The main types of education. What are the types of education in Russia

Education in the Russian Federation is regulated by the Federal Law of 1996 called "On Education". By opening it, you can find out not only the types of education in Russia, but also everything related to the activities of various institutions that provide it in full.
The education system of the Russian Federation consists of:

• municipal institutions;
• government institutions;
• non-state institutions.

In addition, there are separate preschool institutions, institutions additional education, educational and many others.

Types of education on the territory of the Russian Federation.

1. Preschool education;
2. Secondary education;
3. Medium professional education;
4. Higher professional education.
5. The structure of preschool education.

Speaking in more detail about preschool education, it is worth noting that it includes quite a lot of different institutions that are distinguished by a high degree of independence when choosing programs for training. Among the institutions of preschool education, it is worth highlighting the following:

• simple kindergartens;
• kindergartens in which children with any deviations of physical / mental development are brought up;
• health centers also for children;
• child development centers.

School or general education is considered to be the key link in the system. It consists of secondary schools, various lyceums, gymnasiums, schools in which Special attention give study foreign languages and directly studying them, schools evening type, special schools, as well as lyceums-boarding schools, in which children, as a rule, not only study, but also live on weekdays, which helps them to better absorb the information received in the lessons, since in the evening the children, being together, can discuss all the issues that have arisen at school together with their classmates or even teachers.

In addition, it is also necessary to include centers that help children develop their, for example, musical talents, or abilities in art.

The types of education in Russia also imply secondary education - this is how many classes many ask, although in fact the answer lies on the surface.
The average special education- this is the education that, as a rule, is carried out by various kinds of schools that prepare graduates with working specialties. Most often, these are welders, locksmiths and other similar professions. In addition to schools, this education is provided by technical schools and various colleges.

If we talk about higher professional education, then it is provided on the territory of the Russian Federation by universities, academies, as well as institutes. Moreover, a very common situation is when one institution is a component of another. For example, institutions are often found within universities.

It should be noted that those types of education that are common today in Russia were inherited by the country from Soviet Union. After the collapse of the USSR, young people from Russia received the right to study in any country in the world, while just a couple of decades ago it was almost impossible, and if it was possible to get it, then only a few.

Today, despite the fact that the situation has changed radically, unfortunately, few people still have the opportunity to get an education abroad. As practice shows, this is all because of the rather high prices for education, which the average person cannot afford.
The American education system is noticeably different from ours. It does not have a centralized structure, so each state regulates the education process according to its own rules.

In the United States, the following types of education are provided: nurseries, kindergartens, primary schools, high schools, high schools.

After children under the age of eighteen graduate high school they receive a secondary education and if they want to work, then this is already enough.
Such types of American education as vocational education, undergraduate, that is, higher education, as well as graduate and doctoral studies are most often considered as a separate step of education. If after school a student decides that he wants to knit his labor activity with science, jurisprudence or medicine, then in this case he needs to finish just graduate school.

At the first assessment of the types of American education, it may seem that in the states there are several more types education. Although in fact between Russian education and education in the United States of America, the difference is only in the names. Otherwise, a clear parallel can be drawn between the stages of education in countries.

September 1, 2013 in Russia came into force new law"On Education" ( the federal law"On Education in the Russian Federation" adopted State Duma December 21, 2012, approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012). According to this law, new levels of education are established in Russia. The level of education is understood as a complete cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements.

From September 1, 2013, the following levels are established in the Russian Federation general education:

1. preschool education;
2. primary general education;
3. basic general education;
4. secondary general education.

Vocational education is divided into the following levels:

1. secondary vocational education;
2. higher education— bachelor's degree;
3. higher education - specialty, magistracy;
4. higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each of the levels.

Levels of general education

Preschool education is aimed at the formation of a common culture, the development of physical, intellectual, moral, aesthetic and personal qualities, formation of prerequisites learning activities, preservation and strengthening of children's health preschool age. The educational programs of preschool education are aimed at the versatile development of preschool children, taking into account their age and individual characteristics, including the achievement by children of preschool age of the level of development necessary and sufficient for their successful mastering of educational programs of primary general education, based on individual approach to preschool children and activities specific to preschool children. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certification and final certification of students.

Primary general education is aimed at shaping the personality of the student, developing his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements theoretical thinking, the simplest self-control skills, a culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and healthy lifestyle life). Getting preschool education in educational organizations can begin when children reach the age of two months. Obtaining primary general education in educational institutions begins when children reach the age of six years and six months in the absence of contraindications for health reasons, but no later than when they reach the age of eight years.

Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the personality of the student (the formation of moral convictions, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle, a high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastering the basics of science, the Russian language, skills of mental and physical labor, the development of inclinations, interests, the ability to social self-determination).

Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the personality of the student, the development of interest in knowledge and creativity the student, the formation of skills for independent learning activities based on the individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, preparing the student for life in society, independent life choices, continuing education and starting professional activities.

Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are mandatory levels education. Children who have not coped with the programs of one of these levels are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education.

Levels of vocational education

Secondary vocational education is aimed at solving the problems of intellectual, cultural and professional development of a person and has the goal of training qualified workers or employees and mid-level specialists in all main areas of socially useful activity in accordance with the needs of society and the state, as well as meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. Persons with an education not lower than basic general or secondary general education are allowed to receive secondary vocational education. If a student under the program of secondary vocational education has only a basic general education, then simultaneously with the profession, he masters the program of secondary general education in the process of learning.

Secondary vocational education can be obtained in technical schools and colleges. Standard provision "On an educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution)” the following definitions are given: a) a technical school is a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training; b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements the main professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

Higher education aims to ensure the training of highly qualified personnel in all major areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, meeting the needs of the individual in intellectual, cultural and moral development, deepening and expanding education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications. Persons with a secondary general education are allowed to study undergraduate or specialist programs. Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to master the master's programs.

Persons with an education of at least higher education (specialist or master's degree) are allowed to master the training programs for highly qualified personnel (postgraduate (adjuncture), residency programs, assistantship-internship programs). Persons with a higher medical education or a higher pharmaceutical education are allowed to master the residency programs. Persons with higher education in the field of arts are allowed to master the programs of assistant-internship.

Admission to study in educational programs of higher education is carried out separately for bachelor's programs, specialist's programs, master's programs, training programs for scientific and pedagogical personnel of the highest qualification is carried out on a competitive basis.

Admission to study in master's programs, programs for training highly qualified personnel is carried out based on the results of entrance examinations conducted by educational organization on one's own.

Undergraduate- This is the level of basic higher education, which lasts 4 years and has a practice-oriented character. Upon completion of this program, the graduate of the university is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a bachelor's degree. Accordingly, a bachelor is a university graduate who has received fundamental training without any narrow specialization, he has the right to occupy all those positions for which they qualification requirements provision of higher education. Examinations are provided as qualification tests for obtaining a bachelor's degree.

Master's degree is more high level higher education, which is acquired in 2 additional years after graduation from the bachelor's degree and involves a deeper mastery of the theoretical aspects of the direction of training, orients the student towards research activities in this direction. Upon completion of this program, the graduate is awarded a diploma of higher professional education with a master's degree. The main task of the master's program is to prepare professionals for successful career in international and Russian companies, as well as analytical, consulting and research activities. To obtain a master's degree in the chosen specialty, it is not necessary to have a bachelor's degree in the same specialty. In this case, obtaining a master's degree is considered as a second higher education. As qualification tests for obtaining a master's degree, examinations and graduation defense are provided. qualifying work- master's thesis.

Along with new levels of higher education, there is traditional look — specialty, the program of which provides for a 5-year study at a university, after which the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education and is awarded the degree of a certified specialist. The list of specialties for which specialists are trained was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1136 dated December 30, 2009.

Education in Russia plays a decisive role in the process of personality formation. Its main goal is to educate and educate the younger generation, to acquire knowledge, skills, competencies and the necessary experience. Various types of education in Russia are aimed at the professional, moral, intellectual and physical development of children, adolescents, boys and girls. Let's consider this in more detail.

Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

According to this document, the educational process is a continuous, sequential connected system. Such content implies the presence of certain levels. In the law they are called "types of education in Russia."

Each level has specific goals and objectives, content and methods of influence.

Types of education in Russia

According to the law, two major levels are distinguished.

The first is general education. It includes preschool and school sublevels. The latter, in turn, is divided into primary, basic and complete (secondary) education.

The second level is vocational education. It includes secondary, higher (bachelor's, specialist's and master's) and training of highly qualified personnel.

Let's look at each of these levels in more detail.

About the system of preschool education in Russia

This level is for children up to seven years of age. Basic goal - general development, training and education of preschoolers. In addition, it implies the exercise of control and care for them. In Russia, these functions are performed specialized agencies preschool education.

These are nurseries, kindergartens, centers early development or at home.

About the system of secondary education in the Russian Federation

As noted above, it consists of several sublevels:

• Primary lasts four years. The main goal is to give the child a system of necessary knowledge in basic subjects.
• Basic education lasts from the fifth to the ninth grades. It assumes that the development of the child should be carried out according to the main scientific directions. As a result, secondary schools must prepare teenagers for the GIA in certain subjects.

These levels of education at school are compulsory for children in accordance with their age. After the ninth grade, the child has the right to leave school and study further, choosing special secondary schools. In this case, it is the guardians or parents who, according to the law, are fully responsible for ensuring that the process of acquiring knowledge is continued, and not interrupted.

Complete education means that the student is in the tenth to eleventh grades for two years. The main purpose of this stage is to prepare graduates for the Unified State Examination and further education at the university. Reality shows that during this period they often resort to the services of tutors, since one school is not enough.

More about secondary vocational and higher education in our country

Secondary vocational schools are divided into colleges and technical schools (state and non-state). They train students in selected specialties for two or three, and sometimes four years. AT most descent teenager can enroll after the ninth grade. Medical colleges are an exception. They are accepted in the presence of a complete general education.

You can enter any higher educational institution in Russia under the bachelor's program only after the eleventh grade. In the future, if desired, the student will continue his studies in the magistracy.

Some universities currently offer a specialist degree rather than a bachelor's degree. However, in accordance with the Bologna system, higher professional education in this system will not exist in the near future.

The next step is the training of highly qualified personnel. These are graduate school (or adjuncture) and residency. In addition, specialists with higher professional education can complete an internship assistant program. We are talking about the training of pedagogical and creative figures of the highest qualification.

Remote education

This system is a new, specific form of education, which differs from traditional ones. Distance education is distinguished by other goals, objectives, content, means, methods and forms of interaction. The use of computer technologies, telecommunications, case technologies, etc. is becoming predominant.

In this regard, the most common types of such training are as follows:

• The first is based on interactive television. When it is implemented, there is direct visual contact with the audience, which is at a distance from the teacher. Currently, this species is underdeveloped and very expensive. However, it is necessary when showing unique techniques, laboratory experiments and new knowledge in a particular area.
• The second type of distance learning is based on computer telecommunication networks (regional, global), which have various didactic capabilities (text files, multimedia technologies, videoconferencing, Email And so on). This is a common and inexpensive form of distance learning.
• The third combines a CD (basic electronic textbook) and global network. Due to the great didactic possibilities, this type is optimal both for university and school education, and for advanced training. The CD has a lot of advantages: multimedia, interactivity, the presence of a large amount of information with minimal financial losses.

Inclusive education

Law "On Education in the Russian Federation" as one of the priorities highlights the creation of favorable conditions for the training of persons with handicapped. And this is reflected not only in the form, but also in the content.

In law this system called "inclusive education". Its implementation implies the absence of any discrimination against children with special needs, the existence of equal treatment for everyone and the availability of education.

Inclusive education is implemented in all educational institutions in Russia. The main goal is to create a barrier-free environment in the learning process and provide vocational training persons with disabilities. For its implementation it is necessary to perform certain tasks:

• technically equip educational institutions ;
• develop special training courses for teachers;
• create methodological developments for other students, aimed at the process of developing relationships with people with disabilities;
• develop programs that are aimed at facilitating the adaptation of persons with disabilities in educational institutions.

This work has just been developed. Within the next few years, the goal set and the assigned tasks should be fully implemented.

Conclusion

At the moment, the types of education in Russia are clearly identified, the functions and content of each level are disclosed. However, despite this, the reconstruction and reform of the entire education system continues.

In every country, the educational process plays an undeniable role. important role in the formation of personality. The main goal of education is the upbringing and training of a person, the acquisition of new knowledge and skills, experience and competence. Different kinds education contribute to the professional, moral and physical development individual.

What are the types of education in Russia?

The Law "On Education" states that the educational process is a continuous, sequentially connected level system.

There are the following main stages of education:

• preschool;
• primary school;
• basic school;
• secondary school (complete).

Note: according to the law "On Education", from 01.09.2013. preschool education is a part of general education, and the terms “general” and “school” have ceased to be equivalent (synonymous) concepts from a legal point of view.

2. Professional:

• secondary vocational;
• higher (bachelor's degree, specialist's degree, master's degree);
• training of highly qualified personnel.

General education

Pre-school (or pre-school) education is intended for children up to 7 years of age, the purpose of which is the upbringing, general development, education of children, as well as the control and care of them. It is carried out in specialized institutions: nurseries, kindergartens, early development centers or at home.

Primary general school education lasts 4 years (from grades 1 to 4), giving the child basic knowledge in basic subjects.

The main one is 5 years (from grade 5 to grade 9), which involves the development of the child in the main scientific areas. After the 9th grade, students pass mandatory tests in the form of the Unified State Examination in certain subjects.

These two levels of schooling are compulsory for all children according to their age. After the 9th grade, the student has the right to leave the school and continue his studies at the chosen secondary specialized educational institution (hereinafter referred to as the SPSS) (responsibility for such a decision lies with the parents or guardians).

Full school education implies a further two-year high school education, the main purpose of which is to prepare future graduates for entering a university.

Professional education

SPUZ are subdivided into technical schools and colleges. AT educational institutions(state and non-state) students are trained in existing specialties for 2-3 (sometimes 4) years. Some SPUZs can be entered after grade 9, others after grade 11 (medical colleges).

In Russian universities, higher education can be mastered after receiving secondary school education (after 11 grades) under bachelor's and specialist's programs. After successfully mastering these programs, you can continue your studies in the magistracy.

According to the Bologna system of education, soon the specialist should cease to exist.

In addition to secondary vocational and higher education, there are types of education that train highly qualified personnel in graduate school (or postgraduate studies) and residency. There are also programs of assistantship-internship for the preparation of creative and pedagogical figures of the highest qualification.

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