Academician A. D. Sakharov. Sudden withdrawal. Academician Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov D Sakharov biography

The name of Academician Sakharov is familiar to everyone, regardless of the type of activity. The extremely broad outlook of the scientist and the scope scientific interests provided not only many useful scientific discoveries, but also the active socio-political position of Andrei Dmitrievich.

Sakharov is mostly known as an inventor hydrogen bomb. But few have heard about his participation in exposing the policy of persecuting geneticists (the so-called "Lysenkoism") in the founding of the "Moscow Committee for Human Rights", as well as the fact that he won the Nobel Prize for his contribution to the strengthening of peace.

Perhaps such an active civic position, as well as a wide range of interests, led to the brilliant discoveries and inventions of the scientist. Although he himself liked to emphasize the importance of his wife, who inspired him to invent.

Childhood and youth

Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich was born in Moscow on May 21, 1921. Paternal grandfather Ivan Nikolaevich Sakharov grew up in the family of a priest, and he himself became a lawyer. The work of the grandfather was continued by the father of the future scientist Dmitry Ivanovich. He participated in political rallies, for which he was on the list of students expelled from Moscow University.

When Dmitry Ivanovich settled down, he married Ekaterina Alekseevna. He got a job as a teacher of physics, first at a Moscow gymnasium, and then at the Communist University, which trained personnel for the party administration. His wife, Ekaterina Alekseevna (nee Sofiano), comes from a military family Greek origin.

Andrei Dmitrievich recalled that his grandmother on his father's side, Maria Petrovna, became the heart of the family and the keeper of the hearth. Father was passionate about science, which could not but be passed on to Andrei and his brother, and in free time played music. The family lived in a communal apartment with close and distant relatives.

At first, the boy was educated at home, only in the 7th grade did he go to school. Despite Andrei's isolation and unwillingness to communicate with peers, his comrades invited him to a mathematical circle, first at school, and then functioning at Moscow University.

Although the young man turned out to be successful in mathematics, he often solved problems correctly, but intuitively, without a clear explanation. Therefore, in the 10th grade, Andrei left the mathematical circle and took up physics. Details of Sakharov's youth became known from the memoirs of the scientist Akiva Moiseevich Yaglom, who studied with Andrei Dmitrievich.

Taking into account the interests of the young man, as well as his father's passion for physics, Andrei entered the Moscow State University at the Faculty of Physics. At the same time, the war began, so the students were evacuated to safe Ashgabat. Six months after graduating from university, young Sakharov worked in a small town in the Vladimir region on distribution, and then harvested wood near the village of Melekess (modern Dimitrovgrad, Ulyanovsk region).

What Andrei saw at that time (a hard life common people) left a deep mark on the soul of the young Sakharov. Being engaged in hard work, the young man really wanted to be useful to the front and received a patent for a device he invented for controlling the cores of armor-piercing projectiles.

Physics

On the eve of 1945, Andrei Sakharov decided to connect his life with science and entered the graduate school of the Physics Institute. Igor Evgenievich Tamm became the scientific adviser of the young scientist. Three years later, Sakharov defended his Ph.D. thesis on the topic "On the theory of nuclear transitions of the 0 → 0 type."

Then Andrey, under the patronage of the supervisor, began work at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute, where the young scientist was involved in secret scientific developments regarding the prospects for creating thermo nuclear weapons. Considering the state of the Cold War and the arms race with the United States, Sakharov's work was of truly enormous scientific and practical interest.

In 1950, Sakharov and his supervisor Tamm developed the theory of a magnetic thermonuclear reactor, which revealed the specifics of thermonuclear fusion. This discovery helped Andrei write his doctoral dissertation at a relatively early age - the scientist was barely 32 years old. At the same time, for his contribution to science, Sakharov was recognized as a Hero of Socialist Labor.

The developments of Andrei Dmitrievich allowed the Soviet Union not to yield to the Americans in the creation of nuclear weapons. Although in Sakharov's plans his developments were to serve exclusively peaceful purposes, the scientist intended to use the possibility of nuclear fusion to invent fuel for nuclear power plants.

Then Sakharov was transferred to a specialized secret laboratory, where a number of prominent scientists worked on the creation of super-powerful weapons to balance the forces of the world leaders. Andrei Dmitrievich believed for a long time that he was working for the good of preserving peace.

In 1952, the United States conducted the first tests of thermonuclear weapons on an island in the Pacific Ocean. In response, the USSR intensified the scientific development of its own weapons of this type, which were tested on August 12, 1953 in the area of ​​​​the city of Semipalatinsk (now the city of Semey, the territory modern Kazakhstan). The tests that were supervised by the Americans were only a search for weapons, they investigated the principle of operation of thermonuclear fusion processes, and the Soviet Union, albeit a year late, created a full-fledged thermonuclear bomb.

The first hydrogen bomb, produced in the USSR and named RDS-6s, was the result of many years of research by Andrei Sakharov, but had a number of significant drawbacks that required further research and improvements. The next design embodied by Andrei Dmitrievich was unofficially called the "Sakharov puff", since the design of the bomb was a charge consisting of atomic, radioactive elements, surrounded by layers of heavy elements.

Working on creating thermonuclear bomb, Sakharov simultaneously read a course of lectures on nuclear physics at the Moscow Power Engineering Institute. Sakharov was awarded the title of academician in 1953 for the designs of the hydrogen bomb he developed. Not the last role in this was played by a famous physicist.

Despite a certain level of social isolation in which Andrei Dmitrievich lived and worked, he scrupulously followed the latest scientific achievements in other fields of science. So Sakharov was among the scientists who signed the letter sent to the Political Bureau of the Central Committee of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union.

The letter expressed the concern of the best minds of the country about the state of development of biology in the USSR, namely genetics. The result of the letter was the removal of Trofim Denisovich Lysenko from scientific activity. Considering that Lysenko's work caused the USSR to lag behind world science, the contribution of Sakharov and other scientists to the development of genetics is difficult to overestimate.

Public and political figure Valentin Mikhailovich Falin, in his memoirs, says that after the tests of the hydrogen bomb, Sakharov suddenly realized the threat of this type of weapon to civilization, the population of the Earth and the environment.

In August 1963, Academician Sakharov, for the first time in his biography, openly opposed the development and testing of nuclear weapons, initiating the signing of the Nuclear Test Ban Treaty. So bright public position scientist became the cause of his conflict with the authorities. In the 1960s, the KGB became interested in the academician, and Sakharov himself joined the ranks of the leaders of the USSR Human Rights Movement and gained fame as a dissident.

In 1966, Andrei Dmitrievich, in collaboration with 24 scientists and cultural and art workers, wrote letters about the inadmissibility of rehabilitation. And 2 years later, after the publication in the United States of Sakharov's book "Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom", the scientist was removed from further research at another classified facility. Then, on the basis of general socio-political views, Sakharov met with.

Continuing to conduct socio-political activities instead of scientific, in 1970 the academician initiated the creation of the "Moscow Committee of Human Rights". At the same time, Andrei Dmitrievich's colleagues at the USSR Academy of Sciences condemned Sakharov's views in newspaper publications.

Only Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences Igor Rostislavovich Shafarevich wrote an open letter about the victims of persecution, where he supported Sakharov as a valuable scientist. Meanwhile, the academician continued to be active in politics and even wrote the book "On the Country and the World", for which he later received the Nobel Peace Prize.

Personal life

Deprived of the opportunity to conduct scientific activities, Sakharov focused on political processes over dissidents, on one of which he met Elena Georgievna Bonner, whom he later married. She became the second wife of the famous scientist. Elena Georgievna, half Jewish, half Armenian by origin, shared her husband's rebellious views. Before meeting with Andrei Dmitrievich, Elena Georgievna had already managed to be married to Ivan Vasilyevich Semyonov, from whom she gave birth to two children. Son and daughter Bonner live in the United States.

The first wife of the academician was Claudia Alekseevna Vikhireva, in marriage with whom Andrei Dmitrievich had three children. Klavdia Alekseevna died a year before Sakharov's meeting with Elena Bonner. Having remarried, the academician left the younger children from his first marriage in the care of the elders, and he himself plunged into politics.

The native son of the academician Dmitry harbored in his soul a deep resentment against his father for his betrayal. In an interview, Dmitry says that after marrying Elena Bonner, Andrei Sakharov forgot about his own children, and Bonner's son from his first marriage called himself the heir and offspring of the great academician.

Andrei Dmitrievich focused on a new family, leaving the children from his first marriage to deal with their problems on their own. Dmitry recalls that even in the most difficult moments he was not there. baby photo with his father - this is all that remains for Dmitry and his sisters as a memory of such a dear and so distant person at the same time.

In 1980, Andrei Dmitrievich, together with Elena Georgievna, was detained and sent into exile. The city of Gorky (Nizhny Novgorod) became the place of serving the sentence. Former colleagues at the Academy of Sciences openly criticized Sakharov for his appeals to the US leadership with a request to deploy atomic weapon against the Soviet Union.

In 1986, simultaneously with the beginning of the perestroika period, Academician Sakharov was rehabilitated and returned to Moscow. Upon his return, Andrei Dmitrievich again took up science, although he no longer made such significant discoveries, and also made a number of trips abroad, during which he met with American and European leaders.

Death of Andrei Sakharov

On the eve of Sakharov's death, he organized a major political strike, stressing that this was only a preliminary action. This action became a reason to consider the death of Andrei Dmitrievich violent, that is, a murder for political reasons.

According to the second version, which is also supported by the scientist's son, Sakharov's death was accelerated by his second wife, Elena Bonner. Elena Georgievna more than once encouraged her husband to go on a hunger strike, knowing about his heart problems, his age, and how refusal of food could affect Sakharov's health.

Among the goals of Bonner, the desire to help her children from her first marriage living in the United States is often mentioned, as well as to get rid of an academician who is surrendering rebellious political positions, and herself in the eyes of the public to become a victim of the harsh regime of the USSR.

In the winter of 1989, Andrei Dmitrievich felt unwell, and on December 14 he died. The official cause of death is cardiac arrest. In memory of Sakharov's contribution to science, an asteroid is named after the academician, and museums named after Sakharov are open and operate.

Awards and achievements

• Nobel Prize peace (1975)
• Hero of Socialist Labor
• The order of Lenin
• Jubilee medal "For Valiant Labor"
• Medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945"
• Medal "Veteran of Labor"
• Jubilee Medal "Thirty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War 1941-1945"
• Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945"
• Medal "For the development of virgin lands"
• Medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow"
• Order of the Cross of Vytis
• Lenin Prize
• Stalin Prize

Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich - Soviet physicist and public figure, one of the authors of the first works on the implementation of a thermonuclear reaction (hydrogen bomb) and the problem of controlled thermonuclear fusion, Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences, Professor, Academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Born May 21, 1921 in Moscow in the family of physicist Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov (1889-1961) and Ekaterina Alekseevna Sofiano (1893-1963). Russian. For the first five years he studied at home. In the next five years of study at the Sakharov school, under the guidance of his father, he studied physics in depth and made many physical experiments.

In 1938, Sakharov entered the Faculty of Physics at Lomonosov Moscow State University (MGU). After the start of the Great Patriotic War, he, together with the university, was evacuated to Ashgabat (Turkmenistan); seriously studied quantum mechanics and the theory of relativity. After graduating with honors from Moscow State University in 1942, where he was considered the best student who ever studied at the Faculty of Physics, he refused the offer of Professor A.A. Vlasov to remain in graduate school. Having received the specialty "defense metallurgy", he was sent to a military plant, first in the city of Kovrov, Vladimir Region, and then in Ulyanovsk. Working and living conditions were very difficult. However, Sakharov's first invention appeared here - a device for controlling the hardening of armor-piercing cores.

In 1943, Sakharov married Claudia Alekseevna Vikhireva (1919-1969), a native of Ulyanovsk, a laboratory chemist at the same plant. They had three children - two daughters and a son. Due to the war, and then the birth of children, Klavdia Alekseevna did not complete higher education and after the family moved to Moscow and later to the “object”, she was depressed by the fact that it was difficult for her to find a suitable job.

Returning to Moscow after the war, in 1945 Sakharov entered the graduate school of the P.N. Lebedev Physical Institute to the well-known theoretical physicist I.E. Tamm to deal with fundamental problems. In his Ph.D. thesis on nonradiative nuclear transitions, presented in 1947, he proposed a new charge parity selection rule and a way to take into account the interaction of an electron and a positron during pair production. At the same time, he came to the conclusion (without publishing his research on this problem) that the small difference in the energies of the two levels of the hydrogen atom is caused by the difference in the interaction of the electron with its own field in the bound and free states. A similar fundamental idea and calculation were published by the American physicist H. Bethe and awarded the Nobel Prize in 1967. The idea proposed by Sakharov and the calculation of the muon catalysis of a nuclear reaction in deuterium saw the light of the day and were published only as a secret report.

Apparently, this report became the basis for the inclusion of Sakharov in 1948 in the special group of I.E. Tamm to verify the specific project of the hydrogen bomb, on which the group of Ya.B. Zeldovich worked. Sakharov soon proposed his own bomb project in the form of layers of deuterium and natural uranium around a conventional atomic charge. During the explosion of an atomic charge, ionized uranium significantly increases the density of deuterium, increases the rate of a thermonuclear reaction, and divides under the action of fast neutrons. This "first idea" - ionization compression of deuterium - was significantly supplemented by VL Ginzburg with the "second idea", consisting in the use of lithium-6 deuteride. Under the influence of slow neutrons from lithium-6, tritium is formed - a very active thermonuclear fuel. With these ideas in the spring of 1950, the group of I.E. Tamm, almost in full strength, was sent to the "object" - a top-secret nuclear enterprise with a center in the city of Sarov, where it increased markedly due to the influx of young theorists. The intensive work of the group and the entire enterprise culminated in the successful testing of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb on August 12, 1953.

"For exceptional services to the state in the performance of a special task of the Government" Decree of the Presidium Supreme Council USSR dated January 4, 1954 Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich He was awarded the title of Hero of Socialist Labor with the Order of Lenin and the Hammer and Sickle gold medal.

In 1953 he was elected a full member (academician) of the USSR Academy of Sciences.

Subsequently, the group led by Sakharov worked on the implementation of the collective "third idea" - the compression of thermonuclear fuel by radiation from the explosion of an atomic charge. The successful test of such an advanced hydrogen bomb in November 1955 was overshadowed by the deaths of a girl and a soldier, as well as serious injuries to many people who were away from the test site. This circumstance, as well as the mass resettlement of residents from the test site in 1953, forced Sakharov to seriously think about the tragic consequences of atomic explosions, about the possible exit of this terrible force out of control.

In parallel with his work on bombs, Sakharov, together with I.E. Tamm, put forward the idea of ​​magnetic plasma confinement (1950) and carried out fundamental calculations of installations for controlled thermonuclear fusion. He also owns the idea and calculations for the creation of superstrong magnetic fields by compression magnetic flux conductive cylindrical shell (1952). In 1961, Sakharov suggested using laser compression to obtain a controlled thermonuclear reaction. These ideas marked the beginning of large-scale research into fusion energy.

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of September 11, 1956, for exceptional services to the state in the performance of a special task of the Government, he was awarded the second gold medal "Sickle and Hammer".

In 1958, two articles by Sakharov appeared on the harmful effect of the radioactivity of nuclear explosions on heredity and, as a result, a decrease in average life expectancy. According to the scientist, each megaton explosion leads to 10 thousand victims of cancer in the future. In the same year, Sakharov unsuccessfully tried to influence the extension of the moratorium declared by the USSR on atomic explosions. The next moratorium was broken in 1961 by the testing of a super-powerful 50-megaton hydrogen bomb, more political than military.

By the Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of March 7, 1962, for exceptional services to the state in the performance of a special task of the Government, he was awarded the third gold medal "Hammer and Sickle".

Contradictory activities to develop weapons and ban their tests, which led in 1962 to sharp conflicts with colleagues and public authorities, had a positive result in 1963 - the Moscow Treaty banning nuclear weapons tests in three environments.

Even then, Sakharov's interests were not limited to nuclear physics. In 1958, he opposed N.S. Khrushchev's plans to reduce secondary education, and a few years later, together with other scientists, he managed to rid Soviet genetics of the influence of T.D. Lysenko. In 1964, Sakharov successfully spoke at the Academy of Sciences against the election of the biologist N.I.

In 1966, he signed the letter "25 celebrities" to the XXIII Congress of the CPSU against the rehabilitation of I.V. Stalin. The letter noted that any attempt to revive the Stalinist policy of intolerance towards dissent "would be the greatest disaster" for the Soviet people. Acquaintance in the same year with R.A. Medvedev and his book about I.V. Stalin significantly influenced the evolution of Sakharov's views. In February 1967, he sent the first letter to L.I. Brezhnev in defense of four dissidents. The response of the authorities was to deprive him of one of the two positions held at the "object".

In June 1968, a large article appeared in the foreign press - Sakharov's manifesto "Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom" - about the dangers of thermonuclear destruction, ecological self-poisoning, dehumanization of mankind, the need for convergence between the socialist and capitalist systems, Stalin's crimes and the lack of democracy in the USSR . In his manifesto, Sakharov called for the abolition of censorship, political trials, and against keeping dissidents in psychiatric hospitals. The reaction of the authorities was not long in coming: Sakharov was completely suspended from work at the "object" and dismissed from all posts related to military secrets. On August 26, 1968, he met with AI Solzhenitsyn, which revealed the difference in their views on the necessary social transformations.

In March 1969, Sakharov's wife died, leaving him in a state of despair, which then gave way to a long spiritual devastation. After a letter from I.E. Tamm (at that time the head of the Theoretical Department of the FIAN) to the President of the USSR Academy of Sciences M.V. Keldysh and, apparently, as a result of sanctions from above, Sakharov was enrolled on June 30, 1969 in the department of the institute, where his scientific work began , for senior researcher- the lowest that a Soviet academician could occupy.

From 1967 to 1980, he published more than 15 scientific papers: on the baryon asymmetry of the Universe with the prediction of proton decay (according to Sakharov, this is his best theoretical work that influenced the formation of scientific opinion in the next decade), on cosmological models of the Universe, on the relationship of gravity with vacuum quantum fluctuations, about mass formulas for mesons and baryons.

In the same years, Sakharov's public activity intensified, which was increasingly at odds with the policy of official circles. He initiated appeals for the release of human rights activists P. G. Grigorenko and Zh. A. Medvedev from psychiatric hospitals. Together with the physicist V. Turchin and R. A. Medvedev, he wrote the Memorandum on Democratization and Intellectual Freedom. I traveled to Kaluga to take part in the picketing of the courtroom, where the trial of dissidents R. Pimenov and B. Weil was taking place. In November 1970, together with physicists V. Chalidze and A. Tverdokhlebov, he organized the Human Rights Committee, which was supposed to embody the principles of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights. In 1971, together with academician M.A. Leontovich, he actively opposed the use of psychiatry for political purposes and at the same time - for the right to return Crimean Tatars, freedom of religion, freedom to choose the country of residence and, in particular, for Jewish and German emigration.

In 1972, Sakharov married Elena Georgievna Bonner (1923-2011), whom he met in 1970 at a trial in Kaluga. Becoming true friend and an associate of her husband, she focused Sakharov's activities on protecting the rights of specific people. Program documents were now considered by him as a subject for discussion. However, in 1977 he signed a collective letter to the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR on amnesty and abolition death penalty, in 1973 he gave an interview to the Swedish radio correspondent U. Stenholm about the nature of the Soviet system and, despite the warning of the Deputy Prosecutor General, held a press conference for 11 Western journalists, during which he condemned not only the threat of persecution, but also what he called " détente without democratization. The reaction to these statements was a letter published in the Pravda newspaper by 40 academicians, which provoked a vicious campaign condemning Sakharov's public activities, as well as statements on his side by human rights activists, Western politicians and scientists. AI Solzhenitsyn proposed to award Sakharov the Nobel Peace Prize.

Intensifying the struggle for the right to emigrate, in September 1973 Sakharov sent a letter to the US Congress in support of the Jackson Amendment. In 1974, during the stay of President Richard Nixon in Moscow, he held his first hunger strike and gave a television interview to draw the attention of the world community to the fate of political prisoners. On the basis of the French humanitarian award received by Sakharov, E.G. Bonner organized the Fund for Assistance to the Children of Political Prisoners. In 1975, Sakharov met with the German writer G. Bell, together with him wrote an appeal in defense of political prisoners, in the same year he published in the West the book “On the Country and the World”, in which he developed the ideas of convergence, disarmament, democratization, strategic balance, political and economic reforms.

In October 1975, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize, which was received by his wife, who was being treated abroad. E.G. Bonner read out Sakharov's speech to the audience, which called for "true détente and genuine disarmament", for "general political amnesty in the world" and "liberation of all prisoners of conscience everywhere." The next day, E.G. Bonner read her husband's Nobel lecture "Peace, progress, human rights", in which Sakharov argued that these three goals "are inextricably linked with one another", demanded "freedom of conscience, the existence of informed public opinion, pluralism in system of education, freedom of the press and access to sources of information”, and put forward proposals for achieving détente and disarmament.

In April and August 1976, December 1977 and early 1979, Sakharov and his wife traveled to Omsk, Yakutia, Mordovia and Tashkent to support human rights activists. In 1977 and 1978, the children and grandchildren of E.G. Bonner, whom Sakharov considered hostages of his human rights activities, emigrated to the United States. In 1979, Sakharov sent a letter to L.I. Brezhnev in defense of the Crimean Tatars and the removal of secrecy from the case of the explosion in the Moscow metro.

Despite open opposition to the Soviet regime, Sakharov was not formally charged until 1980, when he strongly condemned the Soviet invasion of Afghanistan. On January 4, 1980, he gave an interview to The New York Times about the situation in Afghanistan and its correction, and on January 14, an ABC television interview.

Decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR of January 8, 1980 "in connection with the systematic commission of A. D. Sakharov of actions discrediting him as a recipient of awards, and taking into account the numerous proposals of the Soviet public, ... on the basis of Article 40 " general position about orders, medals and honorary titles of the USSR " Sakharov Andrei Dmitrievich was deprived of all government awards, including the title of three times Hero of Socialist Labor, and on January 22, without any trial, he was sent to the city of Gorky (now Nizhny Novgorod), closed to foreigners, where he was placed under a house arrest.

At the end of 1981, Sakharov and Bonner went on a hunger strike for the right of E. Alekseeva to travel to the United States to her fiancé, Bonner's son. The departure was allowed by L.I. Brezhnev after a conversation with the President of the Academy of Sciences A.P. Aleksandrov. However, even those close to Sakharov believed that "personal happiness cannot be bought at the cost of the suffering of a great man." In June 1983, Sakharov published in the American journal Foreign Affairs a letter to the famous physicist S. Drell about the danger of thermonuclear war. The reaction to the letter was an article by four academicians in the newspaper Izvestia, portraying Sakharov as a supporter of thermonuclear war and an arms race and sparking a noisy newspaper campaign against him and his wife. In the summer of 1984, Sakharov held an unsuccessful hunger strike for his wife's right to travel to the United States to meet with her family and receive medical treatment. The hunger strike was accompanied by forced hospitalization and painful feeding. Sakharov announced the motives and details of this hunger strike in the fall in a letter to A.P. Aleksandrov, in which he asked for assistance in obtaining permission for his wife's trip, and also announced his withdrawal from the Academy of Sciences in case of refusal.

April-September 1985 - Sakharov's last hunger strike with the same goals; re-hospitalization and force-feeding. E.G. Bonner's permission to leave was issued only in July 1985 after Sakharov's letter to M.S. scientific work and stop public performances if the wife's travel is allowed. In a new letter to Gorbachev on October 22, 1986, Sakharov asks to stop his deportation and exile of his wife, again promising to end his social activities. On December 16, 1986, M. S. Gorbachev announced to Sakharov by telephone that the exile was over: "Go back and start your patriotic activities." A week later, Sakharov, together with E.G. Bonner, returned to Moscow.

In February 1987, Sakharov spoke at the international forum "For a nuclear-free world, for the survival of mankind" with a proposal to consider the reduction in the number of Euro-missiles separately from the problems of SDI, the reduction of the army, and the safety of nuclear power plants.

In 1988, he was elected honorary chairman of the Memorial Society, and in March 1989, a people's deputy of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR. Thinking a lot about the reform of the political structure of the USSR, in November 1989 Sakharov presented a draft of a new constitution, which is based on the protection of individual rights and the right of all peoples to statehood.

Sakharov was a foreign member of the Academies of Sciences of the USA, France, Italy, the Netherlands, Norway and an honorary doctor of many universities in Europe, America and Asia.

He died on December 14, 1989, after a busy day of work at the Congress of People's Deputies. His heart, as shown by the autopsy, was completely worn out. He was buried at the Vostryakovsky cemetery in Moscow (plot 80). Hundreds of thousands of people came to say goodbye to the great man.

Sakharov was never reinstated in the awards he was stripped of in 1980. He categorically refused this, and Gorbachev did not sign the corresponding Decree.

He was awarded the Order of Lenin (01/04/1954), medals, foreign awards.

Laureate of the Lenin Prize (1956), Stalin Prize (1953), Nobel Peace Prize (1975).

In 1988, the European Parliament established the Andrei Sakharov International Prize for humanitarian work in the field of human rights.

Streets in Dubna, Chelyabinsk, Kazan, Sarov, Lvov, Odessa, Riga and Sukhumi, an avenue in Moscow and squares in St. Petersburg, Barnaul and Yerevan are named after Sakharov. In Moscow, Nizhny Novgorod and the city of Sarov, Nizhny Novgorod Region, memorial plaques were installed on the houses in which he lived, as well as on the buildings of the Physics Institute of the Russian Academy of Sciences in Moscow and the Research Institute of Experimental Physics in Sarov.

Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov

In recent years, the Nobel Peace Prize has been a subject of heated debate. Many are convinced that its laureates in recent times become people and organizations that denigrate this high award. The talk of the town was the award in 2009 of the award to US President Barack Obama, who in subsequent years devoted more time to inciting new armed conflicts than to the cause of peace.

However, this Nobel Prize has always caused controversy because of its politicization and momentary nature. The names of most of its laureates will say little to future generations or raise serious questions.

To this day, disputes do not subside, how justified was the award of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1990 to the first and last Soviet President Mikhail Gorbachev.

But in Russian history there was another Nobel Peace Prize winner who received it 15 years earlier - the Soviet physicist and human rights activist Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov. And this award, like the personality of the laureate, looks no less controversial.

“My dad made me a physicist”

The young Andryusha Sakharov, born in 1921, has trouble finding an answer to the question "Who to be?" did not have. The answer to this question was given by his father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, teacher of physics, popularizer of science, author of a textbook, according to which several generations studied.

As Sakharov Jr. himself said, “My father made me a physicist, otherwise God knows where I would have been taken!”.

Elementary education Andrei Sakharov received a home, and when he came to school in the seventh grade, he was already clearly moving along the scientific path. After graduating from school in 1938, he entered the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University, and in 1944, he entered the graduate school of the Physical Institute of the Academy of Sciences, where he became his supervisor future Nobel laureate Igor Tamm.

Already at that time, Andrei Sakharov was considered one of the most promising physicists in the country, and it is not surprising that he soon became one of those who were instructed to create " nuclear shield" countries.

Academician Andrey Dmitrievich Sakharov at his dacha in Zhukovka. 1972 Photo: RIA Novosti

Since 1948, Sakharov worked for twenty years on the creation of Soviet thermonuclear weapons, in particular, he designed the first Soviet hydrogen bomb.

How successful Sakharov was on this path is evidenced by the three stars of the Hero of Socialist Labor, the Order of Lenin, one Stalin and one Lenin Prize, numerous scientific regalia and other benefits that the Soviet state generously showered him with.

From nuclear tsunami to fight for peace

The enthusiasm of the young Sakharov amazed even the military. So, his ideas about using superpowers nuclear charges to carry out underwater explosions that cause a giant tsunami that can wash away all the cities on the coast of the United States, even Soviet generals and admirals who were not prone to sentimentality seemed excessive.

However, in the 1960s, what happens to Sakharov is what happened to many other atomic physicists both in the USSR and in the USA - he comes to the conclusion that his activities are immoral and blasphemous, and decides to devote himself to the struggle for peace, disarmament and a just world order.

In the mid-1960s, Sakharov's social activities began to crowd out his scientific work. He writes letters against "Lysenkoism", against the rehabilitation of Stalinism, in defense of writers and public figures who came into conflict with the Soviet government due to political differences.

Adept of the planned economy

In 1968, Andrei Sakharov wrote a keynote article Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom. In it, he considered the global problems threatening humanity, and put forward the thesis of "the convergence of the socialist and capitalist systems, accompanied by democratization, demilitarization, social and scientific and technological progress, as the only alternative to the death of mankind."

Already in this article appeared main disadvantage Sakharov as a public figure - his ideas and thoughts looked extremely divorced from reality, from the realities of real life.

At the same time, for those who know about Sakharov’s activities only by hearsay, some of the postulates of this article may be very surprising: for example, the academician believed that a socialist society in socio-cultural terms is one step higher than capitalism, and a planned economy surpasses the market in its potential.

Of course, the article also contained criticism of the Soviet system - the only system that, in fact, Sakharov knew personally.

Thrice Hero of Socialist Labor, an atomic scientist who scolds the Soviet regime - in the West they seized on the person of Sakharov immediately and firmly. He promised to be an excellent weapon in anti-Soviet propaganda.

On the other hand, the Soviet state security agencies took the public academic "on a pencil" as a potentially dangerous person.

Academician Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov at the Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR (May - June 1989). exhibition fund. Photo: RIA Novosti / Sergey Guneev

The retinue plays the king

It is likely that Sakharov, who is known today, would not have existed if two fatal circumstances had not happened - the death of the academician's first wife and his acquaintance with dissident Elena Bonner.

In order not to be unfounded, we will quote from the diary of the academician himself: “Lyusya (Bonner — ed.) told me (the academician) a lot that I otherwise would not have understood and would not have done. She is a great organizer, she is my think tank.”

The “organizer” and “think tank”, who married Sakharov in 1972, finally turned the academician from science towards human rights activities.

Bonner's influence on Sakharov is getting stronger. If in the early years of his public activity he criticizes only individual shortcomings of the Soviet system, then the further, the more he begins to oppose gloomy totalitarianism socialist camp pure democracy of the capitalist world.

The sharper Sakharov spoke, the more attention he received from both the Western and Soviet press. But if in the West the Soviet academician was presented as a fighter against the horrors of the Soviet regime, then in the USSR - as a real scoundrel, pouring mud on the Motherland, which gave him everything.

Both sides mixed up a vigorous cocktail of grains of truth and a stream of propaganda.

Be that as it may, Academician Sakharov becomes a person known to the whole world.

In the beginning there was Sakharov...

The authorities did not resort to punitive measures against Sakharov - it was mainly his associates in the dissident movement who got it. The academician was closely monitored by the KGB, he was strongly advised not to irritate the top Soviet leaders.

The enraged academician, however, did not listen, giving regular press conferences for Western journalists working in the USSR.

The fact that the academician spoke at these press conferences is not very fond of recalling today. This is explained simply - when Sakharov left conversations on the topic "for everything good against everything bad" to discuss current events, his assessments turned out to be extremely controversial. And over the years it turned out to be wrong.

When Armenian nationalists staged a terrorist attack on the Moscow metro in January 1977, Sakharov declared: “I cannot get rid of the feeling that the explosion in the Moscow metro and tragic death people is a new and most dangerous provocation of repressive bodies in recent years. It is this feeling and the fears associated with it that this provocation could lead to changes in everything internal climate countries, were the motivation for writing this article. I would be very happy if my thoughts turned out to be wrong ... "

Academician Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (right) at a sanctioned rally in Luzhniki during the First Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR. Photo: RIA Novosti / Igor Mikhalev

Does this remind you of anything, dear readers? Twenty years later, on the same basis, the version about the involvement of the Russian special services in the explosions in Moscow, and then about the involvement of the Belarusian special services in the explosions in Minsk, will be built.

For his statement, Sakharov received a call to the prosecutor's office, where he was issued an official warning: “Citizen Sakharov A.D. is warned that he made a deliberately false slanderous statement, which claims that the explosion in the Moscow metro is a provocation of the authorities aimed at against the so-called dissidents. Gr. Sakharov is warned that if his criminal actions continue and repeat, he will be held liable in accordance with the laws in force in the country.”

Sakharov refused to sign the notice of warning, saying: “I refuse to sign this document. First of all, I must clarify what you said about my last statement. It does not directly accuse the KGB of organizing an explosion in the Moscow metro, but I express certain concerns (feelings, as I have written). I express in it also the hope that this was not a crime sanctioned from above. But I am aware of the acute nature of my statement and do not repent of it. In acute situations, acute remedies are needed. If, as a result of my statement, an objective investigation is carried out and the true culprits are found, and the innocent do not suffer, if the provocation against dissidents is not carried out, I will feel great satisfaction.”

People's Deputy of the USSR Academician Andrei Sakharov (left) with his wife Elena Bonner (right). 1989 Photo: RIA Novosti / Vladimir Fedorenko

Prize and tea with cake

But back to the early 1970s. By 1975, Andrei Sakharov had turned from a secret atomic scientist into a world-famous person who was nominated by various public groups in the West for the Nobel Peace Prize.

Sakharov was also an extremely convenient figure for the Nobel Committee - a famous nuclear physicist who repented of creating what brought him fame and honor, and who fought for peace and freedom, regardless of personal benefits. Such a portrait fit perfectly into the essence of the award, conceived Alfred Nobel. Of course, Western politicians contributed in every possible way to this decision, for whom such a laureate was an excellent assistant in the ideological struggle against the USSR.

The Soviet Union, of course, was not too happy, but had no real levers of influence on the Nobel Committee. In addition, there was still a détente of the 1970s in the yard, Moscow received the right to host the Olympics, and seriously quarrel with the West over Sakharov Soviet leaders didn't intend to.

On the day when the Sakharov Prize was announced in Oslo, his wife Elena Bonner was in Italy, where she was treating her eyesight. The dissident academic himself at that moment was with friends in the human rights movement - he was drinking tea with an apple pie. Soon, Sakharov's associates, as well as Western journalists, also pulled up there. This warm company marked the awarding of the award to the academician.

Untimely Thoughts

Sakharov did not go to the presentation of the Prize itself, but the intrigues of the KGB, by and large, have nothing to do with it. The academician was "not allowed to travel abroad" due to the fact that he was the bearer of too many defense secrets. By the way, according to Elena Bonner, Sakharov himself admitted this and did not particularly grumble.

The award for Sakharov was received by his wife, who safely traveled from Italy to Norway with the text of Sakharov's traditional "Nobel lecture" in her pocket, which she read out in Oslo.

In this lecture, in addition to the expected criticism of the Soviet regime, in some ways fair, in some ways not, extremely topical words are found:

“In striving to protect the rights of people, we must act, in my opinion, first of all as defenders of the innocent victims of the regimes existing in different countries, without demanding the crushing and total condemnation of these regimes. We need reforms, not revolutions. We need a flexible, pluralistic and tolerant society that embodies the spirit of search, discussion and free, non-dogmatic use of the achievements of all social systems.

Neither Libya, nor Syria, nor Kyiv's "Euromaidan" fit in any way into these naive ideas of Sakharov... Perhaps, today an academician would not be awarded a prize for such speeches.

Academician Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (center) during his return from Gorky to Moscow. 1986 Photo: RIA Novosti / Yuri Abramochkin

When patience ran out

After receiving the award, Elena Bonner safely returned to her husband in the USSR, where the couple began to fight the Soviet system with even greater energy.

I am not inclined to consider the authorities of the Soviet Union prone to humanism, but the fact is that tough measures were applied to Sakharov only in 1980, when he openly opposed the introduction of Soviet troops into Afghanistan.

Probably, the annoying academician could have been expelled from the USSR earlier, like Solzhenitsyn and Rostropovich, but everything again rested on “ nuclear secrets' He knew too much.

But in 1980, the detente ordered a long life, the opposing sides again switched to tough rhetoric, and in these conditions they no longer stood on ceremony with Sakharov - depriving him of the Hero's stars, orders and other regalia, he was sent into exile in Gorky.

For these sufferings, the Nobel Committee would gladly give Sakharov another peace prize, but, according to the status, the award is awarded only once ...

From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia

Andrei Dmitrievich Sakharov (May 21, 1921, Moscow - December 14, 1989, Moscow) - Soviet physicist, academician of the USSR Academy of Sciences, one of the creators of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb. Subsequently - a public figure, dissident and human rights activist; People's Deputy of the USSR, author of the draft constitution of the Union Soviet Republics Europe and Asia. Winner of the Nobel Peace Prize in 1975.

For his human rights activities, he was deprived of all Soviet awards and prizes and was expelled from Moscow.

Father, Dmitry Ivanovich Sakharov, a teacher of physics, author of a well-known problem book, mother Ekaterina Alekseevna Sakharova (ur. Sofiano) - daughter of hereditary military Greek origin Alexei Semyonovich Sofiano - a housewife. Grandmother on the mother's side Zinaida Evgrafovna Sofiano - from the kind of Belgorod nobles Mukhanovs.

Godfather - famous musician Alexander Borisovich Goldenweiser.

Childhood and early youth were spent in Moscow. Sakharov received his primary education at home. I went to school to study from the seventh grade.

At the end high school in 1938 Sakharov entered the Faculty of Physics of Moscow State University.

After the outbreak of the war, in the summer of 1941 he tried to enter military academy but was not accepted for health reasons. In 1941 he was evacuated to Ashgabat. In 1942 he graduated from the university with honors.

Scientific work

At the end of 1944 he entered the FIAN graduate school (supervisor - I. E. Tamm). An employee of the FIAN them. Lebedev remained until his death.

In 1947 he defended his PhD thesis.

In 1948 he was enrolled in a special group and until 1968 worked in the development of thermonuclear weapons, participated in the design and development of the first Soviet hydrogen bomb according to the scheme called "Sakharov's puff". At the same time, Sakharov, together with I. E. Tamm, carried out pioneering work on a controlled thermonuclear reaction in 1950-1951. At the Moscow Power Engineering Institute he taught courses in nuclear physics, the theory of relativity and electricity.

Doctor of Physical and Mathematical Sciences (1953). In the same year, at the age of 32, he was elected a full member of the USSR Academy of Sciences, becoming the second youngest academician in history at the time of his election (after S. L. Sobolev). The recommendation accompanying the nomination for academicianship was signed by Academician I. V. Kurchatov and Corresponding Members of the USSR Academy of Sciences Yu. B. Khariton and Ya. - played a role nationality:

In 1953, at the suggestion of Igor Evgenievich Tamm, I was elected a member of the correspondent. He also proposed to elect Andrey Dmitrievich as a member of the correspondent, but he was immediately elected to the academicians. Why? They needed a hero - a Russian. There were enough Jews: Khariton, Zeldovich, your interlocutor. I will say that there are no misunderstandings: I am not at all jealous of Sakharov, I am not going to cast a shadow on him, but, speaking in historical terms, he was greatly inflated along the military line - for nationalist reasons. He is a national hero, very much, however, later let everyone down.

“He lived too long in some extremely isolated world, where they knew little about the events in the country, about the lives of people from other walks of life, and about the history of the country in which and for which they worked,” said Roy Medvedev.

In 1955, he signed the "Letter of Three Hundred" against the notorious activities of academician T. D. Lysenko.

According to Valentin Falin, Sakharov, trying to stop the ruinous arms race, proposed a project to deploy super-powerful nuclear warheads along the American maritime border:

A.D. Sakharov generally proposed not to serve the Washington strategy of ruining the Soviet Union with an arms race. He advocated the deployment of nuclear charges of 100 megatons each along the Atlantic and Pacific coasts of the United States. And in case of aggression against us or our friends, press the buttons. He said this before a quarrel with Nikita Sergeevich in 1961 over disagreements over testing a 100 megaton thermonuclear bomb over Novaya Zemlya.

Human rights activities

“All people have the right to life, liberty and happiness.
A. D. Sakharov. Constitution (Draft). Art. 5. "

From the late 1950s, he actively campaigned for an end to nuclear weapons testing. Contributed to the conclusion of the Moscow Treaty on the prohibition of tests in three environments. Their attitude to the question of the justification of possible victims nuclear testing and - more broadly - in general, human sacrifices in the name of a more optimal future, A.D. Sakharov expressed it this way:

“... Pavlov [general of state security] once told me:
- Now in the world there is a life-and-death struggle between the forces of imperialism and communism. The future of mankind, the fate and happiness of tens of billions of people throughout the centuries depend on the outcome of this struggle. To win this fight, we must be strong. If our work, our trials add strength to this struggle, and this is the case in the highest degree, then no victims of trials, no sacrifices at all, can matter here.
Was it crazy demagogy or was Pavlov sincere? It seems to me that there was an element of both demagogy and sincerity. More important is something else. I am convinced that such arithmetic is fundamentally wrong. We know too little about the laws of history, the future is unpredictable, and we are not gods. We, each of us, in every deed, both “small” and “big”, must proceed from concrete moral criteria, and not from the abstract arithmetic of history. Moral criteria categorically dictate to us - do not kill! »

From the late 1960s, he was one of the leaders of the human rights movement in the USSR.

In 1966, he signed a letter from twenty-five cultural and scientific figures Secretary General The Central Committee of the CPSU L. I. Brezhnev against the rehabilitation of Stalin.

In 1968 he wrote the pamphlet Reflections on Progress, Peaceful Coexistence and Intellectual Freedom, which was published in many countries.

In 1970 he became one of the three founding members of the Moscow Committee of Human Rights (together with Andrei Tverdokhlebov and Valery Chalidze).

In 1971, he addressed the Soviet government with a Memorandum.

In the 1960s and early 1970s, he went to the trials of dissidents. During one of these trips in 1970 in Kaluga (the trial of B. Weil - R. Pimenov), he met Elena Bonner, and in 1972 he married her. There is an opinion that the departure from scientific work and switching to human rights activities occurred under her influence. He indirectly confirms this in his diary: “Lucy told me (the academician) a lot that I otherwise would not have understood and would not have done. She is a great organizer, she is my think tank.”

In the 1970s - 1980s, campaigns against A. D. Sakharov were carried out in the Soviet press (1973, 1975, 1980, 1983).

On August 29, 1973, the Pravda newspaper published a letter from members of the USSR Academy of Sciences condemning the activities of A. D. Sakharov (“Letter from 40 Academicians”).

In September 1973, in response to the campaign that had begun, mathematician Corresponding Member of the USSR Academy of Sciences I. R. Shafarevich wrote an “open letter” in defense of A. D. Sakharov.

In 1974, Sakharov held a press conference at which he announced the Day of Political Prisoners in the USSR.

In 1975 he wrote the book "On the Country and the World". In the same year, Sakharov was awarded the Nobel Peace Prize. Soviet newspapers published collective letters of scientific and cultural figures condemning political activity A. Sakharova.

In September 1977, he addressed a letter to the organizing committee on the problem of the death penalty, in which he advocated its abolition in the USSR and throughout the world.

In December 1979 and January 1980, he made a number of statements against the entry of Soviet troops into Afghanistan, which were printed on the front pages of Western newspapers.

On January 22, 1980, he was detained on his way to work, and then, together with his wife Elena Bonner, was exiled without trial to the city of Gorky. Then, by decree of the Presidium of the Supreme Soviet of the USSR, he was deprived of the title of Hero of Socialist Labor three times and by a decree of the Council of Ministers of the USSR - the title of laureate of the Stalin (1953) and Lenin (1956) prizes (also the Order of Lenin, the title of member of the USSR Academy of Sciences was not deprived). In Gorky, Sakharov held three long hunger strikes. In 1981, together with Elena Bonner, he endured the first, seventeen-day period - for the right to travel to her husband abroad L. Alekseeva (the daughter-in-law of the Sakharovs).

In big Soviet encyclopedia(published in 1975) and then in the encyclopedic reference books published before 1986, the article about Sakharov ended with the phrase "In recent years, he has moved away from scientific activity." According to some sources, the wording belonged to M. A. Suslov. In July 1983, four academicians (Prokhorov, Skryabin, Tikhonov, Dorodnitsyn) signed the letter "When honor and conscience are lost" condemning A. D. Sakharov.

In May 1984, he held a second hunger strike (26 days) in protest against the criminal prosecution of E. Bonner. In April-October 1985 - the third (178 days) for the right of E. Bonner to go abroad for heart surgery. During this time, Sakharov was repeatedly hospitalized (the first time was forcibly on the sixth day of the hunger strike; after his statement about the end of the hunger strike (July 11), he was discharged from the hospital; after its resumption (July 25), he was again forcibly hospitalized two days later) and forcibly fed (tried to feed, sometimes succeeded). During the entire time of A. Sakharov's exile in Gorky, a campaign was going on in his defense in many countries of the world. For example, the area five minutes walk from the White House, where the Soviet embassy in Washington was located, was renamed "Sakharov Square". Since 1975, Sakharov Hearings have been regularly held in various world capitals.

Liberation and final years

He was released from Gorky's exile with the beginning of perestroika, at the end of 1986 - after almost seven years of imprisonment. On October 22, 1986, Sakharov asks to stop his deportation and exile of his wife, again (previously he turned to M. S. Gorbachev with a promise to focus on scientific work and stop public speaking, with the proviso: “except in exceptional cases”, if his wife’s trip for treatment would be allowed) promising to end his social activities (with the same stipulation). On December 15, a telephone was unexpectedly installed in his apartment (he did not have a telephone during the entire exile), before leaving, the KGB officer said: “They will call you tomorrow.” The next day, MS Gorbachev really rang, allowing Sakharov and Bonner to return to Moscow.
Arkady Volsky testified that, as General Secretary, Andropov also wanted to return Sakharov, in Volsky's statement: "Yuri Vladimirovich was ready to release Sakharov from Gorky, provided that he writes a statement and asks about it himself ... But Sakharov [refused] flatly:" In vain Andropov hopes that I will ask him for something. No repentance." Later, when Gorbachev became General Secretary of the Central Committee, he personally dialed Sakharov's number ... ". Academician Isaak Khalatnikov wrote in his memoirs that Andropov told Anatoly Petrovich Alexandrov, who was busy about Sakharov being exiled to Gorky, that this exile was the most “mild” punishment, when other members of the Politburo demanded much more severe measures.

On December 23, 1986, Sakharov returned to Moscow with Elena Bonner. After returning, he continued to work in Physics Institute them. Lebedev.

In November-December 1988, Sakharov's first trip abroad took place (he met with Presidents R. Reagan, George W. Bush, F. Mitterrand, M. Thatcher).

In 1989 he was elected a People's Deputy of the USSR, in May-June of the same year he participated in the I Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR in Kremlin Palace congresses, where his speeches were often accompanied by clapping, shouting from the hall, whistling from some of the deputies, who were later characterized by the leader of the MDG, historian Yuri Afanasiev and the media as an aggressively obedient majority.

In November 1989, he presented a "draft of a new constitution", which is based on the protection of individual rights and the right of all peoples to statehood. (See Euro-Asian Union)

December 14, 1989, at 15:00 - Sakharov's last speech in the Kremlin at a meeting of the Interregional Deputy Group (II Congress of People's Deputies of the USSR).

He was buried at the Vostryakovsky cemetery in Moscow.

Awards and prizes

Nobel Prize - 1975 Nobel Peace Prize (1975)
Hero of Socialist Labor - 1954 Hero of Socialist Labor - 1956 Hero of Socialist Labor - 1962
Order of Lenin - 1954
Jubilee medal "For Valiant Labor (For Military Valor). In commemoration of the 100th anniversary of the birth of Vladimir Ilyich Lenin"
30 years of victory rib.png
Jubilee Medal "Forty Years of Victory in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945"
Medal "For Valiant Labor in the Great Patriotic War of 1941-1945"
Medal "Veteran of Labor"
Medal "For the development of virgin lands"
Medal "In memory of the 800th anniversary of Moscow"
Knight Grand Cross of the Order of the Vytis Cross
Lenin Prize - 1956 Stalin Prize - 1953

Prediction of the development of the Internet

In 1974 Sakharov wrote:
“In the future, perhaps later than 50 years, I envision the creation of a world information system (WIS) that will make available to everyone at any moment the contents of any book, ever and anywhere published, the contents of any article, any reference. VIS should include individual miniature interrogating receivers-transmitters, control rooms that control information flows, communication channels, including thousands of artificial communication satellites, cable and laser lines. Even partial implementation of the WIS will have a profound impact on the life of every person, on his leisure, on his intellectual and artistic development. Unlike TV, which is the main source of information for many contemporaries, WIS will provide everyone with maximum freedom in choosing information and require individual activity. A. Sakharov »

The Internet became a socially significant phenomenon in the early 1990s, after Sakharov's death, but much earlier than 50 years after the article was written.

The medical report was compiled by Yakov Rapoport:

“The first stages of the autopsy of Andrei Dmitrievich’s body were somewhat “disappointing,” which did not meet the expectations of pathologists to find sharp lesions of vital organs, for example, severe sclerosis of the main arteries and their rupture with fatal bleeding, or extensive heart damage from an old or fresh heart attack, or blood clots vital arteries, or aspiration (drift into respiratory system vomit causing instant suffocation), etc. None of this set of causes of sudden death was found in a frank form. ”,“ Above expectations, the relative morphological well-being of the arteries of the coronary system of the heart was found. ”,“ Pathologists did not meet the expectations of finding a typical pathology chronic disease with its ending in the form of obstruction of the lumen of a large branch of the coronary system of the heart. If these expectations were justified, the question of the causes and mechanisms of Andrei Dmitrievich's sudden death would be quickly and exhaustively resolved. This, however, did not happen.", "We expected clearer and more distinct morphological documentation from the sudden death."

Based on the published results of the autopsy, an experienced doctor Viktor Topolyansky concludes that it is impossible to clinically understand the cause of Andrei Dmitrievich’s death and suggests that arterial hypertension (hypertension) with inadequate treatment and a sudden rise in blood pressure could have become the cause of Sakharov’s death and played a fatal role.

Thus, sorting through all the materials available today about the death of Andrei Dmitrievich, as well as the official conclusion of pathologists about his death (http://www.sudmed.ru/index.php?showtopic=16373), one has to assume that Sakharov is a middle-aged man , not very healthy and, no doubt, after the meeting of the Supreme Council, who was in a state of stress, could die a natural death.

Grigoryants.ru›sovremennaya…gibel-saxarova/

The purpose of this article is to find out how the death of the outstanding SCIENTIST and CITIZEN ANDREI DMITRIEVICH SAKHAROV from a heart attack is embedded in his FULL NAME code.

Watch in advance "Logicology - about the fate of man".

Consider the FULL NAME code tables. \If there is a shift in numbers and letters on your screen, adjust the image scale\.

18 19 41 42 59 74 77 78 92 97 114 120 130 135 148 158 177 194 204 210 213 223 247
S A KH A R O V A N D R E J D M I T R I E V I C
247 229 228 206 205 188 173 170 169 155 150 133 127 117 112 99 89 70 53 43 37 34 24

1 15 20 37 43 53 58 71 81 100 117 127 133 136 146 170 188 189 211 212 229 244 247
A AND R E I D M I T R I E V I C S A KH A R O V
247 246 232 227 210 204 194 189 176 166 147 130 120 114 111 101 77 59 58 36 35 18 3

SAKHAROV ANDREY DMITRIEVICH = 247 = DIED SUDDENLY.

247 \u003d 130 - DIE FROM ... + 117 - ATTACK.

247 \u003d 223- \ 93-INFARCTION + 130-LIFEless \ + 24-IN \ heart attack \.

223 - 24 = 199 = END OF LIFE FROM INF \ arcta \.

247 \u003d 120-END OF LIFE + 127-FROM INFARCTION \ a \.

247 = DIES AFTER HEART.

135 = DIED FROM...
_______________________
117 = ATTACK

135 - 117 \u003d 18 \u003d C \ heart \.

244 = HEART ATTACK

18 = C \ death \

244 - 18 \u003d 226 \u003d 170 - LIFE IS ENDED + 56 - DIED.

100 = DIED FROM I \\ heart attack \ = PRISTU \ n \

166 = MYOCARDIAL INFARCTION

136 = DIED FROM INFA\ rkta \
_____________________________
114 = DIED OF IN \\ heart attack\

170 = 70-LIFE + 100-END
__________________________________
101 = DEAD

170 - 101 = 69 = END.

194 = SUDDEN HEART
______________________________
70 = HEARTS

194 - 70 = 124 = END OF LIFE.

For my regular readers, to whom I am grateful, I show how to quickly sort out all this "digital mess":

170-ANDREY DMITRIEVICH, WORRYED, LIFE IS ENDED - 77-SUGAROV = 93 = HEART.

130 = SAKHAROV ANDREY DYING FROM ... - 117 DMITRIEVICH, ATTACK = 13.

93 - 13 \u003d 80 \u003d FROM INFA \ rkta \\ \u003d PRIST \ y \.

194-DMITRIEVICH SAKHAROV, \ 93-MID + 101-DEAD \ - 53-ANDREY \u003d 141 \u003d ENDED LIFE \ b \.

141-ENDED LIFE \ s \ + 13 \u003d 154 \u003d 93-MID + 61-DIES\ no \.

141 - 93 \u003d 48 \u003d DEATH \ em \.

80-FROM INFA \ rkta \ + 48-DEATH \ em \ \u003d 128 \u003d FROM HEART.

247 \u003d 93-INFARCTION + 154-\ 93-INFARCTION + 61-DIED (et) \.

247 \u003d 154-END OF LIFE FROM ... + 93-MIDDLE \ a \.

That is, we clearly see that the "scenario" of the FULL NAME code contains precisely a heart attack.

Reference:

Nazdor.ru›topics/improvement/diseases/current/…
A heart attack or myocardial infarction is irreversible damage to the heart muscle. "Myo" means muscle, "karda" refers to the heart...

DATE OF DEATH code: 12/14/1989. This = 14 + 12 + 19 + 89 = 134 = SUDDENLY DIED.

134 \u003d 45-\ 14 + 12 + 19 \-INF (arkt) + 89-DEATH.

247 = 134-SUDDENLY DIED + 113-AFTER INFA \ rkta \.

252 = 135-DIED FROM... + 117-ACCESS.

Code of the full DATE OF DEATH = 252-FOURTEENTH OF DECEMBER + 108-FROM INFARK (ta) -\ 19 + 89 \-\ code of the YEAR OF DEATH \ = 360.

360 - 247-\ FULL NAME code \ = 113 = END = AFTER INFA \ rkta \.

Code for the number of complete YEARS OF LIFE = 177-SIXTY + 84-EIGHT = 261.

261 = SUDDENLY DIES FROM INFAR\kta\.

Look at the column in the table below:

20 = Y \ die \
__________________________________________
232 = 177-SIXTY + 55-EIGHT

232 - 20 \u003d 212 \u003d 116-ATTACK + 96-DIE.