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Standardization of speech. Language norms: concept, types. Violation and change of language norms. Language norms of the Russian language

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1 . Byconcept of norm

Literary and Russian languages form the basis of the national language. This is an example of a national language, since it is subject to norms, its main property is normativity. Norm- a relatively stable way of expression, reflecting the historical patterns of language development, enshrined in best examples literature and preferred by the educated part of society. In linguistics the norm name the rules for the use of words, grammatical forms, pronunciation and spelling rules that apply during a given period of development literary language. The norm is approved and supported by speech practice cultured people, in particular, writers who draw treasures of speech from the language of the people.

Norms help the literary language maintain its integrity and general intelligibility. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to perform one of essential functions- cultural.

A linguistic phenomenon is considered normative if it is characterized by such signs , How:

ь compliance with the structure of the language;

b stability (ensures accessibility and understandability of texts in a literary language to everyone who uses this national language, regardless of age and place of residence)

b variability (provides the possibility of using the literary language in different situations communication)

b turnover (expressed in the gradual displacement of the old norm by the new)

b massive and regular reproducibility in the process speech activity majority of speakers;

b public approval and recognition.

Characteristic features language norms are:

· relative stability;

· prevalence;

· common use;

universal obligatory;

· compliance with the use, custom and capabilities of the language system

To the main sources language norms include:

ь works of classical writers;

ь works of modern writers who continue classical traditions;

b publication of funds mass media;

ь generally accepted modern usage;

l linguistic research data.

From written monuments we can trace the development of our language over a thousand years. During this time, many changes occurred from seven types of declension (and with many variants), three were formed, instead of three numbers (singular, dual and plural), we now know only two, coincided with each other or replaced each other with different ones case endings, in the plural, masculine, neuter and feminine nouns have almost ceased to be distinguished. And so on ad infinitum. Hundreds and hundreds of replacements, substitutions, various changes, sometimes not noted in the monuments. In the speech of one person and in the speech of many people, accidental and intentional, long-term and momentary, funny and instructive. This irrepressible sea is rustling somewhere behind us; it left with our ancestors. This sea is their speech. But in return for everything that had been defended and strengthened, we received new system language, a system in which modern thinking was gradually deposited. A simple example: in the language ancient man three genders (masculine, neuter and feminine), three numbers (singular, plural and dual), nine cases, three simple tenses. Modern language chooses a more strict and convenient, binary opposition. The system of cases and tenses is also simplified. Each time the language turns its edges in the way that is required by this particular era. From endless speech practice a renewed language is born.

Degrees of normativity :

1. the norm of the first degree is strict, strict, not allowing options;

2. norm of the second degree neutral, allows equivalent options;

3. norm of the third degree free, allows the use of colloquial as well as outdated norms.

2. Rewrite the words, add emphasis. Indicate the words where the letter E is needed in place of E:

kitsch" And there, cl" A cemetery, treasures" A I, cl" e it, kokl" Yu sh, comb" A yner and combine e r, compromising" And to state" And to rove, cor" s yes, costume designer" O bathroom, beautiful" And vee, k" at horny boy" O vyy, man" e vr and man e vr, man" e wrong and man e false, doctors" e nt, menov" A me, metal" at rgy and metallurgist" And I, m" And grain and mis" e smart, thoughtful" e nie and m" s sewing, whitewashing e ny.

3. Form a shape genitive case plural the following nouns:

Canned food- canned food, adjustments- adjustments, criteria- criteria, backstage- sidelines, Lezgins- Lezgins or Lezgins, tangerines- tangerines, Mongols- Mongols, nerves- nerves, socks- a sock or socks, Ossetians- Ossetian, shoulder straps- shoulder straps

4. Compose with these nouns, phrases corresponding to the “adjective/participle + noun” scheme:

kamikaze > clever kamikaze;

canoe > Indian canoe

Capri > beautiful Capri

muffler > striped muffler;

flowerpot > beautiful flowerpot;

kimono > snow-white kimono;

cliche > black cliche.

5. Decline the numbers: 572, 2972, 318.

	Five hundred seventy two
	Five hundred seventy two	Two thousand nine hundred seventy two
	Five hundred seventy two	Two thousand nine hundred seventy two
	Five hundred seventy two	two thousand nine hundred seventy two
	Five hundred seventy two	Two thousand nine hundred seventy two
	About five hundred and seventy two	About two thousand nine hundred seventy two

	Three hundred eighteen
	Three hundred eighteen
	Three hundred eighteen
	Three hundred eighteen
	Three hundred eighteen
	About three hundred eighteen

6. Explain the meanings of paronymous words, make up phrases with them that clarify the differences in meaning:

Paronyms- these are words that have a similar sound (subscriber - subscription). They can differ in meaning (defective - defective) and ability to connect with other words ( business man, costume).

Successful day - lucky Human, understandable abstract - understanding student, neighboring dog - neighbor's house, full bath- spacious bathroom, intolerant client - intolerable character, master's slipper - economic man

7. Rewrite the text, insert missing letters, add punctuation marks.

But I (don’t) want to go for a swim, and (n.) why after swimming would I steam even more in the sun.

There is only one hope for the gr..zu. She alone can ra..wake up Skov (n, nn) with the heat of his birth and dispel...the sleep.

And suddenly something really wants (in) the distance, (not) clear and the fog (n, nn) oh and the city of dark clouds. moving from the (south) eastern side. (B) continued. very short time (in) flow. For some (ten) fifteen minutes, an ominous silence reigns and the whole sky is covered with clouds.

But you don’t want to go swimming, and there’s no reason to: after swimming you’ll steam even more in the sun.

There is only one hope for a thunderstorm: only one can wake up the heat-bound nature and dispel the sleep.

And suddenly something rumbles in the distance, unclear and foggy, and a ridge of dark clouds moves from the south-east. For a very short time, for some ten to fifteen minutes, an ominous silence reigns, and the entire sky is covered with clouds.

8. Choose the options from brackets so that the phrases have semantic clarity as well as grammatical clarity.and syntactic correctness

Thanks to (war, disaster, victory); according to (order, order); manager (of a store, shop); three (new, new) compounds, contrary to (evidence, evidence).

Thanks to the victory; according to the order; store manager; three new compositions, contrary to evidence.

norm language stress paronym

9. Analyze an excerpt from the speech. Specify the means of speech expressionfeatures used by the speaker

If we do not lose our will, if we do not lose the trust of the people, we will prevail. In Australia, when a future pilot candidate is tested, there is a question: Are you flying in a two-seater aircraft? Imagine falling out of the second seat British Queen. Your actions. Some people say shoot yourself. Run after it and catch it in the air. The correct answer is to level the plane after losing excess cargo and continue the flight. So, during perestroika, we will more than once have to level the plane after losing excess cargo and continue the flight (G. Baklanov).

1) according to the nature of the speech activity of the participants in communication: monologue speech;

2) according to the form of language use: written speech

3) according to the conditions and objectives of communication: book speech > journalistic style > impact on the masses

4) according to the generalized (typical) value: reasoning

5) Means of speech expression:

Syntactic anaphora ( IfAnd…, ifAnd…)

Comparison > simple comparison (Perestroika and airplane)

Personification (we will not lose our will, we will not lose trust)

Epithets (Queen of England, two-seater, future candidate)

Inversion (English queen dropped: predicate + subject)

Barbarism (test - from the English test, test, research)

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Topic No. 3. The concept of language norm. Basic types of norms.

Causes of massive speech errors

The causes of negative phenomena in speech practice include:

· people's trust in the printed word (the habit of considering everything printed and said on television as an example of the norm);

· reducing editorial demands on journalists regarding compliance with language standards;

· reduction in the quality of proofreading work;

· gap between the complex requirements of the new school curriculum in the Russian language and the real possibilities of today's Russian school;

· decreased interest among schoolchildren in classical literature;

· problems in replenishing library collections;

· the transformation of the 1956 “Rules of Spelling and Punctuation” into a bibliographic rarity and the absence of a new edition;

· disrespect for the humanities;

· disrespect for the addressees of the speech;

· disregard for the native language.

In this regard, in a modern school, during humanities lessons, it is necessary to pay great attention to the problems of modern language, not to ignore existing linguistic facts, but to interpret them and shape the attitude of schoolchildren to the development of their native language.

Topic No. 3. The concept of language norm. Basic types of norms.

1.What is a language norm and what are its features?

Language norm (literary norm)– these are the rules of use linguistic means, uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of elements of a literary language in a certain period of its development.

Features of the language norm:

Stability and stability, ensuring the balance of the language system over a long period of time;

Widespread and generally obligatory observance regulatory rules;

Cultural and aesthetic perception (evaluation) of language and its facts; the norm consolidates all the best that has been created in the speech behavior of mankind;

Dynamic nature (changeability), due to the development of the entire language system, realized in living speech;

The possibility of linguistic “pluralism” (the coexistence of several options that are recognized as normative).

Codification is a linguistically reliable description of fixing the norms of a literary language in sources specially designed for this purpose (grammar textbooks, dictionaries, reference books, manuals).

2. How is the inconsistency of the norm manifested?

A linguistic norm is a complex and rather contradictory phenomenon: it dialectically combines a number of opposing features.

1. Relative sustainability and stability language norms are necessary conditions ensuring the balance of the language system over a long period of time. At the same time, the norm is a historical phenomenon, which is explained social nature a language that is constantly evolving together with the creator and speaker of the language - society itself.

The historical nature of the norm is due to its dynamism, variability. What was the norm in the last century and even 10-15 years ago may become a deviation from it today. If you turn to dictionaries and literary sources from 100 years ago, you can see how the norms of stress, pronunciation, grammatical forms of words, their (words) meaning and use have changed. For example, in the 19th century they said: shkap (instead of closet), zhyra (instead of heat), strict (instead of strict), quiet (instead of quiet), Alexandrinsky Theater (instead of Alexandrinsky), returned (instead of having returned); at the ball, weather, trains, this beautiful paleto(t) (coat); certainly (instead of necessarily), necessary (instead of necessary), etc.

2. On the one hand, the norm is characterized by widespread and universally binding compliance with certain rules, without which it would be impossible to “control” the element of speech. On the other hand, we can talk about "linguistic pluralism"– the simultaneous existence of several options (doublets) that are recognized as normative. This is a consequence of the interaction of traditions and innovations, stability and variability, subjective (author of speech) and objective (language).

3. Basic sources of language norms- these are, first of all, works classical literature, exemplary speech of highly educated native speakers, common, widespread modern usage, and Scientific research. However, recognizing the importance of literary tradition and the authority of sources, you should also remember author's individuality, capable of violating norms, which is certainly justified in certain communication situations.
Changes in language norms are preceded by the appearance of their variants (doublets), which actually already exist in speech and are used by native speakers. Variants of norms are reflected in special dictionaries, such as the “Spelling Dictionary”, “Dictionary of Difficulties of the Russian Language”, “Dictionary of Word Compatibility”, etc.
Currently, the process of changing language norms has become especially active and noticeable against the backdrop of events of historical and political significance, economic reforms, changes in the social sphere, science, and technology. It should be remembered that a language norm is not a dogma: depending on the conditions, goals and objectives of communication, and on the characteristics of a particular style, deviations from the norm are possible. However, these deviations should reflect the variants of norms that exist in the literary language.

3.What are the trends in the development of language norms?

Certain trends are observed in the development of language norms:

1) a tendency to save. This tendency manifests itself at all levels of language (from nomination to syntax) and is expressed in the contraction of words and elements, for example science ( science Library), You got me off balance; loss of suffixes and endings: rails - rail, grams - grams, wet - wet.

2) the tendency towards unification - the alignment of private grammatical knowledge with general shape: director, professor

3) expansion of colloquialism into book speech and neutralization of colloquial elements in literary speech.

4.What differences exist in the degree of normativity?

According to the degree of normativity, it is customary to distinguish the following types of norms:

1. Strict(mandatory) norm (1st degree norm) – in this type of norm there is only one correct option. Pr: document.

2. Neutral norm (2nd degree norm) – there are two equal options. Ex: cottage cheese - cottage cheese.

3. Movable norm (norm of the 3rd degree) - has two options, these options are not equal: the 1st option is the main one, the 2nd option is not literary.

The 1st degree norm is called imperative, norms 2 and 3 degrees – dispositive norms.

5.What types of norms can be distinguished in accordance with the main levels of language and areas of use of linguistic means?

In accordance with the main levels of language and areas of use of linguistic means, the following are distinguished: types of norms.

1. Orthoepic norms (Greek correct speech) – norms for stress and pronunciation. Spelling errors make it difficult to perceive the speaker’s speech. Social role correct pronunciation is very great, since knowledge of spelling norms greatly facilitates the communication process.

In order not to make mistakes in speech, you need to use special dictionaries, such as “Dictionary of Stresses of the Russian Language”, “Spelling Dictionary”, “Dictionary of Difficulties in Oral Speech”, etc.

Options that are outside the literary norm are accompanied by prohibitive notes: “ not rec."(Not recommended), "not right."(wrong), "rude."(rough), "bran."(expletive language), etc.

2. Lexical norms or norms of word usage, is: a) the use of a word in the meanings that it has in modern language; b) knowledge of its lexical and grammatical compatibility; c) the correct choice of a word from a synonymous series; d) the appropriateness of its use in a particular speech situation.

3. Morphological norms regulate the formation and use of grammatical forms of words. Let us note that morphological norms include, first of all: norms for determining the grammatical gender of some nouns, norms for the formation of the plural of nouns, norms for the formation and use of case forms of nouns, adjectives, numerals and pronouns; norms for the formation of comparative and superlative degrees of adjectives and adverbs; norms for the formation and use of verb forms, etc.

4. Syntactic norms are associated with the rules of construction and use of phrases and various models offers. When constructing a phrase, you must first of all remember about management; When constructing a sentence, you should take into account the role of word order and follow the rules of use participial phrases, laws of constructing a complex sentence, etc.

Morphological and syntactic norms are often combined under common name – grammatical norms.

5. Spelling norms (spelling norms) And punctuation norms do not allow distortion of the visual image of a word, sentence or text. To write correctly, you need to know the generally accepted rules of spelling (the spelling of a word or its grammatical form) and punctuation (the placement of punctuation marks).

6.Where is the language norm fixed? Give examples.

The language norm is fixed in normative dictionaries and grammars. Fiction, theater, school education and the media play a significant role in the dissemination and preservation of norms.

Some names and names (for example, names of geographical objects) can exist in a language in different forms (variants), however, usually only one of them is normalized form, that is, in a form that is mandatory for use in scientific, reference and educational publications, as well as in periodicals. For example: St. Petersburg (Peter).

Language norm(literary norm) - these are the rules of use speech means in a certain period of development of a literary language, that is, the rules of pronunciation, word usage, the use of traditionally established grammatical, stylistic and other linguistic means accepted in social and linguistic practice. This is a uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of language elements (words, phrases, sentences).

The norm is mandatory both for oral and for writing and covers all aspects of the language. Signs of normality literary language: relative stability, common usage, universally binding, compliance with use, tradition and capabilities of the language system.

Language norm- rules of pronunciation, word usage, and the use of traditionally established grammatical, stylistic and other linguistic means accepted in the social and linguistic practice of educated people (Russian language. Encyclopedia. M., 1997).

Language norms are a phenomenon historical, they change. The sources of changes in the norms of the literary language are different: colloquial speech; local dialects; vernacular; professional jargon; other languages. Changes in norms are preceded by the appearance of their variants, which actually exist in the language at a certain stage of its development and are actively used by its speakers. Variants of norms are reflected in dictionaries of modern literary language. For example, in the “Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language” the accented variants of such words as normalize And normalize, thinking And thinking. Some variants of words are given with corresponding marks: creationOG and (colloquial) TVOhorn, contract and (simple) contract If we turn to the “Orthoepic Dictionary of the Russian Language” (1983), then we can follow the fate of these options. Yes, words normalize And thinking become preferred and normalize And thinking are marked “extra.” (acceptable). In a relationship cottage cheese And cottage cheese the norm has not changed. Here's an option agreement from the colloquial form has passed into the category of colloquial, has the mark “extra.” in the dictionary.

Language norms are not invented by scientists. They reflect natural processes and phenomena occurring in language and are supported by speech practice. The main sources of language norms include the works of classical and modern writers, analysis of the language of the media, generally accepted modern usage, data from live and questionnaire surveys, and scientific research by linguists.

The indicators of various normative dictionaries give reason to say about three degrees of normativity:

The first degree norm is strict, rigid, not allowing options;

Norm P degree is neutral, allowing equivalent options;

The III degree norm is more flexible and allows the use of colloquial as well as outdated forms.

The historical change in the norms of literary language is a natural, objective phenomenon. It does not depend on the will and desire of individual native speakers. The development of society, changes in the social structure determine the emergence of new traditions, the functioning of literature and art lead to the constant updating of the literary language and its norms.

The norms of the literary language reflect the originality of the Russian national language and contribute to the preservation of linguistic tradition and the cultural heritage of the past. They protect the literary language from the flow of dialect speech, social and professional jargon, and vernacular. This allows the literary language to remain holistic, generally understandable, and fulfill its main function - cultural.

Based on the norms adopted and in force at any stage of the existence of a literary language, it is possible to determine what changes in relation to normalization have occurred and what the trends are further development norms of literary language.

Stress norms. The features and functions of stress are studied by a branch of linguistics called accentology(from lat.- emphasis).

Stress in Russian is free, which distinguishes it from some other languages in which stress is assigned to a specific syllable. For example, in English language The first syllable is stressed, in Polish - the penultimate, in Armenian, French - the last. In Russian, stress can fall on any syllable, which is why it is called heterogeneous. Let's compare the stress in the words: compass, mining, document, medicine. In these words, the stress falls on the first, second, third, fourth syllables respectively. Its diversity makes stress in the Russian language an individual feature of each individual word.

In addition, stress in Russian can be movable or fixed. If in different forms of a word the stress falls on the same part, then such stress is stationary (take care, take care, take care, take care, take care, take care - the accent is assigned to the ending). The accent changing its place in different forms of the same word is called movable (right, right, right; I can, you can, they can).

Most of words of the Russian language has motionless emphasis.

Features of Russian accent:

The stress in the Russian language is free, variable;

It can be mobile or immobile.

The emphasis is great importance in Russian and performs various functions. The semantics of a word depends on stress (cotton - cotton, carnations - carnations). It indicates the grammatical form (hands - nominative plural, and hands - genitive singular). Finally, stress helps differentiate between the meaning of words and their forms: protein - genitive case of the word b e lka, A b e lok - nominative case of the word that names component eggs or part of the eye.

Variability and mobility of stress often leads to speech errors (instead of A chal, p O nyalpronounce started, understood).

The difficulty in determining the place of stress in a particular word increases because for some words there are variations in stress. At the same time, there are options that do not violate the norm and are considered literary, for example, sparkling - sparkling, salmon - salmon, thinking - thinking. In other cases, one of the accents is considered incorrect, for example, correct: kitchen, toolsent, moveAsacrament wrong: kitchen, toolsatcop, intercessorAproperty.

A number of stress options are associated with the professional sphere of use. There are words in which a specific emphasis is traditionally accepted only in a narrowly professional environment; in any other environment it is perceived as a mistake. For example:

epilepsy from doctors epilepsyAndI,

ToOMPA the sailors have a computer A With .

IN public speaking, business communication, and everyday speech, deviations from the norms of the literary language are quite often observed. So, some people think that it is necessary to speak means of production, But cash, passed two quarter, but the second quarter this year. Words facilities And quarter Regardless of meaning, they have only one accent.

Errors in stress can lead to a distortion of the meaning of the statement. For example, one of the TV shows showed works by Spanish artists. They showed a picture that depicted a river bank, a tree with a rich crown, through the leaves of which one could see blue sky and greens of other plants. A monk was sitting under a tree. The presenter of the program said: “This picture is called “The Hermit in the Desert.” Anyone who watched the program was probably surprised and thought: what kind of desert is this? The thing is that the picture does not depict a desert, but a secluded, deserted place where a hermit lives, which is called Patdamn or Patshame. An incorrectly pronounced word created the impression that the title of the painting did not correspond to its content.

In order to avoid mistakes in placing emphasis, you should know not only the norm, but also the types of options, as well as the conditions under which one or another of them can be used. To do this, it is recommended to refer to special dictionaries and reference books.

Orthoepic norms. Orthoepic norms are pronunciation norms of oral speech. They are studied by a special branch of linguistics - orthoepy. . Orthoepy is also called a set of rules of literary pronunciation. Orthoepy determines the pronunciation of individual sounds in certain phonetic positions, in combination with other sounds, as well as their pronunciation in certain grammatical forms, groups of words or in individual words.

Maintaining uniformity in pronunciation is of great importance. Spelling errors always interfere with the perception of the content of speech: the listener’s attention is distracted by various incorrect pronunciations and the statement is not perceived in its entirety and with sufficient attention. Pronunciation that corresponds to orthoepic standards facilitates and speeds up the communication process. That's why social role correct pronunciation is very important, especially at the present time in our society, where oral speech has become a means of widest communication at various meetings, conferences, and congresses.

Let's consider basic rules of literary pronunciation, which must be adhered to.

Pronunciation of vowels. In Russian speech, among vowels, only stressed ones are pronounced clearly. In an unstressed position, they lose clarity and clarity of sound; they are pronounced with weakened articulation. It is called law of reduction.

The vowels [a] and [o] at the beginning of a word without stress and in the first pre-stressed syllable are pronounced as [a]: ravine -[a] enemy, autonomy -[a]vt[a]nomia, milk - m[a]l[a]ko.

In the rest unstressed syllables, i.e. in all unstressed syllables, except for the first pre-stressed one, in place of the letter it after hard consonants, a very short (reduced) unclear sound is pronounced, which in different positions ranges from a pronunciation close to [s] to a pronunciation close to [ A]. Conventionally, this sound is denoted by the letter [ъ]. For example: head- g[a]lova, side - side, Expensive - dear, city - city[ъ]d, watchman - store [b]zh.

Letters i, e V pre-stressed syllable denotes the sound intermediate between [e] and [i]. Conventionally, this sound is indicated by the sign [and e]: nickel - p[i e]so, feather - p[i e]ro. The vowel [and] after a hard consonant, preposition, or when pronouncing a word together with the previous one is pronounced as [s]: medical institute - medical institute, from spark - from spark, laughter And grief - laughter[s] grief. If there is a pause, [i] does not transform into [s]: laughter And grief.

The absence of vowel reduction interferes with the normal perception of speech, since it reflects not the literary norm, but dialectal features. So, for example, the letter-by-letter (unreduced) pronunciation of the word [milk] is perceived by us as a vocal dialect, and the replacement of unstressed vowels with [a] without reduction - [malako] - as a strong akan.

Pronunciation of consonants. The basic laws of pronunciation of consonants are deafening and assimilation.

In Russian speech, there is a mandatory deafening of voiced consonants at the end of a word. We pronounce bread[n] - bread, sa[t] - garden, smo[k] - smog, love[f"] - Love etc. This stun is one of characteristic features Russian literary speech. It is necessary to take into account that the consonant [g] at the end of a word always turns into a paired dull sound [k]: le[k] - lay down, poro[k] - threshold etc. Pronouncing the sound [x] in this case is unacceptable as a dialect. The exception is the word God - Bo[x].

In the position before vowels, sonorant consonants and [v], the sound [g] is pronounced as a voiced plosive consonant. It is most stable in the word [g]lord.

[G] is pronounced like [x] in combination хх Гк and Гч: le[хк"]й - easy, le[hk]o - easily.

In combinations of voiced and voiceless consonants (as well as voiceless and voiced), the first of them is likened to the second.

You should pay attention to the combination chn, since mistakes are often made when pronouncing it. There is a fluctuation in the pronunciation of words with this combination, which is associated with a change in the rules of the old Moscow pronunciation.

According to the norms of the modern Russian literary language, the combination chn is usually pronounced [chn], this especially applies to words of book origin (greedy, careless) as well as to words that appeared in the recent past (camouflage, landing).

Pronunciation [shn] instead of spelling chn currently required in female patronymics on -ichna: Ilyini[sh]a, Lukini[sh]a, Fomini[sh]a, and is also preserved in individual words: horse[sh]o, pere[shya]itsa, pra-che[sh]aya, empty[sh]y , starling [sh]ik, eggs [psh]itsa, etc.

Some words with combination -chn in accordance with the norm, they are pronounced in two ways: order [shn]o and order [chn]o. In some cases, different pronunciation of the combination chn serves for semantic differentiation of words: heartbeat - heartfelt friend.

Pronunciation of borrowed words. They, as a rule, obey modern spelling norms and only in some cases differ in pronunciation features. For example, sometimes the pronunciation of the sound [o] is preserved in unstressed syllables (m[o]del, [o]asis, [o]tel) and hard consonants before the front vowel [e] (s[te]nd, ko[de] ks, cough [ne]). In most borrowed words, the consonants before [e] are softened: ka[t"]et, pa[t"]efon, faculty[t"]et, mu[z"]ey, [r"]ector, pio[n" ]er. The back consonants are always softened before [e]: pa[k"]et, [k"]egli, s[x"]ema, ba[g"]et.

A description of orthoepic norms can be found in the literature on speech culture, in special linguistic studies, for example, in the book by R.I. Avanesov “Russian literary pronunciation”, as well as in explanatory dictionaries of the Russian literary language, in particular, in the one-volume “ Explanatory dictionary Russian language" S.I. Ozhegov and N.Yu. Shvedova.

Morphological norms. Morphology is a section of grammar that studies the grammatical properties of words, that is, grammatical meanings, means of expression grammatical meanings, grammatical categories.-

Morphological norms - rules of use morphological norms different parts speech.

The peculiarities of the Russian language are that the means of expressing grammatical meanings often vary. In this case, the options may differ in shades of meaning, stylistic coloring, sphere of use, correspond to the norm of the literary language or violate it. The skillful use of options allows you to more accurately express a thought, diversify your speech, and testifies to the speech culture of the speaker.

Most large group constitute options, the use of which is limited functional style or genre of speech. Thus, in colloquial speech there are often forms of the genitive plural orange, tomato, instead of oranges, tomatoes; from her, from her instead of from her, from her. The use of such forms in official written and spoken speech is considered a violation of the morphological norm.

Real nouns sugar, fuel, oil, petroleum, salt, marble are usually used in the singular form. In professional speech, the plural form is used to denote varieties and varieties of substances: sugar, fuel, oil, oil, salt, marbles. These forms have a stylistic connotation of professional use.

There are many morphological variants in the Russian language that are considered identical and equivalent. For example: turners - turners, workshops - workshops, in the spring - in the spring, doors - doors.

In other cases, one of the forms violates the norm of the literary language: rail, A rail wrong, shoe, A shoes And shoe wrong.

In the Russian language there are many masculine and feminine words to designate people by their position or profession. With nouns denoting a position, profession, rank, title, difficulties arising in speech are explained by the peculiarities of this group of words. What are they?

Firstly, in the Russian language there are names of the masculine gender and there are no parallels for them in the feminine gender, or (much less often) there are only names of the feminine gender. For example: rector, businessman, financier, parliamentarian and laundress, nanny, milliner, manicurist, midwife, dowry worker, lacemaker, seamstress-minder.

Secondly, there are names of both masculine and feminine gender, both of them are neutral. For example: athlete - athlete, poet - poetess.

Thirdly, both forms are formed (both masculine and feminine), but feminine words differ in meaning or stylistic coloring. Yes, words professor, Doctor's wife has the meaning of "professor's wife", "doctor's wife" and a colloquial connotation, and as job titles they become colloquial. Generic parallels cashier, watchman, accountant, controller, laboratory assistant, watchwoman, usherette qualify as conversational, and doctor - like a vernacular.

Difficulties arise when it is necessary to emphasize that we're talking about about a woman, and there is no neutral feminine parallel in the language. Such cases are increasing. According to scientists, the number of names that do not have a female gender parallel is increasing every year, for example: cosmophysicist, TV commentator, TV reporter, bionicist, cyberneticist etc., while this position can be held by a woman.

What way out do writers and speakers find?

As linguists note, not only in oral speech, but also in newspaper texts and business correspondence, a syntactic indication of the gender of the named person is increasingly used, when with a masculine noun, the verb in the past tense has a feminine form. For example: the doctor came, the philologist said, the foreman was there, our bibliographer advised me. Such constructions are currently considered acceptable and do not violate the norms of the literary language.

The use of masculine nouns that do not have a word-formation parallel of the feminine gender as names for women has led to increased fluctuations in the forms of agreement. The following options became possible: young physicist Yakovleva - young physicist Yakovleva.

In the frequency-stylistic dictionary of variants “Grammatical correctness of Russian speech” regarding this use of definitions it is said: “In written strictly official or neutral business speech, the norm of agreement on external form defined noun: outstanding mathematician Sofia Kovalevskaya; the new Prime Minister of India, Indira Gandhi."

Most common grammatical errors associated with the use of gender of nouns. You may hear incorrect phrases: railway rail, French shampoo, large callus, registered parcel. But nouns rail, shampoo - masculine, and corn, parcel - feminine, so you should say: railway rail, French shampoo, large callus, registered parcel post.

Violation grammatical rules often associated with the use of prepositions in speech. Thus, the difference in semantic and stylistic shades between synonymous constructions with prepositions is not always taken into account because of And thanks to. Pretext thanks to retains its original lexical meaning associated with the verb thank, therefore, it is used to indicate the cause that causes the desired result: thanks to the help of comrades, thanks to proper treatment. If there is a sharp contradiction between the original lexical meaning of the preposition thanks to and indicating a negative reason, the use of this preposition is undesirable: Didn't come to work due to illness. In this case it is correct to say - because of illness.

Prepositions thanks, despite, according to, towards According to modern standards, they are used only with the dative case.

Syntactic norms. Sometimes writers don't consider word order and create sentences that have two meanings. For example, how to understand the phrase Was the owner of the house asleep? Are we talking about the sleeping owner of the house, or about where the owner slept? In a sentence There is no such term in ancient documents combination this kind may refer to a combination ancient documents or by the way term.

Literary norm– uniform, generally accepted rules for the use of linguistic units, recorded in dictionaries and existing during a certain period of language development.

Norms exist at all linguistic levels and in the oral form of the literary language.

Codified norms- included in the dictionary.

Sources of norms:

1. Classical (fiction) Russian literature.

2. The language of some media (TV channel “Culture”).

3. The speech of the intelligentsia is not in the 1st generation.

4. Research by linguists (questionnaire data).

Sources of changes in norms:

1. Colloquial speech(plural forms of nouns in – a: tractor, doctor, professor, etc.).

2. Local dialects (they were dialectal, but the words zaimka, kvashnya, arable land, plow, etc. became literary).

3. Professional jargon (conductor, cruiser, huntsman, etc.).

4. Vernacular (in modern dictionaries it is allowed to use the word coffee as a neuter noun).

5. Other languages.

According to the degree of normativity, it is customary to distinguish the following types of norms:

1. Strict(mandatory) norm (1st degree norm) – in this type of norm there is only one correct option. Pr: document.

2. Neutral norm (2nd degree norm) – there are two equal options. Ex: cottage cheese - cottage cheese.

3. Movable norm (norm of the 3rd degree) - has two options, these options are not equal: the 1st option is the main one, the 2nd option is not literary.

Question 5. Basic orthoepic norms of the Russian language: norms of pronunciation of vowels and consonants.

Orthoepic norms– norms for the correct pronunciation of sounds and stress placement in words.

Basic rules for pronunciation of consonants:

1. Pronunciation of the consonants /d/, /t/, /z/, /s/ and /r/ before /e/ in foreign words is difficult, since in some cases these consonants are pronounced only firmly, and in others only softly , some words may have variable pronunciation.

Typically, a hard consonant before /e/ is pronounced in words and expressions that are not sufficiently mastered by the Russian language (in accordance with pronunciation in Western European languages), while in native Russian words the consonants before /e/ were soft ( veche, dough, river etc.).

The pronunciation of hard consonants before /e/ remains: a) in expressions that are often reproduced using the Latin alphabet ( de facto, de jure); b) in words denoting the realities of foreign life ( cocktail, cottage); c) in terms of ( grotesque, sepsis); d) in proper names (Voltaire, Goethe).

In long-borrowed words, the consonant before /e/ is usually softened ( beret, museum, tenor).

2. There are no extra consonant sounds (and letters) in the words: leatherette, intriguer, incident, compromise, compromise, competitive, state, mock, slip, post office, precedent, escort, legal adviser, viands.

3. Write Thu, but we read /pcs/ in the word What and its derivatives ( so that, nothing, for nothing). Exceptions: something, insignificant, destroy.

Basic norms for pronunciation of vowels:

1. Unstressed /o/ is pronounced clearly in the following words: radio, boa, modern, veto, rococo, baroque, oasis, beau monde, bonton and etc.

2. Without /th/ the words are read: project, design, designer, design, patient.

3. There are no extra vowel sounds (and letters) in the following words: unmercenary, future, knowledgeable (but: next), porcupine, perturbation, cake, institution, excessive, extraordinary.

4. See page 57, under number 5.

5. See page 56, under number 1.

Topic 3. Correctness of speech and norms of literary language.

Plan

I Consideration of theoretical issues.

1. Features of the norms of the Russian literary language.

2. Language norms as a historical phenomenon.

3. The dynamic nature of the norm and its variability.

4. Degrees of normativity (imperative and dispositive norms).

5. Variation and speech errors.

II Tasks for independent work

Features of the norms of the Russian literary language.

The most important quality culture of speech – its correctness. The correctness of speech is its compliance with the norms of the literary language. It is based on a solid foundation of norms, quite fully and consistently reflected in grammars, reference books, dictionaries, textbooks. Literary correct speech is constructed in accordance with linguistic norms.

The norm of a language (literary norm) is the rules for the use of speech means, a uniform, exemplary, generally accepted use of elements of a literary language in a certain period of its development. Characteristic features of the norm of the Russian literary language:

Relative stability;

Prevalence;

Common usage;

General obligatory;

Conformity with use and custom.

In order to recognize a particular phenomenon as normative, the following conditions are necessary:

1) regular use (reproducibility) of this method of expression;

2) compliance of this method of expression with the capabilities of the literary language system (taking into account its historical restructuring);

3) public approval of a regularly reproduced method of expression (and the role of a judge in this case falls to writers, scientists, and representatives of the educated part of society).

The literary norm is mandatory for oral and written speech and depends on the conditions in which speech is carried out. The norm does not divide the means of language into good or bad. It indicates the appropriateness of using them in communication. Sources of language norms are works of classical literature, generally accepted modern use of language, scientific research.

Norms help preserve the integrity and general intelligibility of the literary language and protect it from vernacular and dialects. The norm reflects the desire of language in a given period to stop, solidify, stability, continuity, universality, and at the same time the desire to go beyond the original, generating new possibilities.

Language norms as a historical phenomenon.

Language norms are a historical phenomenon, constantly changing. Changes in literary norms are associated with the development of language, social changes, the development of literature, etc. What was the norm in the last century and even 10 years ago may today be a deviation from it. If you look at dictionaries from 100 years ago, you can see how norms have changed, for example, pronunciation and stress.

So, in the 19th century. they said - trains, weather, nowadays only actors of the older generation pronounce the reflexive particle sya - sya firmly - returned.

L.I. Skvortsov introduced the concept of a dynamic norm, including in it the sign of the potential possibilities of language implementation. He points out that there are two approaches to the concept of norm: taxonomic (classification, descriptive) and dynamic.

The dynamic nature of the norm and its variability.

A linguistic norm, understood in its dynamic aspect, is a conditioned socio-historical result of speech activity that consolidates traditional implementations of the system or creates new linguistic facts in the conditions of their connection both with the potential capabilities of the language system, on the one hand, and with realized patterns - with

Understanding the dynamic nature of a norm includes both statics (a system of linguistic units) and dynamics (the functioning of a language), while the functional aspect of a norm is especially interesting, since it is associated with such a phenomenon as variation: “A norm cannot be specified by a finite set of facts, but inevitably appears in in the form of two lists - obligatory and permissible (additional). This is a source of normative variation,

those. options are within normal limits.

The sources of changes in the norms of the literary language are different: lively colloquial speech, dialects, borrowings, professionalism. A change in norms is preceded by the appearance of their variants, which actually already exist in the language and are used by its speakers.

Variants of norms are reflected in dictionaries of modern literary language. For example, in the “Dictionary of the Modern Russian Literary Language” word variants are given - thinking, thinking, etc.

Currently, the process of changing language norms has become especially active and noticeable against the backdrop of events of historical and political significance, economic reforms, changes in the social sphere, science, and technology.

Depending on the goals and objectives of communication, on the characteristics of a particular style, deviations from the norm are possible. But these deviations must reflect the variants of norms existing in the language. Variants (or doublets) are varieties of the same linguistic unit that have the same meaning, but differ in form. Some options are not differentiated either semantically or stylistically: rick - rick; workshops - workshops. Such options are called equal, and in this case we can talk about variability. However, the overwhelming majority of options are subject to stylistic differentiation: called - called, accountants - accountants, condition - condition, wave - wave (the second options, compared to the first, have a colloquial or vernacular connotation). Such options are unequal.

Degrees of normativity (imperative and dispositive norms).

There are 3 degrees of normativity, which are reflected in various dictionaries:

The 1st degree norm is strict, rigid, does not allow options (put down, not lay down);

The norm of the 2nd degree is neutral, allowing equivalent options (decent (sh));

The 3rd degree norm is more flexible, allowing colloquial, outdated forms (cottage cheese, cottage cheese).

A norm of the 1st degree is called a mandatory norm, norms of the 2nd and 3rd degrees are called dispositive norms.

In the linguistic literature of recent years, two types of norms are distinguished: imperative and dispositive.

Imperative (i.e. strictly mandatory) are those norms, the violation of which is regarded as poor command of the Russian language (for example, violation of the norms of declension, conjugation or belonging to grammatical gender). These norms do not allow options

(non-variable), any other implementations of them are considered incorrect: met with Vanya (not with Vanya), they are calling (not calling), the block (not the block), my callus (not my callus), washing my hair with shampoo (not shampoo).

Dispositive (optional, not strictly mandatory) norms allow stylistically different or neutral options: stack - stack, brown - brown, piece of cheese - piece of cheese, gradebook - gradebook, three students went - three students went. Evaluations of options in this case do not have a categorical (prohibitive) nature.

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