Physical development, physique. Physical development. Main settings
patterns physical development.
Anatomical and physiological features of infants, early, preschool, primary school and adolescence. Medical and psychological features of working with infants and children early age
Physical development (PD) is understood as dynamic process growth and biological maturation of the child. The growth rate and maturation of organs and systems is programmed by hereditary mechanisms.
Regularities of physical development.
Growth processes obey certain laws.
1. Deceleration of growth rate with age. Top speed in young years. How older child, the intensity of growth is less, except for the pubertal period.
2. Uneven growth rate:
Maximum in 1-4 g. weight
The growth of the child accelerates at night and in summer. Growth rates decrease with excessive or prolonged influence of unfavorable factors.
3. Disproportionate growth separate parts body and internal organs.
4. Gender specificity of growth. Girls grow and develop faster puberty occurs 2 years earlier, but boys have more high performance growth.
critical periods. Influence of factors external environment for physical development.
For fetal growth:- maternal health, good nutrition, maternal lifestyle, normal transport function of the placenta.
After the birth of a child:- rational feeding, adequate physical activity, sufficient sleep, emotional comfort, friendliness of others, optimal information load.
Average indicators of physical development. For a mature full-term baby at birth, the following are characteristic:
weight 3300 (girls)
weight 3500 (boys)
50-52 cm - height
34-35 - head
33-35 - chest.
Individual differences can be significant (for example, weight 2500-4000, etc.).
Dynamics of indicators by calculation method. Approximately, you can calculate the main anthropometric indicators of mass m
Body weight = m 6 months + 400 g (for each next month)
(for children of the 1st year) (8200-8400) - 800 g. (for each missing)
M body \u003d m 5 years + 3 kg (for each subsequent year)
(after a year) from 2-11 years old (19 kg) - 2 kg (for each subsequent year)
m body \u003d (age x 5) - 20 kg
body length
L body = L 6m. - 2.5 cm (for the missing month)
(up to 1 year) (66cm) + 1.5 cm (for each subsequent)
Body L = L 4 years - 8 cm (for the missing year)
after 1 year (100cm) + 7cm (next year)
Body L = L 8Y - 7CM (for the missing one)
(after 6 years) (130cm) + 5cm (for the next)
Chest circumference
Oh to gr. = About to gr.v 6 months. - 2 cm (for the missing month)
(first year) (45 cm) + 0.5 cm (for the next year)
Oh to gr. \u003d O to gr. 10 years - 1.5 (for the missing year)
(after 1 year) (63 cm) + 3 (for the next year).
Head circumference
Oh to the goal. = About to gol.6mes. - 1.5 cm (missing month)
(1 year of life) (43 cm) + 0.5 cm (following)
Oh to the goal. = About to goal 5 years. - 1 cm (for the missing one)
(after a year) (50 cm) + 0.6 cm (for the next).
The main indicators of the RF can be assessed centile method using standard tables. They allow you to determine the level and harmony of the RF.
In the middle zone (25-75 cents) are the average indicators of the studied trait. In zones from 10 to 25 and from 75 to 90 there are values indicating a below average or above average RF, and in the zone from 3 to 10 and from 90-97 - indicators of low or high development.
Quantities< 3 и >The 97th centile is an area of very low and very high rates.
To assess the RF it is necessary:
1. Carry out anthropometry.
2. Determine and evaluate the trait by its position in one of the 7 centile zones (the centile corridor is determined) - the 2 closest values.
3. Determine the harmony according to the table.
4. Make a note: the date of measurement, the age of the child, the measurement result in cm and kg, and in brackets (number of the centile zone), give a conclusion about physical development.
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT is a natural process of age-related changes in the morphological and functional properties of the human body during its life.
The concept of physical development includes the morphofunctional constitution of a person. The human constitution is a complex of individual physiological and anatomical features human body, which are formed on the basis of hereditary and acquired under the influence of social and natural conditions properties.
Physical development depends on genetic factors, while heredity plays a significant role in the characteristics of the dynamics of physical development and physique, and environmental conditions (social, climatic, geographical, etc.).
To determine physical development, anthropometric measurements are carried out, and various indices are used to evaluate it. Indices are indicators of physical development, which are ratios of individual anthropometric features expressed in a priori mathematical formulas.
The study of the level of physical development of children and adolescents is carried out according to the method of determining sigma deviations. The use of this method is based on comparing the indicators of the physical development of the subject (height, weight, OGK, etc.) with the arithmetic mean values of these signs (M) taken from the table of standards.
ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICATORS is a complex of morphological and functional data characterizing the age and sex characteristics of physical development.
The following anthropometric indicators are distinguished:
Somatometric;
Physiometric;
Somatoscopic.
The somatometric indicators are:
· Growth- body length.
The greatest body length is observed in the morning. In the evening, and also after intensive training exercise growth may decrease by 2 cm or more. After exercise with weights and a barbell, height may decrease by 3-4 cm or more due to compaction of the intervertebral discs.
· The weight- it is more correct to say "body weight".
Body weight is an objective indicator of health status. It changes in the course of physical exercises, especially on early stages. This occurs as a result of the release of excess water and the burning of fat. Then the weight stabilizes, and in the future, depending on the direction of the training, it begins to decrease or increase. It is advisable to control body weight in the morning on an empty stomach.
To determine the normal weight, various weight and height indices are used. In particular, it is widely used in practice Brock index- Brugsha:, Whereby normal weight body is calculated as follows:
For people 155-165 cm tall:
optimal weight = body length - 100
For people 165-175 cm tall:
optimal weight = body length - 105
For people 175 cm tall and above:
optimal weight = body length - 110
More accurate information about the ratio of physical weight and body constitution is given by a method that, in addition to growth, also takes into account the circumference of the chest:
Body weight (weight) for adults is calculated by the Bernhard formula:
Weight \u003d (height x chest volume) / 240
The formula makes it possible to take into account the features of the physique.
· circles- volumes of the body in its various zones.
Usually they measure the circumference of the chest, waist, forearm, shoulder, hip, etc. A centimeter tape is used to measure the circumference of the body.
The circumference of the chest is measured in three phases: during normal quiet breathing, maximum inhalation and maximum exhalation. The difference between the values of the circles during inhalation and exhalation characterizes the excursion of the chest (ECC). The average value of EGC usually ranges from 5-7 cm.
Waist circumference, hips, etc. are used, as a rule, to control the figure.
The physical parameters are:
· Vital capacity (VC)- the volume of air received at the maximum exhalation made after the maximum inspiration.
VC is measured with a spirometer: having previously taken 1-2 breaths, the subject takes a maximum breath and smoothly blows air into the mouthpiece of the spirometer to failure. Measurement is carried out 2-3 times in a row, fixed best result.
Average indicators of VC:
In men 3500-4200 ml,
Women 2500-3000 ml,
Athletes have 6000-7500 ml.
· Breathing rate- the number of complete respiratory cycles per unit of time (eg, per minute).
Normally, the respiratory rate of an adult is 14-18 times per minute. When loaded, it increases by 2-2.5 times.
· Oxygen consumption- the amount of oxygen used by the body at rest or during exercise in 1 minute.
At rest, a person consumes an average of 250-300 ml of oxygen per minute. At physical activity this value increases.
The largest number oxygen that the body can consume per minute during maximum muscular work is called maximum oxygen consumption (IPC).
· Dynamometry- determination of the flexion force of the hand.
The flexion force of the hand is determined special device- dynamometer, measured in kg.
Right-handers have average strength values right hand :
For men 35-50 kg;
For women 25-33 kg.
Average strength values left hand usually 5-10 kg less.
When dynamometry, it is important to take into account and absolute power and relative, i.e. correlated with body weight.
To determine relative strength, the arm strength result is multiplied by 100 and divided by the body weight.
For example, a young man weighing 75 kg showed the strength of the right hand 52 kg.:
52 x 100 / 75 = 69.33%
Average indicators of relative strength:
In men, 60-70% of body weight;
In women, 45-50% of body weight.
Somatoscopic parameters include:
· Posture- the usual pose of a casually standing person.
At correct posture u are good physically developed person the head and torso are on the same vertical, the chest is raised, the lower limbs are straightened at the hip and knee joints.
At bad posture the head is slightly tilted forward, the back is stooped, the chest is flat, the stomach is protruding.
· body type- characterized by the width of the skeletal bones.
There are the following body types: asthenic (narrow-boned), normosthenic (normo-osseous), hypersthenic (broad-boned).
Determination of the thickness of skin-fat folds. To measure the thickness of the skin-fat folds, a special device called a caliper is used. When measuring Special attention should pay attention to its calibration. The pressure of the caliper legs should not exceed 10 g per 1 mm 2 of the skin surface. The area captured by the fingers of the skin should be at least 20-40 mm 2 . Measurements must be carried out in strictly established places. Usually determine the thickness of 8 longitudinal skin-fat folds:
1. in the back area - under the lower angle of the scapula;
2. in the chest area - along the axillary edge of the pectoralis major muscle;
3. in the abdomen - on the right near the navel;
4. on the front surface of the shoulder - above the biceps muscle (approximately in the middle of the shoulder);
5. on the back of the shoulder - above the triceps muscle of the shoulder (approximately in the middle of the shoulder);
6. on the dorsum of the hand - in the middle of the ΙΙΙ of the metacarpal bone;
7. on the front surface of the thigh - above the rectus femoris, slightly below the inguinal ligament;
8. on the posterior surface of the lower leg in the region of the outer head of the gastrocnemius muscle.
To anthropometric tools include:
1. metal rod anthropometer of the Martin system, which can simultaneously serve as a rod compass;
2. wooden easel stadiometer;
3. large and small thick compasses;
4. sliding compass;
5. millimetric (metal, linen or rubberized) tapes up to 1.5-2 m long;
6. medical scales with measurement accuracy up to 50 g;
7. caliper;
8. dynamometers (carpal, deadlift);
9. goniometers;
10. stop meters.
Martin's metal rod anthropometer and wooden easel height meter make it possible to determine with a high degree of accuracy (up to 0.2-0.5 cm) the length of the subject's body in a standing or sitting position. In addition, using a metal anthropometer, you can determine the longitudinal dimensions of the body (the length of the shoulder, forearm, hand, entire upper limb, thigh, lower leg, entire lower limb, etc.), which cannot be done with a wooden stadiometer.
Thickness and sliding compasses are used to determine through dimensions, i.e. distances between two points projected onto a line parallel to the axis being measured. Thick compasses, in contrast to sliding, resembling rod compasses, have arcuately curved legs, allowing you to measure the distances between points of the body that lie deeper than the surrounding parts of the body, and which cannot be fixed by the straight legs of a sliding or rod compass.
Millimeter metal or rubberized linen tapes are used to determine the perimeters (circumferences, girths) of the body and its segments.
The caliper is used to measure the thickness of skin-fat folds. This device has a specially calibrated spring, which makes it possible in each case to produce identical pressure on the crease.
Dynamometers (carpal, deadlift) are used in recent times to measure the strength not only of the flexor muscles of the hand and the extensor muscles of the body, but also of many other muscle groups (Fig. 7).
Goniometers (Mollison, Gamburtsev, Sermeev, Yatskevich) - devices for determining mobility in the joints in degrees. The total mobility in all the studied joints allows us to characterize such physical quality human-like flexibility.
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT - the process of changing the forms and functions of the human body throughout its life. To study and characterize physical development, a series is conventionally chosen common features, amenable to objective accounting and relatively simple measurement: indicators of height, body weight, chest circumference, spirometry, dynamometry, somatotype determination and others (see. ). For the same purposes, the standards of physical fitness are used. The initial prerequisite for physical development is the natural vitality, the inclinations that a person is endowed with by nature. However, the direction of physical development, its nature and what qualities, signs a person acquires, are determined by the totality of the conditions of his life. The decisive role is played by social conditions - the conditions of material life, labor activity, upbringing, hygiene conditions and so on.
Physical development is carried out according to objective laws: according to the laws of the unity of the organism and living conditions, the unity of heredity and variability, the interconnection of functional and morphology, changes, according to the laws of age-related changes in phases and periods of development, and so on. Physical development goes through a series of successive periods and stages. At present, there is still no generally accepted periodization of physical development. Summarizing the data of various authors, it is possible, with a certain convention, to single out the following main age periods and stages of human development:
- Periods of formation of forms and functions of the body
1. The period of intrauterine development - up to 9 months (according to X. Firordt).
2. The period of the newborn - from 1 to 5 weeks after birth.
3. The period of childhood - up to the 6th year of life (according to X. Firordt).
4. The period of adolescence - from the 7th to the 15th year of life (according to X. Firordt).
5. The period of youth - from the 16th to the 20th year of life (according to X. Firordt).
- Maturity
6. The first period of maturity - 20-40 years.
7. The second period of maturity (middle age) - 40-55 years (men); 40-50 years old (women) (according to I. M. Sarkizov-Serazini).
- Aging
8. The first period of aging ( elderly age) - 55-65 years (men); 50-60 years (women) (according to I. M. Sarkizov-Serazini).
9. The second period of aging (older age) - 65 years (men); over 60 years old (women).
Each of these periods is characterized by quantitative and qualitative features of physical development. During the periods of formation of the organism, progressive changes in all signs of physical development are observed. The periods of maturity are characterized at first by an increasing decrease in the degree of morphological and functional changes, and then by a relative stabilization of most signs of physical development (indicators of growth, body size, weight, etc.).
Physical development occurs gradually, but unevenly. As can be seen from the data presented (see tables 1-4), the highest rates of physical development are observed in the first periods of life. For relatively short periods of time, the most significant changes in forms and functions occur. At the same time, during these periods the organism is most plastic, that is, it is most easily amenable to changes under the influence of certain external conditions. Therefore, during the formative years of the organism, there are the most favorable opportunities for directed influences on the process of physical development for physical education. It is impossible to cancel the objective laws of physical development, but you can use them to "manage" the process of physical development in such a way as to give it the direction necessary for a full life (in particular, to delay the onset of aging periods), to ensure the harmonious improvement of all organs and systems, to acquire physical abilities necessary for creative work.
plays an important role in solving this problem . It includes a system of pedagogically organized influences on physical development, which are carried out through physical exercises, health-improving factors of nature - solar radiation, air and water properties and hygienic conditions (life regime and others). Physical exercise is the main means of doing this. Their significance as a factor of influence on physical development is clearly revealed when comparing the indicators of physical development in persons who systematically go in for and do not go in for physical exercises (see Table 5). By systematically performing a variety of physical exercises, a person expediently changes, increases his functional capabilities. And this, in turn, leads to a change in the forms of the structure of the organism (in accordance with the formative role of the function).
The Soviet system of physical education solves the problem of the all-round physical development of a person. Interests require it social progress, the construction of a new, communist society, in which people must harmoniously combine spiritual wealth, moral purity and physical perfection.
The steady rise in the material well-being of the people, the rapid growth of all branches of culture, and the improvement of the system of education provide unprecedented conditions in a socialist society for improving the indicators of the population's physical development.
| Table 1. - Change in height, weight and chest circumference person from birth to 18 years*. |
||||||
| Age (in years) | Height (in cm) | Weight (in kg) | Chest circumference (in cm) | |||
| husband. | female | husband. | female | husband. | female | |
| At birth | 50,8 | 50,2 | 3,5 | 3,3 | 36,3 | 35,9 |
| 1 | 75,3 | 74,0 | 10,5 | 10,0 | 48,9 | 47,7 |
| 2 | 85,9 | 85,0 | 12,7 | 12,1 | 51,8 | 50,0 |
| 3 | 93,8 | 92,9 | 14,6 | 14,3 | 53,2 | 52,3 |
| 4 | 100,0 | 99,6 | 15,9 | 15,4 | 54,1 | 53,1 |
| 5 | 107,3 | 106,1 | 17,8 | 17,5 | 55,8 | 54,9 |
| 6 | 114,0 | 112,4 | 20,4 | 19,9 | 57,6 | 56,6 |
| 7 | 123,2 | 122,3 | 24,0 | 23,8 | 58,8 | 57,4 |
| 8 | 124,9 | 123,9 | 24,4 | 24,8 | 59,4 | 58,2 |
| 9 | 131,0 | 130,3 | 27,8 | 27,4 | 62,0 | 59,3 |
| 10 | 136,1 | 136,0 | 30,4 | 30,8 | 64,0 | 62,6 |
| 11 | 140,5 | 140,6 | 32,8 | 32,7 | 66,0 | 64,3 |
| 12 | 144,5 | 149,0 | 35,5 | 38,5 | 66,3 | 67,5 |
| 13 | 150,2 | 154,0 | 39,4 | 42,7 | 69,6 | 69,7 |
| 14 | 158,7 | 156,5 | 46,1 | 46,8 | 73,1 | 72,3 |
| 15 | 164,8 | 159,3 | 52,2 | 51,3 | 76,3 | 74,3 |
| 16 | 167,2 | 159,5 | 56,4 | 53,0 | 80,5 | 76,3 |
| 17 | 171,1 | 160,2 | 60,1 | 55,1 | 81,4 | 77,3 |
| 18 | 172,0 | 161,0 | 61,5 | 55,3 | 84,5 | 79,1 |
| * Based on the materials of the staff of the Institute of Pediatrics and other authors, summarized by V. I. Khlopkov. The data refer to children and young men in Moscow (1956-58). | ||||||
| Tab. 2. - Change in muscle strength from 6 to 30 years (according to the largest load lifted with both hands) * | ||
| Age (in years) | Indicators (in kg) | |
| husband. | female | |
| 6 | 10,3 | |
| 7 | 14,0 | - |
| 8 | 17,0 | 11.8 |
| 9 | 20,0 | 15,5 |
| 10 | 26,0 | 16,2 |
| 11 | 29,8 | 19,5 |
| 12 | 33,6 | 23,0 |
| 13 | 39,8 | 26,7 |
| 14 | 47,9 | 33,4 |
| 15 | 57,1 | 35,6 |
| 16 | 63,9 | 37,7 |
| 20 | 84,3 | 45,2 |
| 30 | 89,0 | 52,6 |
| *According to the average data of X. Fierordt. | ||
| Tab. 3. - Change in lung capacity from 4 to 17 years*. | ||
| Age (in years) | Vital capacity (in cc) | |
| husband. | female | |
| 4 | 1100 | |
| 5 | 1200 | |
| 6 | 1200 | 1100 |
| 7 | 1400 | 1200 |
| 8 | 1600 | 1300 |
| 9 | 1700 | 1450 |
| 10 | 1800 | 1650 |
| 11 | 2100 | 1800 |
| 12 | 2200 | 2000 |
| 13 | 2200 | 2100 |
| 14 | 2700 | 2400 |
| 15 | 3200 | 2700 |
| 16 | 4200 | 2800 |
| 17 | 4000 | 3000 |
| * According to the average data of N. A. Shalkov. | ||
| Tab. 4. - Change with age of the stroke volume of the heart (the amount of blood pumped by the heart into the vessels with each contraction) *. | |
| Age | Volume (in cm cube) |
| Newborn | 2,5 |
| 1 year | 10,2 |
| 7 years | 28,0 |
| 12 years | 41,0 |
| adults | 60 and over |
| *According to S. E. Sovetov | |
| Tab. 5. - Some indicators of the physical development of young men who are systematically engaged and not engaged in physical exercises. * | ||||||
| 15-16 years old | 17-18 years old | 19-20 years old | ||||
| Indicators of physical development | occupy lingering |
I don't occupy lingering |
occupy lingering |
I don't occupy lingering |
occupy lingering |
I don't occupy lingering |
| Weight (in kg) | 53,6 | 48,9 | 59,0 | 52,0 | 64,8 | 58,0 |
| Height (in cm) | 160,8 | 157,2 | 166,8 | 159,0 | 169,4 | 165,0 |
| Chest circumference (in cm) | 76,8 | 71,3 | 85,6 | 80,9 | 89,3 | 86,6 |
| Right hand strength (in kg) | 42,0 | 34,0 | 45,8 | 37,0 | 48,1 | 42,5 |
| Deadlift (in kg) | 131,3 | 110 | 137,5 | 114,5 | 159,1 | 120,0 |
| Spirometry (in cm3) | 3750 | 3235 | 4320 | 3356 | 4650 | 3750 |
| * Based on average data (LLC studies) by S. L. Letunov and R. E. Motylpnskaya. | ||||||
Indicators of physical development
Types of diagnostics, purpose, tasks
PHYSICAL EDUCATION AND SPORTS
SELF-CONTROL OF WORKERS
LECTURE 6
PLAN:
1. Types of diagnostics, purpose, tasks
2. Indicators of physical development
3. Assessment of functional fitness
4. Self-control
4.1. Subjective indicators self-control
4.2. Objective indicators of self-control
DIAGNOSTICS - assessment of the health status of the student.
DIAGNOSIS - a conclusion about the state of health of the student.
The main types of diagnostics are:
· Medical control– a comprehensive medical examination of the physical development and functional readiness of those involved physical education and sports.
· Pedagogical control– a systematic process of obtaining information about physical condition engaged in physical culture and sports.
· self control– regular monitoring of the state of their health, functional and physical fitness and their changes under the influence of physical exercises and sports.
Purpose of diagnosis– optimization of the process of physical culture classes on the basis of an objective assessment of various aspects of the state of those involved.
Diagnostic tasks:
1) Medical control over the health of persons involved in physical culture and sports;
2) Evaluation of the effectiveness of the applied means and methods of training;
3) Implementation of the plan of training sessions;
4) Definition of tests for assessing preparedness (physical, technical, tactical, moral-volitional, theoretical);
5) Forecasting the achievements of athletes;
6) Identification of the dynamics of sports results;
7) Selection of talented athletes.
PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT is a natural process of age-related changes in the morphological and functional properties of the human body during its life.
The term ʼʼphysical developmentʼʼ is used in two meanings:
1) as a process that occurs in the human body during natural age development and under the influence of means of physical culture;
2) as a state, ᴛ.ᴇ. as a set of features that characterize the morphofunctional state of the organism, the level of development of physical abilities necessary for the life of the organism.
Features of physical development are determined using anthropometry.
ANTHROPOMETRIC INDICATORS - ϶ᴛᴏ complex of morphological and functional data characterizing the age and sex characteristics of physical development.
The following anthropometric indicators are distinguished:
Somatometric;
Physiometric;
Somatoscopic.
The somatometric indicators are:
· Growth- body length.
The greatest body length is observed in the morning. In the evening, as well as after intensive physical exercises, growth may decrease by 2 cm or more. After exercise with weights and a barbell, height may decrease by 3-4 cm or more due to compaction of the intervertebral discs.
· The weight- it is more correct to say ʼʼ body weightʼʼ.
Body weight is an objective indicator of health status. It changes in the course of physical exercises, especially at the initial stages. This occurs as a result of the release of excess water and the burning of fat. Further, the weight stabilizes, and in the future, based on the direction of the training, it begins to decrease or increase. It is advisable to control body weight in the morning on an empty stomach.
To determine the normal weight, various weight and height indices are used. In particular, it is widely used in practice Brock's index, according to which the normal body weight is calculated as follows:
For people 155-165 cm tall:
optimal weight = body length - 100
For people 165-175 cm tall:
optimal weight = body length - 105
For people 175 cm tall and above:
optimal weight = body length - 110
More accurate information about the ratio of physical weight and body constitution is given by a method that, in addition to growth, also takes into account the circumference of the chest:
· circles- volumes of the body in its various zones.
Usually they measure the circumference of the chest, waist, forearm, shoulder, hip, etc. A centimeter tape is used to measure the circumference of the body.
The circumference of the chest is measured in three phases: during normal quiet breathing, maximum inhalation and maximum exhalation. The difference between the values of the circles during inhalation and exhalation characterizes the excursion of the chest (ECC). The average value of EGC usually ranges from 5-7 cm.
Waist circumference, hips, etc. are used, as a rule, to control the figure.
· Diameters- the width of the body in its various zones.
The physical parameters are:
· Vital capacity (VC)- the volume of air obtained during the maximum exhalation made after the maximum inspiration.
VC is measured with a spirometer: having previously taken 1-2 breaths, the subject takes a maximum breath and smoothly blows air into the mouthpiece of the spirometer to failure. Measurement is carried out 2-3 times in a row, the best result is recorded.
Average indicators of VC:
In men 3500-4200 ml,
Women 2500-3000 ml,
Athletes have 6000-7500 ml.
To determine the optimal VC of a particular person, it is used Ludwig's equation:
Men: proper VC = (40xL) + (30xP) - 4400
Women: due VC \u003d (40xL) + (10xP) - 3800
where L is height in cm, P is weight in kᴦ.
For example, for a girl 172 cm tall, weighing 59 kg, the optimal VC is: (40 x 172) + (10 x 59) - 3800 = 3670 ml.
· Breathing rate- the number of complete respiratory cycles per unit of time (eg, per minute).
Normally, the respiratory rate of an adult is 14-18 times per minute. When loaded, it increases by 2-2.5 times.
· Oxygen consumption- the amount of oxygen used by the body at rest or during exercise in 1 minute.
At rest, a person consumes an average of 250-300 ml of oxygen per minute. With physical activity, this value increases.
The greatest amount of oxygen, ĸᴏᴛᴏᴩᴏᴇ the body can consume per minute with maximum muscular work, is commonly called maximum oxygen consumption (IPC).
· Dynamometry- determination of the flexion force of the hand.
The flexion force of the hand is determined by a special device - a dynamometer, measured in kᴦ.
Right-handers have average strength values right hand:
For men 35-50 kg;
For women 25-33 kᴦ.
Average strength values left hand usually 5-10 kg less.
With dynamometry, it is important to take into account both absolute and relative strength, ᴛ.ᴇ. correlated with body weight.
To determine relative strength, the result of arm strength is multiplied by 100 and divided by body weight.
For example, a young man weighing 75 kg showed the strength of the right hand 52 kᴦ.:
52 x 100 / 75 = 69.33%
Average indicators of relative strength:
In men, 60-70% of body weight;
In women, 45-50% of body weight.
Somatoscopic parameters include:
· Posture- the usual pose of a casually standing person.
At correct posture in a well physically developed person, the head and torso are on the same vertical, the chest is raised, the lower limbs are straightened at the hip and knee joints.
At bad posture the head is slightly tilted forward, the back is stooped, the chest is flat, the stomach is protruding.
· body type- characterized by the width of the skeletal bones.
There are the following body types: asthenic (narrow-boned), normosthenic (normo-osseous), hypersthenic (broad-boned).
· chest shape
There are the following chest shape: conical (the epigastric angle is greater than the right one), cylindrical (the epigastric angle is straight), flattened (the epigastric angle is less than the right one).
Fig 3. Forms of the chest:
a - conical;
b - cylindrical;
in - flattened;
α - epigastric angle
The conical shape of the chest is typical for people who are not involved in sports.
The cylindrical shape is more common in athletes.
A flattened chest is observed in adults who lead a sedentary lifestyle. Persons with a flattened chest should have reduced respiratory function.
Physical education helps to increase the volume of the chest.
· back shape
There are the following back shapes: normal, round, flat.
An increase in the curvature of the spine back in relation to the vertical axis by more than 4 cm is commonly called kyphosis, forward - lordosis.
Normally, there should also be no lateral curvature of the spine - scoliosis. Scoliosis is right-, left-sided and S-shaped.
One of the basic causes of spinal curvature is insufficient motor activity and general functional weakness of the body.
· Leg shape
There are the following leg shapes: normal, X-shaped, O-shaped.
development of bones and muscles of the lower extremities.
· Foot shape
There are the following foot shapes: hollow, normal, flattened, flat.
 |
Rice. 6. Foot Shapes:
a - hollow
b - normal
c - flattened
g - flat
The shape of the feet is determined by external examination or by means of footprints.
· Belly shape
There are the following belly shape: normal, pendulous, retracted.
The sagging shape of the abdomen is usually caused by the weak development of the muscles of the abdominal wall, which is accompanied by the prolapse of the internal organs (intestines, stomach, etc.).
The retracted form of the abdomen occurs in persons with well-developed muscles with little fat deposition.
· fat deposition
Distinguish: normal, increased and decreased fat deposition. However, define uniformity and local deposition of fat.
perform dosed compression of the fold, which is important for measurement accuracy.
Indicators of physical development - concept and types. Classification and features of the category "Indicators of physical development" 2017, 2018.
4. Physical development. Factors affecting physical development. Indicators. Methods for assessing physical development.
7. HEALTH AND PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT OF CHILDREN
THE CONCEPT OF PHYSICAL HEALTH IN MODERN PEDIATRICS
An important condition for the physical and mental improvement of the nation is the strengthening of the health of children.
The notion of health as “complete physical and social welfare” is not widely used as well as the definition of “absolute health”, which is regarded as ideal. For practical work it is extremely important to establish the concept of "practical health", or "norm", the deviation from the boundaries of which can be considered a disease. Health does not exclude the presence of painful changes in the body.
As a result, the notion of "practically healthy man”, in which deviations from the norm observed in the body do not affect well-being and performance. Therefore, in the most in general terms can be defined health individual as the natural state of the body, which is characterized by complete balance with the biosphere and the absence of any painful changes. The complete balance of the child's body with the environment means the opportunity to attend preschool children's institution to successfully master the knowledge, skills and abilities that are provided by the program.
Control over the state of health is carried out by medical and preventive institutions. Children's polyclinics carry out not only medical work, but also in-depth medical examinations of all children who attend preschool institutions. Systematic medical examinations involving various specialists (ophthalmologists, otolaryngologists, neuropathologists, psychiatrists, phthisiatricians, rheumatologists, dentists, etc.) make it possible to identify early manifestations of diseases, various functional disorders and deviations from the state of health.
For an individual health assessment, the following criteria are used: 1) the presence or absence of a chronic disease; 2) the level of the functional state of the main systems of the body; 3) the degree of resistance of the body to adverse effects; 4) the level of achieved physical and neuropsychic development and the degree of its harmony. To assess the state of health, the last criterion is especially important, since the child's body is in the process of continuous growth and development.
The principles of differentiation of children according to their state of health have been developed. These principles are necessary for the individual and collective assessment of children's health. This assessment makes it possible to identify following groups health.
I. It includes healthy children with normal physical and mental development and a normal level of physiological functions.
II. Healthy children are included, but they have morphological and some functional abnormalities, with reduced resistance to diseases. This group includes children who are recovering cents (who have been ill), children with disabilities in physical development, children who are often and long-term ill (3 or more times a year).
III. This group includes children with chronic diseases in a state of compensation, as well as with physical disabilities, but with the preservation of the functional capabilities of the body.
IV. Patients with chronic diseases in a state of subcompensation, with reduced functionality, which prevents adaptability to changing conditions.
V. Patients with chronic diseases in a state of decompensation, with a significantly reduced functionality of the body (disabled people of groups I and II). Children in this group, as a rule, do not attend general childcare facilities.
The establishment of III and IV health groups depends on the severity of the pathological process, taking into account the functional capabilities of the organism. The distribution of children into five health groups is to some extent conditional, but it has great importance, as it makes it possible to accurately monitor the dynamics of the state of health of children. In practice, this differentiation allows us to study the influence of factors environment on health; evaluate the effectiveness of various methods of the educational process and medical and recreational activities; monitor the health status of children with reduced functionality.
Health and physical development are closely dependent, and this must be taken into account when examining children.
Physical development is a set of morphological functional properties of an organism that characterize the processes of growth and maturation.
METHODS FOR DETERMINING PHYSICAL DEVELOPMENT
To study physical development, the methodology of anthropometric surveys is used. Of the many signs, the most accessible, accurate and simple are used: 1) morphological (somatometric) indicators: body weight, body length and its parts (height), chest circumference; 2) functional (physiometric) indicators: vital capacity (VC), muscle strength of the hands, back (postural strength); 3) somatoscopic (descriptive) indicators: assessment of the state of the musculoskeletal system (the shape of the spine, chest, limbs), the condition of the skin and visible mucous membranes, body fat.
Observation of the physical development of an individual child or a group of children is called the individualizing method of studying physical development. There is also a generalizing method, when in a relatively short period conduct mass examinations of children of the region or the whole republic (region). Statistical processing of the data obtained makes it possible to establish the average indicators of the physical development of each age and sex "group. These indicators are called regional age standards of physical development. They are used for an individual assessment of the physical development of children only in a given area (region). Every 5-10 years, the standards are updated, since physical development is a dynamic process.Age standards help to timely identify deviations of physical development from the norms, maintain health, and therefore create Better conditions for the correct application by teachers-educators of various methods of teaching and educating children. Lack of knowledge about the child's body can lead the teacher to make mistakes in the work. Therefore, it is important for the future teacher to master the methodology for assessing the physical development of children.
The physical development of the child is assessed on the basis of the totality of all the studied signs: morphological, functional, somatoscopic. To determine the level of physical development, the data of height, body weight and chest circumference of the child are compared with the average values of the table of standards.
Martin's sigma deviation method was previously used to assess physical development. Its essence lies in comparing the phases of development of the individual with the average level of physical development of the group to which he belongs. The main indicators of physical development (height, body weight, chest circumference) are compared with the arithmetic mean of these signs (M) for the corresponding age and sex group and the resulting difference is divided by sigma (o) (Appendix 11). Thus, deviations from the average are expressed in sigmas - sigma deviations are obtained. Based on the data obtained, a profile of physical development is compiled. Depending on the degree of deviations, there are average, above average, high, below average and low physical development.
For an individual assessment of physical development, the use of centile scales is proposed. Centile characteristics are more objective and accurate than parametric ones. The development of materials for anthropometric studies by the method of centile analysis is gaining ground. The essence of the method is that all variants of the ka under consideration are arranged in a series according to classes from the minimum to the maximum value, and through mathematical transformations, the entire series is divided into 100 parts, and a percentile is obtained.
The first percentile (Pg) is 1% of the sample (i.e., this trait occurs in only one person out of 100) and determines the lowest frequency of the measured trait. The second (P2) is 2%, respectively, the third percentile (P3) is 3%, and so on. Percentiles from 25 to 75 determine the average frequency of occurrence of the trait being measured. Usually, not all percentiles are used for sample characteristics, but only Р3, Рц), Рг5> Р75> Рш>' ^97- Ryu to P25 ~ reduced, from P25 to P75 "" medium, from P75 to Ryo ~ increased, from PAO to P97 ~ high and more than P97 - very high.
Of particular interest is the assessment by centiles of the ratio of the mass and height of the child. The tables (Appendix 12) allow you to determine the centile zone, where the body weight indicators of the child under study fall with the achieved growth. If the body weight falls into the middle zone (25-75th centile), then the development of the child can be considered average, the zones from the 25th to the 10th centile and from the 75th to the 90th allow us to talk about a tendency to reduce or increase weight in a child, the zones from the 10th to the 3rd centile and from the 90th to the 97th indicate a clear decrease or increase in the development of the child. The table in Appendix 13 characterizes the distribution of young children by body length and weight.
Assessment of physical development. There are the following assessment options: 1) normal physical development; 2) deviations from the norm (currently, deviations are considered to be short stature, a decrease or excess of body weight relative to the average standard indicators for a given age and sex). Children 1 year old are examined once a month, 1-3 years old - 1 time in 3 months, 3-7 years old - 1 time in six months.
For a comprehensive assessment of physical development, the concept of biological age has been introduced. Chronological, i.e. passport age is determined by the date of birth. Biological age is actually achieved by a child level of morphofunctional development. When determining the biological age, annual increases in the height and weight of the child are also taken into account.
All children, in preparation for entering school, must undergo a thorough comprehensive examination to identify those who are unprepared for schooling for health reasons.
Compliance with the biological age of the passport is assessed according to the following indicators: 1) body length should not be lower than medium size growth rate, the ratio of body weight and height should fall into the median centile zone P25 - P75 or be at least not lower than Pjq ~ f * 25! 2) annual increase in growth must be at least 4 cm; 3) the number of permanent teeth in b years - at least 1; at 7 years old - at least 4 for boys, 5 for girls. The biological age is considered lagging behind the passport one if two of the listed indicators are less than the specified value.
The biological age may lag behind the passport age, correspond to it or be ahead of it.
Physical development obeys biological laws, reflecting general patterns growth and development, but also depends on social conditions. Therefore, it is one of the important indicators of living conditions, education and the effectiveness of the recovery of the younger generation.