected in its style, but a newspaper essay differs in style from the actual artistic one. The newspaper, being a popularizer of knowledge in the field of technology, economics, etc., uses a special type of popular science and scientific journalistic style in a number of its materials. The influence of the scientific style is also manifested in problem articles, where an analytical and generalized presentation of the subject of speech is given. Despite the variety of newspaper materials (which is reflected in the style of speech), we can talk about general principles the construction of newspaper speech, the commonality of its functions, structure and stylistic coloring, and, therefore, about the newspaper genre as a whole.

Journalism as a field of mass communication has other varieties: radio journalism, film journalism, television journalism. Each of them, in addition to the common features inherent in journalism, has its own linguistic and stylistic differences. There is also such a special sphere as oratory - a special journalistic substratum, which is a complex interaction of written journalistic and oral journalistic speech. The question of the status of oratory in the functional-style stratification of language has not yet been resolved. This is an oral form of thoughtful, usually pre-prepared, skillful speech that involves a special impact on listeners. The oratorical form of speech is heterogeneous and gravitates towards functional styles, corresponding to the areas of their application: oratorical journalistic speech, academic eloquence, judicial eloquence. This is a complex case where functional styles and forms of speech intersect. All these internal varieties are united by a common goal - influencing listeners with the expectation of achieving a predetermined effect.

The journalistic (ideological and political) style serves a wide sphere of public relations - socio-political, cultural, sports, etc. The journalistic style is most fully used in newspapers and socio-political magazines, as well as on radio and television, and in documentary films.

The journalistic style is used in both written and oral forms, which, within the framework of this style, closely interact and come together, with the basis more often being the written form.

Journalistic style performs two main functions - informational And influencing– and is used to express versatile and comprehensive information. The newspaper receives the broadest and regular reflection of events in the country and abroad, but under the indispensable condition that they are of public interest. The information function is inseparable from the influence function.

The information function is also characteristic of other styles, for example artistic, but the nature of the information here is different: in an artistic work, reality does not appear directly, but in an artistically generalized form, being the result of the artist’s creative imagination; journalism reflects life directly, its information is factual and documentary. This does not indicate that typification and generalization are alien to journalism, but they manifest themselves not so much in the reproduction of the facts themselves, but in their interpretation and coverage. The ratio of fiction and journalism, due to the different nature of the information they convey, resembles the ratio of feature and documentary films.

The function of influence not only unites journalism and fiction, but also separates them, since its nature in these styles is fundamentally different. The influence function is largely determined by the form of expression of the author’s position in artistic and journalistic works: the author-publicist usually expresses his position directly and openly, and the position of the author-artist usually manifests itself in the complex speech and compositional structure of the work of art.

Genres journalistic style includes speeches at meetings of a political nature, an editorial, a theoretical-political article, ideological consultation, an international review of correspondence, a report, a feuilleton, a pamphlet, a moral and ethical article, an essay, sports reviews, etc.

The journalistic style is most fully and widely represented in the entire variety of genres on newspaper pages = these are resolutions and orders, political reports and speeches, ideological consultations, etc. Therefore, the concepts of “newspaper language” and “journalistic style” are often considered identical or close.

Not everything that is published on the pages of a newspaper belongs to the journalistic style. Thus, a poem or a story, no matter where it is published, belongs to the artistic style, and a resolution or order belongs to the official business style, etc. Genres such as editorial, correspondence, reportage, feuilleton, and international review should be considered newspaper genres. Sports review, information. The stylistic unity of the newspaper is also evidenced by the fact that not every genre and not every verbal form fits into the language of the newspaper.

The most important linguistic feature of the newspaper-journalistic substyle is the close interaction and interpenetration of expressive, emotionally affecting speech means and standard means of language, widely used in this particular style.

The expressiveness of newspaper journalism is determined by the propaganda function and differs from the expressiveness of the language of fiction. The newspaper's inherent focus on the mass, diverse readership, the breadth and diversity of its topics, the openness of its ideological positions - all these features of the newspaper require the use of catchy, instantly perceived expressive means.

The desire to standardize language means reflects the information function of the newspaper and, to an even greater extent, the conditions of its functioning.

Standard language means are usually considered to be those that are often reproduced in a certain speech situation or (more broadly) in a certain functional style. There are many speech standards in scientific and official business styles. The newspaper-journalistic substyle also has its own standard speech means: good tradition, bloody coup, international humanitarian assistance, gain political capital, aggravation of the situation etc.

However, the term “standard” for the newspaper-journalistic substyle should be remembered in a broader sense, meaning not only specific newspaper, but also all linguistic means that are distinguished by stylistic and emotional neutrality.

Topic: Reporting as a genre of journalistic style

Target: Learn to use the reportage genre in speech.

Tasks:

To develop the ability to prove that the text of a report belongs to the journalistic style (to determine the speech situation, conditions of communication, functions of communication).

To develop the ability to identify non-linguistic features of reporting.

To develop the ability to identify linguistic means and establish their dependence on non-linguistic means.

Develop the ability to distinguish a report from a note.

Detailed lesson plan

P: Early in the morning, millions of people pick up newspaper sheets that smell of printing ink...

What? Where? When? The whole life of our country, the whole life of our planet is on these sheets. Events of different nature and unequal significance are reflected on the pages of newspapers and magazines. Is it only on the pages of newspapers and magazines that the life of the country and the world is reflected?

U: The life of the country and the world is also represented on television.

P: Of course, television actively and quickly responds to the life of the country and the life of the world. What style is in demand on the pages of newspapers, magazines and television?

U: Journalistic style.

P: Open your notebooks with supporting notes, recall the features of a speech situation, communication in which involves the use of a journalistic style.

U: This is a situation in which the writer addresses information to a wide audience of the reader, because it informs the reader and represents social significance. It concerns the entire country and the life of every person.

P: Right. What two functions does the journalistic style perform?

U: The journalistic style performs 2 functions: informative - to convey objective, verified information and influencing - to evoke a certain attitude towards the problem or topic under discussion.

You already know how to write an informational note. Now you have another goal - to learn how to compose the text of a report.

Reporting is one of the brightest, most popular genres of journalism, as it helps the reader “experience” the situation reflected in it, and visually imagine what happened.

Introductory conversation (the goal is to prepare for the perception of new material).

P: You've probably heard the word "reporting". What do you think is being reported in the report?

P: In what situations can the reporting genre be used?

P: When watching what TV shows did you come across the reportage genre?

Linguistic stylistic analysis of the sample text (the goal is to identify non-linguistic and linguistic features).

P: V.A. Gilyarovsky, author of the books “Moscow and Muscovites”, “Moscow Newspaper” and many others, V.A. Gilyarovsky was the generally recognized “king” of newspaper reporting. At any time of the day or night, in the rain or in the cold, “Uncle Gilyai” was ready to rush to the scene of the incident so that his interesting and truthful report would appear in the next issue of the newspaper. This is how, for example, Gilyarovsky tells in his report “Hurricane” about the storm that broke out over Sokolniki in 1904 and caused terrible destruction:

“... I was lucky enough to be in the center of a hurricane. I saw its beginning and end: the sky darkened, bronze clouds flew in, the light rain changed large hail, the clouds turned black... The ensuing darkness immediately gave way to an ominous yellow. A storm struck and it became cold.

A black cloud descended over Sokolniki - it grew from below, and another similar one descended above it. Suddenly everything started to spin. Lightning flashed inside this spinning black mass. Quite a picture of the destruction of Pompeii according to Pliny! In addition, heavy lights flashed among the zigzags of lightning, and a crimson-fiery yellow pillar spun in the middle. a minute later this horror rushed past, destroying everything in its path.” (selected works in 3 volumes. M., 1960, vol. 2, p. 220).

P: So, you've seen an exemplary report. To learn how to write a report, you need to know the signs of reportage as a genre of journalistic style. For this purpose, we will analyze the text of the report.

P: What is described in this fragment of the report? Find sentences that describe what, where, when happened?

U: A description of the hurricane over Sokolniki is given.

P: Who is the text addressed to?

U: The text is addressedmass addressee.

P: What are the terms of communication?

U: The text can be used in a formal setting.

P: On whose behalf is the presentation being made?

U: 1st person

P: Find words that prove that the author was at the scene of the incident.

U: I was lucky enough to be in the eye of a hurricane .

P: The presence of the author is also expressed in the fact that we perceive what is being described and what is happening through his eyes. How does the author manage to create a visual image of what happened earlier, to make the event more picturesque?

U: 1. The author uses words that name color:darkened, bronze, black, yellow, crimson-fiery.

2. Metaphors –zigzags of lightning .

P: What words do not express the attitude or state of the author, but “influence” the reader?

U: Black, ominous, crimson-fiery, heavy.

P: What can you say about V.A.’s impression? Gilyarovsky from a natural phenomenon he saw?

U: A thunderstorm causes a feeling of fear and anxiety.

P: What technique used by the author enhances the manifestation of feelings and experiences?

U: Inversion:a storm broke out, a cloud descended, lightning flashed, lights flashed, etc.

P: By what means does the author create a dynamic picture?

U: 4 simple sentences, connected by a non-union connection, add dynamism to the narrative. (the sky darkened ), ( bronze clouds rolled in ), ( light rain gave way to large hail ), ( the clouds turned black ).

P: Pay attention to the type of verbs used in the sentences. What type of verbs convey dynamics, swiftness of actions?

U: Perfective verbs convey speed of action.

P: Re-read the beginning of paragraph 2. Which word emphasizes the abrupt change of events?

U: Abrupt change events are conveyed by an adverball of a sudden .

P: Which sentence contains the author's attitude?

U: Quite a picture of the destruction of Pompeii.

Teacher's message about the main features of the report text.

The report has the following non-linguistic features: documentary (precise indication of the place, time, participants in the events), logic. The personality of the author is always present in the report (“presence effect”), his attitude to the event is revealed (joy, pride, sympathy, etc.). Such non-linguistic features of reporting as expressiveness, emotionality, motivation, evaluativeness lead to the widespread use of lexical-phraseological and syntactic means expressiveness (tropes and stylistic figures).

Filling out the “Report” table (the goal is to systematize the acquired knowledge).

P: We continue to fill out the table. Open notebooks with supporting notes. What is the purpose of the report?

P: Is the author present and does he express his attitude to the event?

P: Who is the text of the report addressed to?

P: In what setting can the text of the report be used?

P: What type of speech should you use when composing the text of a report?

P: Is the information conveyed in the report condensed or expanded?

P: What questions can you ask about the text of the report?

Presentation of the material

Reportage

Target

Report something new, influence, evaluate an event

Destination

Designed for a specific circle of people

Terms of communication

Official setting

Type of speech

Combination of speech types: narration, description, reasoning

Requirements for information transfer

Deployment:

(What? Where? How? When? Which?

What? Where? How? When? Why?)

Exercise No. 1. Linguistic analysis of the reporting text (the goal is to identify linguistic features in the text of the report).

P: Let us prove that this text is a report.

P: Find sentences that indicate what, where, when happened.

Text

At a speed close to the second cosmic speed, the descent module is rushing home.

They are already waiting for him. Here is a ball with a precious burden crashing into the dense layers of the atmosphere, rushing towards the Earth through a raging flame. Somewhere in the sky hanging from a parachute. And plunges into a snowy whirlwind.

At 22:12 Moscow time on February 25, the return vehicle made a soft landing 40 kilometers northwest of Dzhezkazgan. Exceptional, truly sniper accuracy!

P: How does the author create a visual image of what happened earlier?

U: The text uses expressive means of speech: personification -the ball crashes, plunges, breaks ; epithet –raging flame .

P: What is the role of inversion in 1 sentence?

U: Inversion transfers the statement from a neutral plane to an expressive-emotional one.

P: Which temporary form dominates the report?

U: Present tense imperfective verbs.

P: Replace present tense verbs with past tense verbs. Which text seems more dynamic to you - the given one or the transformed one?

U: This text is more dynamic.

P: For what purpose does the author resort to division of sentences?“Here is a ball with a precious burden crashing into the dense layers of the atmosphere, rushing towards the Earth through a raging flame. Somewhere in the sky hanging from a parachute. And plunges into a snowy whirlwind.”

U: This technique enhances the expressiveness of the text.

P: Do we feel the presence of the author - a participant in the events? Which particle indicates this?

U: Yes, because the author gives us the details of the event and evaluates the actions. ParticleHere .

P: What is the author's attitude towards the event? Which sentence contains the author's attitude?

U: Exceptional, truly sniper accuracy!

Exercise No. 2. Determining the genre of the text (the goal is to determine the differences between a report and a note).

Using the table, determine which of the texts belongs to the genre of note, which – to reportage.

Text No. 1

The ice trek is completed

Today, a nuclear-powered icebreaker returned to the port of Murmansk from a voyage to the high latitudes of the Polar Basin.

An unprecedented campaign in the history of Arctic exploration has been completed. In a conversation with a correspondent, the captain of the nuclear icebreaker Boris Makarovich Sokolov said:

– In difficult conditions of the polar winter, polar night The nuclear icebreaker traveled more than eight thousand miles, of which over five thousand were in heavy ice. Icebreakers have never sailed in these latitudes before. The nuclear installation worked flawlessly, the ship demonstrated excellent performance.

All tasks have been completed.

Text No. 2

Ice astern

The nuclear icebreaker completed the expedition.

On the bridge of the nuclear-powered ship, clinging to the oak handrails, the navigator on watch stands and quietly hums a song that was loved on the ship:

"The ship rushes on wings a short word"Forward!". But now the last word in it sounds differently: instead of “forward,” the navigator sings “home.”

Yesterday morning in the pitch-black polar night we rounded from the north New Earth. Along the left bank, twelve miles away, the Oran Island and the polar station of Cape Zhelaniya were hidden. At sixteen hours of ship's time, minute by minute during the change of watch, when the bells rang, the ship crossed the ice edge.

Certainly! Ice astern!

Ahead - all the way to Murmansk - the Barents Sea rolls waves in masses of seething foam... Sailors, polar explorers of the nuclear-powered ship, will soon set foot on native land. They should now starch their shirts, iron their jackets... But a storm is not an easy task, even when it is favorable. Sometimes the ship tilts so that the waves, one after another, roll over the bow and walk like an icy river along the decks. There is a “war” going on in the cabins with table lamps, armchairs, books - with all household items that do not want to stand still...

The storm is complicated by snow. Its continuous curtain sometimes hides the sea. The locator is always on. Let's go, signaling with the horn. On the forecastle there is a forward lookout. He returns from duty in a peacoat, wet, shiny with a crust of ice from frozen splashes and salty foam...

P: How does the information contained in a note differ from the information in a report?

U: In a note the information is presented concisely, in a report it is expanded. From the report, the reader learns not only about the route and duration of the trip, but also gets an idea of the situation in which the voyage took place.

P: By what means is the “effect of presence” of the reader on the ship achieved?

U: Use of pronouns:we went around ; verb form:let's go .

P: From what details in the text of the report can we conclude that the author was directly involved in the expedition?

U: Sometimes the ship tilts so that the waves, one after another, roll over the bow and walk like an icy river along the decks; the lookout returns from his watch in a pea coat shiny with a crust of ice.

P: The report, unlike the note, seems to take the reader on board the ship; we seem to see people, hear their voices, feel the rocking of the ship and the splashes of icy water.

Exercise No. 3. Constructing sentences (the goal is to prepare for creating your own texts).

P: In addition to the usual “text” reporting, you can find photo reports in newspapers and magazines. The main content is expressed in photographs, and the captions are explanatory. Here are several sports photo reports.

Construct sentences explaining the content of the photographs.

Sentences must form a coherent text.

Express your attitude towards what is shown in the photographs.

P: What language means will help you convey your attitude to what is happening?

U: Evaluative words expressing emotionality, exclamatory sentences, introductory words and suggestions, appeals.

Exercise No. 4. Compiling report texts (the goal is to develop the ability to construct a report text).

P: We work in groups. Your task is to model a speech situation using 1 – 2 photographs. Using the sentences you have compiled, come up with the text of the report.

P: What did you learn about the reporting?

P: What did you learn in this lesson?

P: What work in class was the most interesting?

P: In what situations do you think the knowledge gained in this lesson will be in demand?

P: An outstanding sports commentator in our country was Nikolai Nikolaevich Ozerov. At home you will need to read the text of ex. 361, in which N.N. Ozerov appeals to novice journalists to draw up a memo for those writing a report. Don't forget to use words“observe”, “don’t forget”, “try”.

P: What type and style of speech will you use when writing your note?

P: Find reports in recent newspapers and indicate the characteristic features of one of them.

What else to read

Predators and prey. Predators and their prey. Who are the predators Nature simply forces some creatures to hunt others. Moreover, some predators are noticeably more ferocious than others. It even comes...

Andrey Shcheglov: Reformation in Sweden TOPIC: "Reformation in Sweden." In Sweden, the Reformation dates back to 1527-1544. Unlike Norway and Iceland...

Vegan pumpkin stuffed with rice and baked whole in the oven Rice and pumpkin are two healthy foods that go great together. You can also join them “in company”...

Presentation on the topic: Genres of journalistic style. Reporting as a special journalistic genre Presentation on the topic: Genres of journalistic style. Travel essay

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents

Presentation on the topic: Genres of journalistic style. Travel essay

Introduction

1. Journalistic style

1.1. The main features of a journalistic style of speech

What else to read

THE LAST NOTES

Presentation on the topic: Genres of journalistic style. Reporting as a special journalistic genre Presentation on the topic: Genres of journalistic style. Travel essay

Send your good work in the knowledge base is simple. Use the form below

Similar documents

Presentation on the topic: Genres of journalistic style. Travel essay

Introduction

1. Journalistic style

1.1. The main features of a journalistic style of speech

What else to read

THE LAST NOTES

Categories