The concept of a language norm; signs of a norm; types of norms. Language norms: concept, types. Violation and change of language norms. Language norms of the Russian language
These are the rules for using existing linguistic means to a specific historical period evolution of the literary language (set of rules of spelling, grammar, pronunciation, word usage).
The concept of a language norm is usually interpreted as an example of the generally accepted uniform use of such elements of language as phrases, words, sentences.
The norms under consideration are not the result of the invention of philologists. They reflect a certain stage in the evolution of the literary language of an entire people. Language norms cannot simply be introduced or abolished; they cannot be reformed even administratively. The activities of linguists who study these norms are their identification, description and codification, as well as explanation and promotion.
Literary language and language norm
According to the interpretation of B. N. Golovin, the norm is the choice of a single linguistic sign among various functional variations, historically accepted within a certain language community. In his opinion, she is the regulator of the speech behavior of many people.
The literary and linguistic norm is a contradictory and complex phenomenon. There are different interpretations of this concept in the linguistic literature of the modern era. The main difficulty of definition is the presence of mutually exclusive features.
Distinctive features of the concept under consideration
It is customary to highlight following signs language norms in literature:
1.Resilience (stability), thanks to which the literary language unites generations due to the fact that language norms ensure the continuity of linguistic and cultural traditions. However, this feature is considered relative, because the literary language is constantly evolving, allowing for changes in existing norms.
2. The degree of occurrence of the phenomenon under consideration. Still, it is worth keeping in mind that a significant level of usage of the corresponding language variant (as a fundamental feature in determining the literary and linguistic norm), as a rule, also characterizes certain speech errors. For example, in colloquial speech the definition of a language norm comes down to the fact that it is “frequently occurring.”
3.Compliance with an authoritative source(works of well-known writers). But do not forget that in works of art both the literary language and dialects, vernaculars are reflected, therefore, when delineating norms, based on observation of texts mainly fiction, it is necessary to distinguish between the author’s speech and the language of the characters in the work.
The concept of a linguistic norm (literary) is associated with the internal laws of the evolution of language, and on the other hand, it is determined by the purely cultural traditions of society (what it approves and protects, and what it fights and condemns).
Variety of language norms
The literary and linguistic norm is codified (gains official recognition and is subsequently described in reference books and dictionaries that have authority in society).
There are the following types of language norms:
The types of language norms presented above are considered to be basic.
Typology of language norms
It is customary to distinguish the following standards:
- oral and written forms of speech;
- oral only;
- only written.
The types of language norms that apply to both oral and written speech are as follows:
- lexical;
- stylistic;
- grammatical.
Special norms for exclusively written speech are:
- spelling standards;
- punctuation.
The following types of language norms are also distinguished:
- pronunciation;
- intonation;
- accents.
They only apply to oral forms e speech.
Linguistic norms, which are common to both forms of speech, relate primarily to the construction of texts and linguistic content. Lexical ones (the set of norms of word usage), on the contrary, are decisive in the issue of the correct choice of the appropriate word among linguistic units that are sufficiently close to it in form or meaning and its use in its literary meaning.
Lexical language norms are displayed in dictionaries (explanatory, foreign words, terminological) and reference books. It is compliance with this kind of norms that is the key to accuracy and correctness of speech.
Violation of language norms leads to numerous lexical errors. Their number is constantly increasing. We can imagine the following examples of language norms that were violated:
Variants of language norms
They involve four stages:
1. The only form is dominant, and the alternative version is considered to be incorrect, since it is beyond the boundaries of the literary language (for example, in XVIII-XIX centuries the word "turner" is the only correct option).
2. Alternative option makes its way into the literary language as permissible (marked “additional”) and acts either colloquially (marked “colloquial”) or equal to the original norm (marked “and”). Hesitation regarding the word "turner" began to appear at the end of the 19th century and continued until the beginning of the 20th century.
3. The original norm is rapidly fading away and giving way to an alternative (competing) one; it acquires the status of obsolete (marked “obsolete.”). Thus, the above-mentioned word “turner,” according to Ushakov’s dictionary, is considered obsolete.
4. A competing norm as the only one within the literary language. In accordance with the Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language, the previously presented word “turner” is considered the only option (literary norm).
It is worth noting the fact that in the announcer's, teaching, stage, oratorical speech the only possible strict language norms are present. In everyday speech, the literary norm is freer.
The relationship between speech culture and language norms
Firstly, speech culture is mastery of the literary norms of a language in written and oral form, as well as the ability to correctly select and organize certain linguistic means in such a way that in a specific communication situation or in the process of observing its ethics, the greatest effect is ensured in achieving the intended communication objectives .
And secondly, this is an area of linguistics that deals with the problems of speech normalization and develops recommendations regarding the skillful use of language.
Speech culture is divided into three components:
Linguistic norms are a distinctive feature of a literary language.
Standards of language in business style
They are the same as in the literary language, namely:
- the word must be used according to its lexical meaning;
- taking into account the stylistic coloring;
- according to lexical compatibility.
These are lexical language norms of the Russian language within the framework of business style.
For this style, compliance with the qualities that determine the effectiveness of business communication (literacy) is extremely important. This quality also includes knowledge existing rules word usage, sentence patterns, grammatical compatibility, and the ability to distinguish between the areas of application of language.
Currently, the Russian language has many variant forms, some of which are used within the framework of book and written speech styles, and some - in everyday conversation. In business style, forms of special codified written speech are used due to the fact that their sole observance ensures the accuracy and correctness of the transmission of information.
This may include:
- incorrect choice of word form;
- a number of violations regarding the structure of phrases and sentences;
- The most common mistake is the use of incompatible colloquial forms in writing plural nouns that end in -а / -я, instead of the normative ones ending in -и/-ы. Examples are presented in the table below.
Literary norm | Colloquial speech |
Treaties | Agreements |
Proofreaders | Proofreaders |
Inspectors | Inspectors |
It is worth remembering that the following nouns have a zero-ending form:
- paired items (shoes, stockings, boots, but socks);
- names of nationalities and territorial affiliations (Bashkirs, Bulgarians, Kyivans, Armenians, British, southerners);
- military groups (cadets, partisans, soldiers);
- units of measurement (volts, arshins, roentgens, amperes, watts, microns, but grams, kilograms).
These are the grammatical language norms of Russian speech.
Sources of language norms
There are at least five of them:
The role of the norms under consideration
They help preserve the literary language’s integrity and general intelligibility. Norms protect him from dialect speech, professional and social argot, and vernacular. This is what makes it possible for the literary language to realize its main function- cultural.
The norm depends on the conditions within which speech is realized. Language means that are appropriate in everyday communication may turn out to be unacceptable in official business. The norm does not differentiate linguistic means according to the criteria “good - bad”, but clarifies their expediency (communicative).
The norms under consideration are a so-called historical phenomenon. Their change is due to the continuous development of language. The norms of the last century may now be deviations. For example, in the 30-40s. Words such as diploma student and diploma student (a student who completes a thesis work) were considered identical. At that time, the word "diplomatnik" was a colloquial version of the word "diplomat". Within the literary norm of the 50-60s. there was a division of the meaning of the presented words: the diploma holder is a student during the period of defending his diploma, and the diploma holder is the winner of competitions, competitions, shows marked with a diploma (for example, a diploma holder of the International Vocal Show).
Also in the 30-40s. the word “applicant” was used to describe individuals who graduated from school or entered a university. Currently graduating high school began to be called graduates, and applicants to given value no longer used. They call people who take entrance exams to technical schools and universities.
Such norms as pronunciation are characteristic exclusively of oral speech. But not everything that is characteristic of oral speech can be attributed to pronunciation. Intonation is a fairly important means of expressiveness, giving emotional coloring to speech, and diction is not pronunciation.
As for stress, it relates to oral speech, however, despite the fact that it is a sign of a word or grammatical form, it still belongs to grammar and vocabulary, and is not a characteristic of pronunciation in its essence.
So, orthoepy indicates the proper pronunciation of certain sounds in appropriate phonetic positions and in combination with other sounds, and even in certain grammatical groups of words and forms, or in individual words, provided that they have their own pronunciation features.
Due to the fact that language is a means of human communication, it needs to unify oral and written formats. Just like spelling errors, incorrect pronunciation draws attention to speech from its external side, which acts as an obstacle in the course of linguistic communication. Since orthoepy is one of the aspects of speech culture, it has the task of helping to raise the pronunciation culture of our language.
The conscious cultivation of literary pronunciation on the radio, in cinema, theater, and school is very significant in relation to the mastery of the literary language by the masses of millions.
Vocabulary norms are those norms that determine the correct choice of a suitable word, the appropriateness of its use within the framework of a generally known meaning and in combinations considered generally accepted. The exceptional importance of their observance is determined by both cultural factors and the need for mutual understanding between people.
An essential factor determining the significance of the concept of norms for linguistics is the assessment of the possibilities of its application in various types of linguistic research work.
Today, the following aspects and areas of research are identified within the framework of which the concept under consideration can become productive:
- Study of the nature of the functioning and implementation of various kinds of language structures (including the establishment of their productivity, distribution across various functional areas of the language).
- The study of the historical aspect of language changes over relatively short periods of time (“microhistory”), when minor shifts in the structure of the language and significant changes in its functioning and implementation are revealed.
Degrees of normativity
- A rigid, strict degree that does not allow alternative options.
- Neutral, allowing equivalent options.
- A more flexible degree that allows the use of colloquial or outdated forms.
Linguistic norms, especially the norms of such a developed literary language as the Russian language, are a complex and multifaceted phenomenon, reflecting both social and aesthetic views on the word, and internal, independent of the taste and desire of the speakers, patterns of the language system in its continuous development and improvement.
At the same time, the culture of speech presupposes compliance with these norms with varying degrees of obligatoryness and severity; fluctuations in norms are noted, which is reflected in the assessment of speech, which occurs on a scale correct/acceptable/wrong. In this regard, it is customary to distinguish between two types of norms: imperative (mandatory) and dispositive (complementary). Violations of imperative and dispositive norms can be conceptualized as rude and non-rude.
Imperative norms in a language are rules that are mandatory for implementation and reflect the patterns of language functioning. An example of imperative norms are the rules of conjugation, declension, agreement, etc. Such norms do not allow variations (non-variant norms), and any other implementations are regarded as incorrect and unacceptable. For example: alphabet ( Not alphabet), accepted (did not accept), chicken ( Not chicken), thanks to which ( Not thanks to which).
Linguists note that variation in the norm is an objective and inevitable consequence of linguistic evolution. The presence of variation, i.e. the stage of coexistence of old and new quality, from their point of view, is even useful and expedient: options allow you to get used to new form, make a change in the norm less noticeable and painful (for example , waves - waves, sparkling - sparkling, herbal - herbal). These options cover different levels language: there are variants of the orthoepic norm ( everyday and everyday), morphological and word-formation ( spasm husband. family and spasm wives genus, play a prank And play pranks), variants of grammatical forms ( tea And tea, caplet And drips), syntactic options ( filled with something And full of something, I'm waiting for a letter And waiting for a letter).
Variation of form is not a constant property of specific linguistic units. The oscillation continues for a more or less long period, after which the options diverge in meaning, acquiring the status of independent words. For example, in the past of an uneducated person ( ignoramus) could be called ignorant.(In I. A. Krylov: The ignorant judge exactly this way. If they don’t understand the point, it’s all a trifle.) In another case, a productive option completely displaces its competitor (this happened, for example, with options turner and normative in the 18th–19th centuries. turner).
The transformation of complete, redundant variants into incomplete ones, differing from each other in stylistic or emotional coloring, is a clear indicator of the improvement of the Russian literary language.
What is taken into account when choosing one of the options as preferable, correct?
Recognition of the normativity (correctness) of a linguistic fact is usually based on the indispensable presence of three main features:
1) regular use (reproducibility) of this method of expression;
2) compliance of this method of expression with the capabilities of the literary language system (taking into account its historical restructuring);
3) public approval of a regularly reproduced method of expression (and the role of a judge in this case usually falls to the lot of writers, scientists, and the educated part of society).
The norm is characterized by consistency and connection with the structure of the language, stability, historical and social conditioning and, at the same time, dynamism and variability.
Thus, a norm can be strictly mandatory (not allow options) or not strictly mandatory. In this case, there can be three possible relationships between the norm and the option:
· the norm is mandatory, but the option is prohibited (outside the literary language);
· the norm is mandatory, but the option is acceptable;
· the norm and the option are equal.
We will proceed from the belief that the Russian literary language includes two different system formations: a codified literary language and colloquial speech, which only the power of tradition prevents from being called a colloquial language. Spoken speech, as already said, is spontaneous; it, unlike texts of a codified literary language, primarily written ones, is not prepared in advance and is not thought out. And therefore, from the point of view of the culture of language proficiency, colloquial speech is a special object. The difficulty of studying colloquial speech in terms of speech culture is that its spontaneous implementation, the lack of control over execution, which is common when communicating in a codified literary language, leads to an inevitable certain percentage of errors and shortcomings, which must be distinguished from the norms of colloquial speech, in in turn, in a codified literary language they are rightly classified as non-normative phenomena.
Why exactly spelling standards are most often violated in speech and why do people pay attention to these errors in the first place?
Orthoepy (from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech) is a set of norms of the national language that ensure the unity of its sound design, the uniformity of which helps facilitate verbal communication.
The peculiarity of orthoepic norms is that they relate exclusively to oral speech. Within the framework of orthoepic norms, pronunciation and stress norms are considered, i.e., specific phenomena of oral speech that are usually not reflected in writing.
In the field of orthoepy, the language system entirely determines the norm, for example: the phonetic alternation of “o” under stress with the unstressed “a”, deafening of voiced consonants at the end of a word and before voiceless consonants, etc., which society should be guided by.
Stress norms govern the choice of placement and movement options stressed syllable among the non-strikers. Can quarter, it is forbidden quarter. The norms of modern Russian stress in the literary language are closely related to the morphological properties of parts of speech and turn out to be one of their formal indicators. The mobility and diversity of stress cause difficulties in mastering accentological norms.
In the modern Russian language there are more than 5,000 commonly used words in which fluctuations in stress are recorded. Combinations of sounds present difficulties for speakers [CHN], [SHN], [WHAT], [SHTO], pronunciation of foreign and borrowed words, semantic and form-distinguishing stress.
Knowledge and compliance with orthoepic norms in the Russian language is very important, since word stress is a very sensitive instrument that performs several functions. The general cultural function is manifested in the pronunciation of words (especially proper names) related to the history and culture of a particular people ( Mussorgsky, Ivanov, Peshkov, Picasso). The semantic distinguishing function is realized in the use of homonyms ( CHAOS - CHAOS, happily - happily, language - language, busy - busy etc.).
Lexical norms include the use of a word in strict accordance with its dictionary meaning, as well as norms regarding the use of words in combination with other words.
Let us give an example of typical violations of lexical norms of this kind (hereinafter examples from the book by M.V. Gorbanevsky, Yu.N. Karaulov, V.M. Shaklein “Don’t speak in rough language: on violations of literary speech norms in electronic and print media”) :
We hoped to have an answer to these dangers. Dangers require no response. Therefore, a completely different word was meant: questions, warnings, threats.
Thus, if you know the lexical meanings of each word used, then it is difficult to make a mistake associated with the use of a word in a meaning that is unusual for it.
The second case of lexical errors is associated with a violation of the norms of lexical compatibility of words.
Violation of the norms of lexical compatibility, associated with the fact that the words used cannot complement each other, can be illustrated by the following examples:
She told everything his autobiography. An autobiography is written or told only by the author himself, so you cannot tell someone’s autobiography (you can only biography). Or: It will be for everyone dressed company shoes... In russian language shoes being put on, A clothes are put on, so this combination wearing shoes cannot be called correct.
The correctness of speech is often disrupted in stable combinations that cannot be unjustifiably broken up without loss of meaning, for example: takes great importance (there is a phraseological unit be of great importance, But occupy value- wrong). Or: In this situation we wanted to flex our muscles(usually they say wave your fists).
Another type of lexical compatibility norms is associated with words that require a mandatory distributor with them. For example, go (where?) on vacation, to the country, to college etc. In oral speech we can sometimes say "I went", but at the same time, usually within the framework of a particular situation, the distributor (where exactly he went) becomes clear from the context, and in written speech, semantic incompleteness and incompleteness of the structure are most often felt. Many words require this kind of distributors: know (who? what?), understand (who? what?), do (who? what?), diploma (who?), founder (of what?) etc.
Thus, in order to comply with lexical norms, it is not enough just to know the lexical meaning of the word used, you also need to have information about its lexical compatibility.
Word formation norms regulate the choice of morphemes, the rules for their placement and combination in a new word.
In the modern Russian language, the following violations of word-formation norms occur:
Errors associated with violation of the word-formation structure of words in the Russian language, the use of forms that are absent in the language. For example, there are no 1st person singular forms for verbs vacuum(it is forbidden vacuuming or vacuuming) And win(it is forbidden I'll win or I'll run) and so on.
Artificially formed words - for example, admirer(instead of fan), courteous(instead of courteous), traditional(instead of traditional), stabilize situation (instead of stabilize), cancellation(instead of cancellation), charming(instead of Charm), hospitality(instead of hospitality) etc.
Morphological norms regulate the choice of variants of the morphological form of a word and variants of its coupling with others: can be used Officer s, engineer s, it is forbidden - Officer A, engineer A ; Can too much to do, no room and it’s impossible - many affairs ov, no places ov .
Violations morphological norms appear:
in the formation of gender forms of a noun: delicious cocoa(instead of delicious cocoa) etc.;
in the use of number forms of a noun: preparations And for exams (instead of preparing A for exams), without finance s support (instead of without finance Ouch support) etc.;
in the use of case forms of nouns: what time is it I (need to what time is it eni ), speck in the eye e (need to speck in the eye at ), choice A (need to choice s) , chauffeur A (need to chauffeur s) , birthday e (need to Birthday I) , with people I mi(need to with people b mi) etc.
There are common mistakes when changing verbs: and G no(instead of and and no), want ut (instead of hot yat ), lie(instead of put or luggage), go, go, go(instead of go), played(instead of were playing), come out(instead of get out) etc.
A lot of violations of norms occur when declension of numerals, using forms of degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.
Thus, violation of morphological norms is primarily due to poor knowledge of the rules and requirements recorded in textbooks and dictionaries, and the low general cultural level of the speaker or writer.
Syntactic norms determine correct construction and the use of all syntactic structures.
The main violations of syntactic norms are associated with errors in the following cases:
· when using a phrase with management. For example: review about what ( Not for what); review for what ( Not about what); characteristic whom ( Not on whom); report what And about what; note, explain What(Not about what); state What ( Not about what);
· if the word order is incorrect. For example: He loved and was passionate about football(Right: he loved football and was passionate about it);
· when missing words. For example: They read different books written by one of the authors;
· in case of unmotivated duplication of the subject by a pronoun. For example: The goods that were supposed to be delivered were in the warehouse(Right: The goods that were supposed to be delivered were in the warehouse);
· when using participles and participial phrases. For example: He is the main person who came to the presentation... (Right: He is the main person who came to the presentation...) After watching the film, the writer became even closer and dearer to me(Right: When I watched the film, the writer became even closer and dearer to me).
Thus, syntactic norms dictate the need to know the features of syntactic structures and the ability to use them correctly in speech.
Consequently, concern for the correctness of speech is a concern not only for preserving the language, but also for ensuring that, as a result, language error there was no communicative error in order for the listener (reader) to correctly understand everything that the author of the speech is talking (writing) about.
Language norm(literary norm) - these are the rules of use speech means in a certain period of development of a literary language, i.e.* rules of pronunciation, word usage, use of traditionally established grammatical, stylistic and other linguistic means accepted in social and linguistic practice* This is a uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of language elements (words, phrases, proposals).
The norm is mandatory for both oral and written speech and covers all aspects of the language* There are norms:
orthoepic
(pronunciation)
spelling
(writing)
derivational
lexical
morphological
t
(grammatical)
і
syntactic
shz tonatskdata
Punctual
Characteristic features of the literary language norm:
- relative stability,
-prevalence,
- common usage,
- general obligation,
- compliance with the use, custom and capabilities of the language system.
Language norms are not invented by scientists. They reflect natural processes and phenomena occurring in language are supported by speech practice. The main sources of language norms include the works of classic lickers and modern writers, analysis of the language of means mass media, generally accepted modern usage, data from live and questionnaire surveys, Scientific research linguistic scientists.
Norms help the literary language maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional argot, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to fulfill its main function - cultural.
The literary norm depends on the conditions in which speech is carried out. Linguistic means that are appropriate in one situation (everyday communication) may turn out to be absurd in another (official business communication). The norm does not divide language means into good and bad, but indicates their communicative expediency.
Language norms are a historical phenomenon. Changes in literary norms are due to the constant development of language. What was the norm in the last century and even 15-20 years ago may become a deviation from it today. For example, in the 30-40s. the words diploma student and diploma student were used to express the same concept: “a student performing a thesis work.” The word diplomanik was a colloquial variant of the word diplomant. In the literary fodder of the 50s and 60s. a distinction has been made in the use of these words: the former colloquial diploma student now means a student, a student during the period of defending his thesis, receiving a diploma. The word diplomat began to be used primarily to refer to winners of competitions, prize-winners of shows, competitions marked with a diploma (for example, diploma winner of the All-Union Piano Competition, diploma winner International competition vocalists).
The norm of using the word applicant has also changed. B 30-40s both those who graduated from high school and those who entered university were called applicants, since both of these concepts in most cases refer to the same person. In the post-war years, the word graduate was assigned to those graduating from high school, and the word applicant in this meaning fell out of use. Applicants began to be called those who pass entrance exams at universities and technical schools.
The history of the word dialectical is interesting in this regard. In the 19th century, it was derived from the noun dialect and meant “belonging to a particular dialect.” The adjective dialectical was also formed from the philosophical term dialectic. Homonyms appeared in the language: dialectical (dialectical word) and dialectical (dialectical approach). Gradually, the word dialectical in the meaning of “belonging to one or another dialect” became outdated, was replaced by the word dialectic, and the word dialectical was assigned the meaning “peculiar to dialectics; based on the laws of dialectics."
Over time, pronunciation also changes. So, for example, in A.S. Pushkin’s letters there are words of the same root, but with different spellings: bankrupt bankruptcy. How can this be explained? You might think that the poet peed himself or made a mistake. No, the word bankrupt was borrowed in the 18th century from Dutch or French and originally in the Russian language it sounded bankrut. The derivatives also had a similar pronunciation: bankrutstvo, bankrutstvo obankrutiteya. During the time of Pushkin, a pronunciation variant appeared with “o” instead of “u”. You could say and write bankruti bankrupt. TO end of the 19th century century, the pronunciation bankrupt, bankruptcy, bankrupt, go bankrupt finally won. This has become the norm.
In one of the issues of Literaturnaya Gazeta, in an article about the correctness of speech, such a case was described. The lecturer rose to the podium and began to speak like this: “Some people spit on the norms of literary speech, We, they say, are allowed everything, we say so as families, they will bury us like that. I shuddered * when I heard this, but did not oppose it. At first the audience was perplexed, then there was a murmur of indignation and, finally, laughter. The lecturer waited until the audience calmed down and said: “You are laughing in vain. I speak in the best literary language. In the language of the classics...” And he began to give quotes that contained “incorrect” words from his lecture, comparing them with the readings of dictionaries of that time. With this technique, the speaker demonstrated how the norm of language has changed over 100 years.
Not only lexical, spelling, accentological, but also morphological norms change. Let's take for example the ending of the nominative plural of nouns male:
vegetable garden - vegetable gardens, garden - gardens, table - tables, fence - fences, horn - horns, side - sides, bank - banks, eye - eyes.
As we see, in the nominative plural case, nouns have the ending -ь(or -а. The presence of two endings is associated with the history of declension. The fact is that in the Old Russian language, in addition to the singular and plural, there was also a dual number, which was used in that case , when we were talking about two objects: table (one), tables (two), tables (several). Since the 13th century, this form begins to collapse and is gradually eliminated. However, traces of it are found, firstly, at the end of the nominative case of the plural of nouns , denoting paired objects: horns, eyes, sleeves, shores, sides; secondly, the form of the singular genitive case of nouns with the numerals two (two tables, two houses, two fences) historically goes back to the form of the nominative case of the dual number. This is confirmed difference in emphasis; two hours and not an hour passed, in two rows and left the row.
After the disappearance of the dual number, along with the old ending -ы, a new ending -а appeared in masculine nouns in the nominative plural, which, as a younger ending, began to spread and displace the ending -ы.
Thus, in modern Russian, train in the nominative plural has the ending -а, while in the 19th century the norm was -ы. “The trains on the railway stop due to heavy snowfall for four days,” wrote N. G. Chernyshevsky in a letter to his father on February 8.
ralya 1855 But the ending -а does not always win over the old ending -ы. For example, the word tractor was borrowed in the 20th century from the English language, in which traktor is a suffixal derivative of the Latin traho, trahere - “to pull, drag.” In the 3rd volume of the Explanatory Dictionary of the Russian Language, published in 1940, only tractors are recognized as a literary form, and the ending in -a (tractors) is considered colloquial. Twenty-three years later, the 15th volume of the Dictionary of Modern Russian Literary Language was published. In it, both forms (tractors and tractors) are given as equal rights, and then twenty years later “ Pronouncing dictionary Russian language" (1983) puts the ending -a in first place as it is more common. In other cases, the nominative plural form in -a remains outside the bounds of the literary language, and is classified as incorrect (engineer) or slang (driver).
If the old, original norm is designated by the letter A, and the competing option by the letter B, then the competition between them for a place in the literary language takes place in four stages and graphically looks like this: Stage 1 Norm - A Stage 2 Options A-B Stage 3 Barkan you B -A Stage 4 Norm - B A
B
PTR,
>B
A
outdated(
ext., decom., and
At the first stage, the only form A dominates; its variant B is beyond the limits of the literary language and is considered incorrect. At the second stage, option B already penetrates into the literary language, is considered acceptable (additional mark) and, depending on the degree of its distribution, is qualified as colloquial (colloquial mark) in relation to norm A or equal to it (mark I). At the third stage, the senior norm A loses its dominant role, finally gives way to the junior norm B and becomes obsolete norms. At the fourth stage, B becomes the only norm of the literary language. The sources of changes in the norms of the literary language are different: live, colloquial speech; local dialects; vernacular; professional jargon; other languages,
Changes in norms are preceded by the appearance of their variants, which actually exist in the language at a certain stage of its development and are actively used by its speakers. Variants of norms are reflected in dictionaries of modern literary language.
For example, in the “Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language”, accented variants of such words as normalize and normalize, mark and mark, thinking to thinking are recorded as equal. Some variants of words are given with the corresponding markings: cottage cheese and (colloquial) cottage cheese, agreement and (simple) agreement. If we turn to the “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language” (M., 1983), then we can follow the fate of these options. Thus, the words “normalize” and “thinking” become preferred, and “normalize” and “thinking” are labeled “additional.” (acceptable). Of the options, mark and mark, marking becomes the only correct one. Regarding cottage cheese and cottage cheese, the norm has not changed. But the contract option has moved from a colloquial form into a colloquial form, and is marked “additional” in the dictionary.
Shifts in standardization can be clearly seen in the example of the pronunciation of the combination -chn.
Let's present this in a table: *
Word Tolk, lyrics. Russian, language, 1935-1940 Orthoepic dictionary Russian. language 1997 everyday [SHK] [chn] and extra. [shn] bakery [shn] [shn] and additional. [chi] snack bar [schn] [chn] toy [schn] [chn] on purpose [schn] [schn] decent [schn] [schn] and [chn] decent [schn] [schn] and [chn] creamy [schn] add. outdated [shn] scrambled eggs [shn] [shn] apple [shn] don. [shn] As you can see, out of 10 words, only two (on purpose, scrambled eggs) retain the pronunciation [shn]; in one case (bakery), preference is given to the pronunciation [shn], but [chn] is also allowed; in two cases, both pronunciations are considered equal (see decently, decently)> in the other five, the pronunciation [chn] wins, while in a nutshell ( snack bar, toy) it is considered the only correct one, and in three (everyday, creamy, apple) the pronunciation [shn] is also allowed* Indicators of various normative dictionaries give reason to talk about three degrees of normativity:
norm of the 1st degree - strict, rigid, not allowing options;
the 2nd degree norm is neutral, allowing equivalent options;
norm 3 degrees - more flexible, allows the use of colloquial as well as outdated forms.
The historical change in the norms of a literary language is a natural, objective phenomenon. It does not depend on the will and desire of individual native speakers* The development of society, changes in the social way of life, the emergence of new traditions, the improvement of relationships between people, the functioning of literature and art lead to the constant renewal of literary language and its norms.
According to scientists, the process of changing language norms has become especially intensified in recent decades*
Characteristics of the basic norms of the literary language,
Grammar rules are rules of use morphological forms different parts of speech and syntactic constructions.
¦ The most common grammatical errors associated with the use of gender of nouns* You can hear incorrect phrases: railway rail, French shampoo, big callus, registered parcel, patent leather shoes*
But the nouns rail, shampoo are masculine, corn, parcel are feminine, so we should say: railway rail^ French shampoo, big corn, custom parcel. The word shoes in such
form is considered incorrect. It is correct to say: /and/flya with the emphasis on the first syllable: there is not one shoe; bought beautiful shoes; there are a lot of winter shoes in the store; I'm glad to have new shoes.
Verbs, for example, reflexive and non-reflexive, are not always used correctly in speech. Thus, in the sentences “The Duma must decide on the date of the meeting”, “Deputies need to decide on the proposed bill”, the reflexive verb decide is colloquial in nature. In the above examples, the verb should be used without - xia: “The Duma must determine the date of the meeting,” “Deputies need to determine their attitude to the proposed bill.” The verb to decide has a colloquial connotation in a sentence like: “We need to decide,” i.e., “We need to determine our attitude towards someone/something.”
Violation of grammatical norms is often associated with the use of prepositions in speech. Thus, the difference in semantic and stylistic shades between synonymous constructions with prepositions due to and thanks is not always taken into account. The preposition thanks retains its original lexical meaning associated with the verb to thank, therefore it is used to indicate the reason that causes the desired result: thanks to the help of comrades, thanks to the correct treatment. If there is a sharp contradiction between the original lexical meaning the preposition thanks and indicating a negative reason, the use of this preposition is undesirable: I did not come to work due to illness. In this case, it would be more correct to say - because of illness.
In addition to tosh, prepositions thanks to, in spite of, in agreement with, towards modern standards literary language is used only with the dative case: “thanks to activity”, “contrary to the rules”, “according to the schedule”, “towards the anniversary*.
Lexical norms, i.e. the rules for using words in speech, require special attention. M. Gorky taught that words must be used with the strictest precision. The word must be used in the meaning (literal or figurative) that it has and which is recorded in Russian language dictionaries. Violation of lexical norms leads to a distortion of the meaning of the statement. There are many examples of inaccurate use of individual words. So, the adverb somewhere has one meaning “in some place”, “unknown where* (music started playing somewhere). However, in Lately this word began to be used in the meaning of “about, approximately, sometime”: “Somewhere in the 70s of the 19th century”, “The classes were planned to be held somewhere in June”, “The plan was fulfilled somewhere around 102%” .
The frequent use of the word order in the meaning of “a little more”, “a little less” should be considered a speech defect. In Russian there are words to denote this concept: approximately, approximately. But some people use the word order instead. Here are examples from the speech: “About 800 people left the city schools before the revolution, and now there are about 10 thousand”; “The living area of the constructed houses is about 2.5 million square meters, and the green ring around the city is about 20 thousand hectares”; “The damage caused to the city is about 300 thousand rubles*.
The words somewhere, in order, in the meaning “about”, *approximating” but* are often found in colloquial speech:
How many examples did you pick on the topic?
Somewhere around 150.
How many printed sheets are checked?
About 3 printed sheets.
What weather is expected?
In the near future the temperature will be somewhere around zero degrees. (Recording of oral speech).
An error is also the incorrect use of the verb lozhet instead of put. The verbs lay and put have the same meaning, but put is a commonly used literary word, and lay is a colloquial word. The expressions sound unliterary: “I put the book in its place,” “He puts the folder on the table,” etc. In these sentences, the verb to put should be used: “I put the books in its place,” “He puts the folder on the table.” It is also necessary to pay attention to the use of prefix verbs put7 fold, fold. Some say “report to place”, “add up numbers”, instead of the correct “put in place”, “add up numbers”.
Violations of lexical norms are sometimes due to the fact that speakers confuse words that are similar in sound but different in meaning. For example, verbs are not always used correctly to provide I imagine. Sometimes we hear incorrect expressions such as: “The floor is presented to Petrov,” “Let me introduce you to Dr. Petrov.” The verb to provide means “to give the opportunity to take advantage of something” (to provide an apartment, vacation, position, credit, loan, rights, independence, word, etc.), and the verb to present means “to transfer, give, present something, to anyone" (submit a report, certificate, facts, evidence; submit for an award, an order, a title, for a prize, etc.). The above sentences with these verbs correctly sound like this: “The floor is given to Petrov,” “Allow me to introduce you to Dr. Petrov.”
Sometimes the nouns stalagmite and stalactite are used incorrectly. These words differ in meaning: stalagmite - a conical limestone build-up on the floor of a cave, gallery (cone up); stalactite - a conical limestone growth on the ceiling or vault of a cave or gallery (cone down).
The words differ in their meaning: college (secondary or higher educational institution in England, USA) and college (secondary educational institution in France, Belgium, Switzerland); effective (effective, leading to desired results) and spectacular (producing a strong impression, effect); Offensive (causing offense, insulting) and touchy (easily offended, inclined to see offense, insult where there is none).
To clarify the lexical norms of the modern literary language, it is recommended to use explanatory dictionaries of the Russian language and special reference literature.
Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They are studied by a special branch of linguistics - orthoepy (Greek orthos correct and epos speech).
One of the largest researchers of pronunciation norms, R.I. Avanesov, defines orthoepy as
a set of rules of oral speech that ensure the unity of sound design in accordance with the norms of the national language, historically developed and entrenched in the literary language.
Maintaining uniformity in pronunciation is important* Spelling errors always interfere with the perception of the content of speech: the listener’s attention is distracted by various incorrect pronunciations, and the statement is not perceived in its entirety and with sufficient attention* Pronunciation that corresponds to spelling norms facilitates and speeds up the communication process* Therefore social role correct pronunciation very great, especially nowadays in our society, where oral speech has become a means of widest communication at various meetings, conferences, congresses*
What are the rules of literary pronunciation that must be followed in order not to go beyond the generally accepted, and therefore generally understandable, Russian literary language?
We list only those that are most often violated*
Language norms
(norms of a literary language, literary norms) are the rules for the use of linguistic means in a certain period of development of a literary language, i.e. rules of pronunciation, spelling, word usage, grammar. A norm is a pattern of uniform, generally accepted use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).
A linguistic phenomenon is considered normative if it is characterized by such features as:
— compliance with the structure of the language;
— massive and regular reproducibility in the process speech activity majority of speakers;
- public approval and recognition.
Linguistic norms were not invented by philologists; they reflect a certain stage in the development of the literary language of the entire people. Language norms cannot be introduced or abolished by decree; they cannot be reformed administratively. The activity of linguists who study language norms is different - they identify, describe and codify language norms, as well as explain and promote them.
The main sources of language norms include:
works of classical writers;
works of modern writers who continue classical traditions;
media publications;
common modern usage;
linguistic research data.
The characteristic features of language norms are:
relative stability;
prevalence;
common use;
universal obligatory;
correspondence to the use, custom and capabilities of the language system.
Norms help the literary language maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to perform one of the most important functions - cultural.
A speech norm is a set of the most stable traditional implementations of the language system, selected and consolidated in the process of public communication.
Standardization of speech
- this is its correspondence to the literary and linguistic ideal.
The dynamism of language development and the variability of norms.
"The language system, being in constant use, is created and modified by the collective efforts of those who use it... What is new in speech experience, does not fit into the framework of the language system, but works, is functionally appropriate, leads to restructuring in it, and each successive state of the language system serves as the basis for comparison in the subsequent processing of speech experience. Thus, language develops and changes in the process of speech functioning, and at each stage of this development the language system inevitably contains elements that have not completed the process of change. Therefore, various fluctuations and variations are inevitable in any language."
The constant development of language leads to changes in literary norms. What was the norm in the last century and even 15-20 years ago may become a deviation from it today. So, for example, before the word z snack shop, toy, bakery, everyday, on purpose, decently, creamy, apple, scrambled eggs pronounced with the sounds [shn]. At the end of the 20th century. such pronunciation as the only (strictly obligatory) norm was preserved only in words on purpose, scrambled eggs. In words bakery, decent Along with the traditional pronunciation [shn], the new pronunciation [chn] is recognized as acceptable. In words everyday, apple the new pronunciation is recommended as the main option, and the old one is allowed as a possible option. In a word creamy the pronunciation [shn] is recognized, although acceptable, as an outdated option, and in words snack bar, toy the new pronunciation [chn] became the only possible normative option.
This example clearly shows that in the history of a literary language the following are possible:
- maintaining the old norm;
- competition between two options, in which dictionaries recommend the traditional option;
- competition of options, in which dictionaries recommend new option;
— approval of the new option as the only normative one.
An example of a change in lexical norm is the words graduate And enrollee. At the beginning of the 20th century. word graduate denoted a student completing a thesis, and the word diplomanik was a colloquial (stylistic) version of the word diplomant. In the literary norm of the 50-60s. a distinction was made in the use of these words: the word graduate began to be used to refer to a student during the period of preparing and defending his thesis (it has lost stylistic coloring colloquial word), and the word graduate began to be used to name the winners of competitions, shows, competitions, marked with a winner’s diploma.
Word enrollee was used to designate those who graduated from high school and those who entered university, since both of these concepts in many cases refer to the same person. In the middle of the 20th century. the word for those graduating from high school has become graduate, and the word enrollee in this meaning has fallen out of use.
Grammar norms also change in the language. IN XIX literature V. and in colloquial speech of that time the words were used dahlia, hall, piano- these were feminine words. In modern Russian, the norm is to use these words as masculine words - dahlia, hall, piano.
An example of a change in stylistic norms is the entry into the literary language of dialectal and colloquial words, for example, bully, whiner, background, pandemonium, hype.
Each new generation relies on existing texts, stable figures of speech, and ways of expressing thoughts. From the language of these texts, it selects the most appropriate words and figures of speech, takes what is relevant for itself from what was developed by previous generations, bringing in its own to express new ideas, ideas, a new vision of the world. Naturally, new generations are abandoning what seems archaic, not in tune with the new manner of formulating thoughts, conveying their feelings, attitudes towards people and events. Sometimes they return to archaic forms, giving them new content, new angles of understanding.
In every historical era, the norm is a complex phenomenon and exists in rather difficult conditions.
Types of norms.
In literary language, the following types of norms are distinguished:
1) norms of written and oral forms of speech;
2) norms;
3) norms.
The norms common to oral and written speech include:
— lexical norms;
- grammatical norms;
- stylistic norms.
Special norms of written speech are:
- norms;
- norms.
Applicable only to oral speech:
- pronunciation standards;
- norms of stress;
- intonation norms.
Norms common to oral and written speech relate to linguistic content and text construction. Lexical norms, or norms of word usage, are norms that determine the correct choice of a word from a number of units that are close to it in meaning or form, as well as its use in the meanings that it has in the literary language.
Lexical norms reflected in explanatory dictionaries, dictionaries of foreign words, terminological dictionaries and reference books.
Compliance with lexical norms is the most important condition for the accuracy of speech and its correctness.
Their violation leads to lexical errors different types(examples of errors from applicants’ essays):
- incorrect choice of a word from a number of units, including confusion, inaccurate choice, incorrect choice of unit
(skeletal type of thinking, analyze the life activity of writers, Nikolaev aggression, Russia experienced many incidents in domestic and foreign policy in those years);
- violation of lexical compatibility norms (a herd of hares, under the yoke of humanity, a secret curtain, ingrained foundations, has gone through all stages of human development);
- the contradiction between the speaker’s intention and the emotional-evaluative words (Pushkin correctly chose the path of life and followed it, leaving indelible traces; He made an unsustainable contribution to the development of Russia);
- use
(Lomonosov entered the institute, Raskolnikov studied at the university);
- mixing
(Lomonosov lived hundreds of miles from the capital);
- incorrect usage phraseological units (Youth was flowing out of him; We need to take him out to fresh water).
Grammar rules are divided into word-formation, morphological and syntactic.
Morphological norms require the correct formation of grammatical forms of words of different parts of speech (forms of gender, number, short forms and degrees of comparison of adjectives, etc.). A typical violation of morphological norms is the use of a word in a non-existent or inflectional form that does not correspond to the context (analyzed image, reigning order, victory over fascism, called Plyushkin a hole). Sometimes you can hear such phrases: railway rail, imported shampoo, customized parcel post, patent leather shoes. There is a morphological error in these phrases - the gender of the nouns is incorrectly formed.
Orthoepic norms include norms of pronunciation, stress and intonation of oral speech. Pronunciation norms of the Russian language are determined primarily by the following phonetic factors:
Stunning voiced consonants at the end of words : du[n], bread[n].
Reduction of unstressed vowels (changes in sound quality)
Assimilation is the likening of consonants in terms of voicedness and deafness at the junction of morphemes: only voiced ones are pronounced before voiced consonants, only voiceless ones are pronounced before voiceless consonants: furnish - o[p]set, run away - [h]escape, fry - and [f]roast.
Loss of some sounds in combinations of consonants: stn, zdn, stl, lnts: holiday is pra[zn]ik, the sun is so[nt]e.
Compliance with spelling norms is an important part of speech culture, because their violation creates in listeners an unpleasant impression of the speech and the speaker himself, and distracts from the perception of the content of the speech. Orthoepic norms are recorded in orthoepic dictionaries of the Russian language and dictionaries of accents.
Pronouncing dictionary.
The spelling dictionary fixes the norms of pronunciation and stress.
This dictionary mainly includes the following words:
- pronunciation, which cannot be unambiguously established on the basis of their written form;
- having a movable stress in grammatical forms;
- forming some grammatical forms in non-standard ways;
- words that experience fluctuations in stress throughout the entire system of forms or in individual forms.
The dictionary introduces a scale of normativity: some options are considered equal, in other cases one of the options is considered basic and the other acceptable. The dictionary also gives marks indicating the variant of pronunciation of the word in poetic and professional speech.
The following main phenomena are reflected in pronunciation notes:
- softening of consonants, i.e. soft pronunciation of consonants influenced by subsequent soft consonants, for example: review, -And;
- changes occurring in consonant clusters, e.g. pronunciation stn like [sn] (local);
- possible pronunciation of one consonant sound (hard or soft) in place of two identical letters, for example: apparatus, -A [ P]; Effect, -a [f b];
- firm pronunciation of consonants followed by a vowel uh in place of spelling combinations with e in words of foreign language origin, for example hotel, -I [ te];
- lack of reduction in words of foreign origin, i.e. pronunciation of unstressed vowel sounds in place of letters oh, oh, oh, which does not comply with the reading rules, for example: bonton, -A [ bo]; nocturne, -a [faculty. But];
- features in the pronunciation of consonants associated with syllable separation in words with side stress, for example head of the laboratory [zaf/l], several m, f.
Word formation in English language. Devlin D. Types of phonoscopic examinations carried out during the preliminary investigation and in court
Essay
Topic: Standards of modern Russian language
Introduction
1 The concept of a language norm and its functions
2 Norms of modern Russian language
3 Language norms and speech practice
Conclusion
List of used literature
Introduction
The history and culture of the people is reflected in the language. Moreover, the most essential part of the collective experience of the people, which manifests itself in intellectual activity and in “ inner world» of a person, finds its expression through language in oral speech and in written texts.
The concepts of “normal” and “norm” are important for many types of human activity. There are standards for the production of products (for example, at a factory) and normals, i.e. technical requirements that these products must satisfy. Nutritionists talk about nutritional standards, athletes “fit” into certain standards (in running, in jumping). No one doubts the fact that in any civilized society there are norms of relationships between people, norms of etiquette; Each of us has an idea of what is normal for human communication, and what is abnormal, goes beyond the limits of some unwritten norm. And our everyday speech is replete with these words: How are you? - Fine!; Well how are you? - Nothing, it’s normal. Moreover, the norm is invisibly present in our statements that do not contain the words norm or normal. When we say: a comfortable chair, a too dark room, inexpressive singing, we mean certain generally accepted “norms” for the comfort of a chair, the lighting of the room, and the expressiveness of singing.
There is a norm in language too. And this is quite natural: language is an integral part of not only a civilized society, but also of any human society in general. Normativity is compliance with language norms, which are perceived by its speakers as an “ideal” or correct model.
Language norm is one of the components national culture. Therefore, the development of a literary norm, its codification, and the reflection of the normalizing activities of linguists in grammars, dictionaries and reference books are of great social and cultural importance.
All of the above justifies the relevance of this topic.
Purpose of the work: a comprehensive study and analysis of the norms of the modern Russian language.
The work consists of an introduction, 3 chapters, a conclusion and a list of references.
1 The concept of a language norm and its functions
Norm is one of the central linguistic concepts. Most often, this term is used in combination with “literary norm” and is applied to those varieties of language that are used in the media, in science and education, in diplomacy, lawmaking and legislation, in business and legal proceedings and other areas of “socially important” predominantly public communication. But we can talk about the norm in relation to a territorial dialect or social jargon. Thus, linguists use the term norm in two senses - broad and narrow.
In a broad sense, the norm refers to such means and ways of speech that have been spontaneously formed over many centuries and which usually distinguish one type of language from others. That’s why we can talk about a norm in relation to a territorial dialect: for example, normal for Northern Russian dialects is Okanye, and for Southern Russian dialects - Akanye. Any social or professional jargon is also “normal” in its own way: for example, what is used in trade argot will be rejected as alien by those who speak the jargon of carpenters; established ways of using linguistic means exist in army jargon and in the jargon of musicians-“labukhs”, and speakers of each of these jargons can easily distinguish someone else’s from their own, familiar and therefore normal for them, etc.
In a narrow sense, a norm is the result of the codification of language. Of course, codification is based on the tradition of the existence of language in a given society, on some unwritten but generally accepted ways of using linguistic means. But it is important that codification is the purposeful ordering of everything related to language and its application. The results of codifying activities are reflected in normative dictionaries and grammars.
The norm as a result of codification is inextricably linked with the concept of literary language, which is otherwise called normalized or codified. The territorial dialect, urban vernacular, social and professional jargons are not subject to codification: after all, no one consciously and purposefully makes sure that Vologda residents consistently okal, and residents of the Kursk village Akali, so that sellers, God forbid, do not use the terminology of carpenters, and soldiers - words and expressions of Labouche jargon, and therefore the concept of norm in the narrow sense of this term just discussed is not applicable to such varieties of language - dialects, jargons.
Language norms are not invented by scientists. They reflect natural processes and phenomena that have occurred and are occurring in the language and are supported by the speech practice of native speakers of a literary language. The main sources of the language norm include the works of classical writers and some modern writers, the language of Central Television announcers, generally accepted modern usage, data from live and questionnaire surveys, scientific research by linguists, the language system (analogs), and the opinion of the majority of speakers.
Norms help the literary language maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This important function norms – a function of protecting the language. In addition, norms reflect what has developed historically in a language - this is a function of reflecting the history of the language.
Speaking about the essence of a norm, it should be remembered that a norm is not a law. The law constitutes a necessity that does not allow any deviations, while the norm only prescribes how it should be. Let's compare the following examples:
1. A stone thrown up must then fall down (this is a law of nature);
2. A person living in a society must follow the rules of the community, for example, not knocking on the wall with a hammer after 11 pm (these are social norms);
3. A person in the process of verbal communication must place stress correctly (these are language norms).
So, the norm only indicates how it should be - this is the function of the prescription.
Thus, a language norm is the traditionally established rules for the use of speech means, i.e. rules of exemplary and generally accepted pronunciation, use of words, phrases and sentences.
2 Norms of modern Russian language
There are written and oral norms.
Written language norms are, first of all, spelling and punctuation norms. For example, the spelling N in the word worker, and НН in the word nameNNik, is subject to certain spelling rules. And the placement of a dash in the sentence Moscow is the capital of Russia is explained by the punctuation norms of the modern Russian language.
Oral norms are divided into grammatical, lexical and orthoepic.
Grammar rules are the rules for using the forms of different parts of speech, as well as the rules for constructing a sentence. The most common grammatical errors associated with the use of the gender of nouns are “railroad rail, French shampoo, big corn, registered parcel, patent leather shoes.” However, rail, shampoo is a masculine noun, and callus, parcel, shoe are feminine, so we should say “railroad rail, French shampoo and large callus, customized parcel, patent leather shoe.”
Lexical norms are the rules for using words in speech. An error is, for example, using the verb lay down instead of putting. Despite the fact that the verbs lay down and put down have the same meaning, put down is a normative literary word, and lay down is a colloquial word. The expressions: I put the book back in its place, etc. are errors. The verb to put should be used: I put the books in place.
Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. (Orthoepy from the Greek orthos - correct and epos - speech). Compliance with pronunciation standards is important for the quality of our speech. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates and speeds up the process of communication, therefore the social role of correct pronunciation is very great, especially now in our society, where oral speech has become a means of the widest communication at various meetings, conferences, and forums.
The norm is conservative and is aimed at preserving the linguistic means and rules for their use accumulated in a given society by previous generations. The unity and universality of the norm are manifested in the fact that representatives of different social strata and groups that make up a given society are obliged to adhere to traditional methods of linguistic expression, as well as those rules and regulations that are contained in grammars and dictionaries and are the result of codification. Deviation from linguistic tradition, from dictionary and grammatical rules and recommendations is considered a violation of the norm. However, it is no secret that at all stages of the development of a literary language, when using it in different communicative conditions, variants of linguistic means are allowed: you can say cottage cheese - and cottage cheese, spotlights - and spotlights, you are right - and you are right, etc.
The norm relies on traditional ways of using language and is wary of linguistic innovations. “The norm is recognized as what was, and partly what is, but not at all what will be,” wrote the famous linguist A.M. Peshkovsky. He explained this property of both the literary norm and the literary language itself: “If the literary dialect changed quickly, then each generation could only use the literature of its own and the previous generation, many two. But under such conditions there would be no literature itself, since the literature of each generation is created by all previous literature. If Chekhov had not already understood Pushkin, then Chekhov probably would not have existed. Too thin a layer of soil would provide too little nutrition for literary sprouts. The conservatism of the literary dialect, uniting centuries and generations, creates the possibility of a single powerful centuries-old national literature.” However, the conservatism of a norm does not mean its complete immobility in time. It is another matter that the pace of normative changes is slower than the development of a given national language as a whole. The more developed the literary form of a language is, the better it serves the communicative needs of society, the less it changes from generation to generation of people using this language.