Techniques for a psychologist working with a client. Methods and techniques used in the process of psychological counseling. Meeting a client in a psychological consultation

;color:#000000">Sociology of personality

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;color:#000000">Sociological concept of personality

;color:#000000">Personality is a set (system) of socially significant qualities that characterize an individual as a member of a particular society, as a product of social development. This is a social characteristic of a person, which is determined by the extent of his assimilation of social experience.

;color:#000000">It is necessary to distinguish between concepts such as “personality”, “individual”, “person”. When we talk about personality, we seem to isolate one of its elements from the general social structure. Moreover, this element (personality) is a carrier social qualities, characteristic of the entire social structure (social community). We can say that the personality, like a drop of water, reflects the basic properties (qualities) of the entire society.

;color:#000000">A person is one of the representatives of the human race. When we talk about a person, we seem to distinguish one type of living organism from the mass of other organisms. A person who does not have social qualities is not a person.

;color:#000000">An individual is a separate, isolated member of a social community. If we use the concept of “personality” to study the social qualities of a person that are characteristic of many people, then the concept of “individual” in sociology is used to highlight the social qualities of a particular person.

;color:#000000">Individuality a set of traits that distinguish a given individual from all others.

;color:#000000">A person becomes a person by acquiring social qualities in the process of socialization. If he is not able to acquire social qualities (for example, a mentally ill person) or does not have such an opportunity (a child who grew up outside of society), then such a person is not personality.

;color:#000000">Typologization of personality. Each person included in the system public relations, has countless social connections, is endowed with many statuses, performs a whole set of different roles, is the bearer of certain ideas, feelings, character traits, etc. It is almost impossible to take into account all the diversity of properties of each person, and there is no need for this. In sociology, what is essential is not individual, but social properties and qualities of a person, that is, qualities that many individuals possess in similar, objective conditions. Therefore, for the convenience of studying individuals who have a set of repeating, essential social qualities, they are typologized, i.e., assigned to a specific social type.

;color:#000000">Social personality type is a generalized reflection, a set of repeating social qualities inherent in many individuals belonging to any social community (for example, European, Asian, Caucasian types; students, workers, veterans, etc.) .

;color:#000000">Typologization of individuals can be carried out on different grounds. For example, by professional affiliation or type of activity: miner, farmer, economist, lawyer; by territorial affiliation or way of life: city dweller, rural resident, northerner; by gender and age: boys, girls, pensioners; by degree social activity: leader (leader, activist), follower (performer), etc.

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;color:#000000">Personality structure

;color:#000000">The most important components in the structure of personality include: consciousness, culture, activity, as well as social statuses and social roles. Let's consider each of the listed components.

;color:#000000">Consciousness is the ability to ideally reproduce reality in thinking, the highest level of mental reflection and self-regulation, inherent in man as a socio-historical being.

;color:#000000">Consciousness allows an individual to accumulate knowledge, experience, to assimilate social norms, values, standards of behavior, i.e., everything that is necessary for the socialization and inclusion of the individual in the social life of society. It contributes to the individual’s adequate perception of the existing reality, awareness of one’s own “I” and finding one’s place in the social structure, as well as self-esteem and self-control in any life situations.

;color:#000000">Consciousness is formed in the process of socialization of the individual. In essence, it is the result of social relationships and activities. Consciousness allows a person to accumulate accumulated experience, create ideal images future, find the most effective ways to meet their needs, and transfer accumulated information to other people.

;color:#000000">Culture (in sociology) is a set of methods and techniques human activity, objectified in material and spiritual objects (buildings, structures, paintings, books, etc.). Culture is formed by summing up the experiences of many generations. Moreover, each subsequent generation, as it were, stands on the shoulders of its predecessors, that is, it relies on an already created culture, and does not begin its development from a “blank slate,” as happens in animals.

;color:#000000">The culture of a person is determined by his socialization, involvement in cultural heritage, and the level of development of his individual abilities. Activity is a way and condition for the existence of society, a specific (social) form of relationship to the surrounding world. The essence of activity is the purposeful reflection and transformation of the surrounding reality, including the person himself.It has such features as awareness (goal setting), productivity (production of something), social character.

;color:#000000">Animals, in order to maintain their life activity, consume only what they find in nature. Man, unlike animals, is capable of creating new types of products that are not found in nature. Therefore, activity is inherent only to man, who is in the process Through its evolution, it creates and improves tools and methods of production.

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;color:#000000">Social statuses and social roles of the individual

;color:#000000">Social status is the general position of an individual (group) in society, associated with certain rights and responsibilities. For example, the status of a doctor gives an individual the right to engage in medical practice and at the same time obliges the doctor to perform his functions and roles properly .

;color:#000000">Each person has many social connections and performs various social functions and roles and has many social statuses. For example, an individual can simultaneously be: a child for his parents, a manager at work, a father for his children, a husband for his wife, etc.

;color:#000000">Statuses are prescribed acquired by birth (nobleman, Russian, Odessa resident, man, etc.) and acquired or achieved (teacher, prosecutor, wife, professor, etc.)

;color:#000000">The statuses that a person has are in a certain hierarchy in terms of their importance for the person himself and in terms of social significance for those around him. For one person, the statuses associated with work (profession) are more significant, for others - with marital status, for others - with social activities, etc. General status plays a special role in the social position of an individual. This is an integral (main) indicator of an individual’s position in society or a social community. Social statuses such as “president of the country”, “governor” region", "academician" and others can be considered decisive in their social significance. For example, the status of the president of a country is recognized for all citizens of the country and for the world community. At the same time, the president can be a father, husband, son, etc., but already for a narrower circle of people.

;color:#000000">General status has a significant impact on social status not only on the individual who has this status, but also on the position of people from her immediate environment. For example, we say: “the president’s wife,” “the governor’s son,” “a fellow academician,” and thereby give additional significance to the people around the president (governor, etc.). Unscrupulous people from such an “environment” often use their position for selfish purposes.

;color:#000000">Social role is a model (pattern) of behavior that must meet the prescribed norms and expectations of others. These are certain actions that a person occupying this status must perform. For example, we expect that a doctor will help a patient get rid of illness, a TV technician will repair a faulty TV. If a person, for one reason or another, does not adequately fulfill the roles determined by his status and does not live up to our expectations, then various sanctions may be applied to such a person. For example, a manager may lose his position, parents may lose their parental rights, etc.

;color:#000000">The simultaneous performance of several roles can lead an individual to role conflicts. For example, it can be difficult for a working woman-mother to combine the roles of wife, mother, enterprise employee, housewife, etc. In such situations, the choice ultimately remains with the individual. largely depends on personal priorities, dominant values ​​and prevailing circumstances.If family and everyday values ​​are a priority for a woman, then other social roles will be of secondary importance for her.

;color:#000000">The social role must meet two main criteria: 1) functional expediency; 2) meet the sociocultural expectations of people. Both of these criteria are interrelated. In some cases, one of the criteria can play a dominant role, in others, both are considered equivalent. For example, the role of the king in a constitutional monarchy is assessed primarily from the point of view of its sociocultural (traditional) significance, since in pragmatic terms it is small; the role of the police in modern Russian society, on the contrary, is assessed from the point of view of its functional necessity, since in sociocultural terms it does not live up to the expectations of Russian citizens; the role of the President of the Russian Federation at present can be assessed by both criteria.

;color:#000000">Functional feasibility is determined not only from a pragmatic position (effective ineffective), but also from the position of the social significance of a particular role. Social significance consists of the material and moral stimulation of the role and the personal self-esteem of the individual playing this role. For example, if a policeman (teacher, doctor, etc.) is not able to support his family on his salary, then both the assessment of his role in society and self-esteem will be appropriate.

;color:#000000">People’s sociocultural expectations largely depend on traditional culture, on the level of development of society and on the priorities existing in society and the state. For example, in some cultures (societies) official polygamy is prohibited, in others it is considered almost an indicator of a man’s wealth. In some cultures, having many children is considered the norm, in others it is an exception. Taking into account cultural traditions and social priorities, each society develops its own role expectations.

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;color:#000000">Socialization of the individual

;color:#000000">Socialization is the process of assimilation by an individual throughout his life of social norms, cultural values ​​and patterns of behavior of the society to which he belongs. In the process of socialization, the individual develops socially significant qualities necessary for the individual to fulfill social roles.

;color:#000000">The formation of personality is possible only in human society. People, unlike animals, do not have innate patterns of behavior; complex social relationships are not programmed in their genes. For example, baby monkeys themselves within three to six months after birth get their own food; a mountain partridge chick hatches from an egg feathered, capable of flying and getting food for itself; the fry of some species of viviparous sharks are born as “seasoned” predators. A person, without a long period of socialization, cannot become a full-fledged individual.

;color:#000000">History knows many cases when young children fell into a pack of animals (wolves, monkeys, etc.) and grew up among them. Returned to society, they did not possess the social qualities necessary for personality (abstract thinking, culture, skills) In addition, they lost the ability to assimilate social qualities and could not adapt to society.

;color:#000000">Socialization is carried out both in the course of targeted influence on a person by methods of upbringing, education, and gender by the influence of various environmental factors (various forms of communication, media, art, etc.). The methods and goals of socialization depend on what personality qualities are prominent in a particular culture, what statuses and roles are most in demand in society, the set of various mechanisms (institutions) of socialization (family, school, work collective, informal associations etc.), creates a relatively stable system of socialization.

;color:#000000">The development prospects of not only individual individuals (social groups), but also the future of the entire society depend on the effectiveness of the socialization system. Younger generations, gaining social experience, learning the necessary roles, occupy the status of older generations. And if society (state ) does not pay due attention to improving the socialization system, then it is doomed to stagnation and degradation.

;color:#000000">When the results of socialization do not meet our expectations, then we talk about deviations from generally accepted standards - deviation.

;color:#000000">Deviation (from Latin devistio deviation) behavior of an individual or group that deviates from generally accepted standards (crime, delinquency, drug addiction, prostitution, alcoholism, suicide, etc.) Deviation can be individual and group.

;color:#000000">Individual deviation is characteristic of any social group (family, classroom, labor collective, etc.). It is largely determined not by the objective conditions of socialization, but by individual personality traits, random circumstances, and the microenvironment in which an individual may find himself. In cases of individual deviation, accept the saying “there’s a black mark in the family.”

;color:#000000">Group deviation more negative social phenomenon. It largely testifies not to individual deviations in the structure of socialization, but to the fact that general objective conditions do not allow entire social groups to find their place in the social structure of society, to realize themselves without violating generally accepted values ​​and norms. General criminalization of modern Russian society a clear manifestation of group deviation.

;color:#000000">Group deviation is a kind of indicator that the social relations existing in society do not meet the interests of many social groups. The crisis state of society contributes to the growth of the scale of deviant behavior, and it becomes an ordinary, everyday phenomenon, i.e. taken for granted or inevitable. In corrupt government agencies a principled, honest worker (official, investigator, judge, etc.) is perceived as foreign body(as a person with disabilities), and a successful criminal as a role model.

;color:#000000">The process of socialization of an individual is conventionally divided into several age stages (stages). There is no clear opinion about the number of stages. Some scientists believe that socialization includes three main stages (J. G. Mead); others - four ( 3. Freud); third eight (E. Erikson), etc. Without going into the details of the discussion, we will take as a basis for the gradation the four main periods of a person’s life: childhood, adolescence, maturity, old age. Each of these periods is characterized by its own characteristics of socialization For example, in early and middle childhood, a child strives to imitate his parents or older friends (to be like everyone else); in adolescence and adolescence form your own “I”, develop individuality (be different from others); in adulthood meet generally accepted standards; in old age maintain previously achieved social status.

;color:#000000">In the process of socialization of a person, two qualitative levels, two stages can be distinguished: social adaptation and internalization (the transition of external factors into the inner essence of a person).

;color:#000000">Social adaptation is the process of an individual’s adaptation to new (changing) social conditions (role functions, social norms, institutions, etc.), which helps the individual learn new “rules of the game” and adequately respond to external circumstances.

;color:#000000">Internalization (from lat.;color:#000000" xml:lang="en-US" lang="en-US">internus;color:#000000"> internal) the process of including social norms, values, attitudes, etc. into a person’s inner world. We can talk about the internalization of an individual when certain aspects of the external environment have become for him an integral part of his inner world For example, when a person identifies (identifies) himself with a certain role, profession, social group, organization, etc. (I am a miner; we are Russians; my family; my class; my friends; my people).

;color:#000000">Socialization of an individual begins from the first days of his life and continues throughout his life. Primary socialization occurs in the family and in preschool institutions. In the formation of socially significant personality traits, the role of family socialization is especially important. In the family, the child learns the basics of social interaction , gets an idea of ​​family statuses and roles, learns “what is good and what is bad.” Therefore, an individual who has not gone through the stage of family socialization or has not gone through it to a sufficient extent may subsequently experience difficulties in performing certain social roles.

;color:#000000">The next stage in the formation of personality is school socialization. It is a two-pronged process of education and training. The main tasks of school socialization are: to form in the individual a general idea of ​​society and the world; to teach him to identify priorities in social relations; to prepare him. to a future independent life.

;color:#000000">Post-school socialization of an individual can occur in middle and higher educational institutions, army environment, labor collective, etc. Significant influence the media influence the process of personal socialization, fiction, art, as well as various informal groups (friends, neighbors, relatives, etc.).

;color:#000000">During his life, an individual can repeatedly change his place of residence and place of work, get married and divorced, master new roles and activities, lose old and acquire new statuses, change his views, beliefs and value orientations. Process The replacement of knowledge, norms, values ​​and roles previously acquired by an individual with new ones is called resocialization.

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;color:#000000">Self-realization of personality

;color:#000000">Personality is the object and subject of social interaction. Therefore, in the process of socialization great importance has the position and activity of the individual himself, his predisposition to certain types of activities, general focus behavior. An active and purposeful person who strives for the most complete self-realization, as a rule, achieves more significant results in life than an individual who follows the lead of developing circumstances.

;color:#000000">Self-realization of the individual is the desire of the individual to most effectively use the objective conditions (institutions) of socialization and his individual abilities and capabilities to achieve the intended strategic goals.

;color:#000000">Goal is an ideal, mental anticipation of the results of an activity, as well as the means and ways of achieving it. Strategic goal is the orientation of an individual to the long term.

;color:#000000">Self-realization of an individual, as a rule, occurs not in one, but in several types of activity. In addition professional activity, most people strive to create strong family, have good friends, interesting hobbies, etc. All these various activities and goals together create a kind of system for orienting the individual to the long term. Based on this perspective, the individual chooses an appropriate life strategy ( general direction life path).

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;color:#000000">Self-realization of an individual, as a rule, occurs not in one, but in several types of activities. In addition to professional activities, most people strive to create a strong family, have good friends, interesting hobbies, etc. All these different types activities and goals together create a kind of system for orienting the individual to a long-term perspective.Based on this perspective, the individual chooses an appropriate life strategy (the general direction of the life path).

;color:#000000">Life strategies can be divided into three main types: 1) life well-being strategy the desire to create favorable living conditions; 2) life success strategy the desire to get another position, another title, earn another million, conquer the next “peak”, etc.; 3) strategy of life self-realization the desire to maximally develop one’s abilities in certain types of activities.

;color:#000000">The choice of one or another life strategy depends on three main factors: 1) on objective social conditions, which society (the state) can “provide” to the individual for his self-realization; 2) from the individual’s membership in a particular social community (class, ethnic group, social stratum, etc.); 3) from social psychological qualities the personality itself. For example, most members of a traditional or crisis society, in which the problem of survival is the main one, are forced to adhere to a strategy of life well-being. In a democratic society with developed market relations, the most popular strategy is life success. In a social society (state), in which the basic social problems, a strategy for life self-realization can be very attractive.

;color:#000000">A life strategy can be chosen by an individual once and for the rest of his life, or it can change depending on certain circumstances. For example, an individual has fully realized the strategy of life success and decided to focus on a new strategy, or the individual is forced to abandon from a previously chosen strategy (a scientist who has lost his job, a bankrupt businessman, a retired military man, etc.)

;color:#000000">Each person, to one degree or another, combines all types of life strategies. But in different individuals, depending on circumstances and personal qualities, these strategies manifest themselves in different ways.

The materials were collected by the SamZan group and are freely available

A socio-psychological characteristic is a set of certain socio-psychological phenomena that characterize the properties, characteristics and qualities of an individual, various social groups, groups, etc., caused either by factors of the social environment, its influence, or by factors of a psychological nature.

The formation and development of an individual, social groups, and collectives are influenced by relationships within groups and individuals with each other, activities, political situation, ideology, cultural heritage, religion, upbringing and much more.

Socio-psychological characteristics of personality

Personality is an individual with consciousness and activity, who has the opportunity to choose his own path and way of life. This choice depends on his innate and acquired personal characteristics, as well as psychological properties. The development of an individual as a member of society is influenced by his relationships that develop in the processes of consumption and production of various material goods.

The socio-psychological characteristics of personality and its formation depend on the political situation and ideology, the attitude of subjects in the social groups to which they belong. In the process of personal communication and interaction, there is a mutual influence of one subject of interaction on another, during which either a commonality in views and attitudes is formed, or it is not formed.

Also, in the process of functioning in social groups, the individual gradually acquires a certain authority, position, and plays a specific role. Important in personal formation are its physiological and anatomical features, which have a huge impact on behavior, psyche, susceptibility to the influence of circumstances or other people.

Social and psychological characteristics of personality according to Ananyev

Psychologist Ananyev argued that in order to correctly characterize an individual, a complete analysis of the situation in which he develops, his status and public position. If we assume that the subject’s personality is formed in the process of its activity, then this activity itself can only be carried out in a certain social situation. However, acting in this situation, any individual occupies a specific status, which can only be set by a system of social relations that has already developed. Such status is objective, but an individual’s awareness of it can be inadequate or adequate, passive or active.

Also, along with status, a person also takes a specific position that characterizes the individual active side of his personal position in various social structures. Therefore, the personal position of an individual as a subjective active side of his status represents a certain system of relationships between the individual, the motives and attitudes that he follows in his ordinary activities, the values ​​and goals towards which this very activity is directed. And the system itself is implemented through the roles inherent in the individual in certain social circumstances of development.

The socio-psychological characteristics of a person are complex structure, consisting of factors of the external and internal environment, which influences the formation of personality in the process of its socialization, life activity and development.

Socio-psychological characteristics include not only certain specific mental processes and their combinations that appear in the process of activity, but also mental properties that characterize each person, her inclinations and interests, abilities, character and temperament.

There are absolutely no people with similar mental properties. Each subject differs from other people in a set of characteristics that, when combined, form the individual’s individuality.

The mental properties of individuals include significant and stable features. So, for example, if it is common for anyone to periodically experience irritation, this does not mean that irritability is a trait of his character.

A person does not receive mental properties in a ready-made version. All properties of an individual’s psyche (abilities, interests, character, inclinations) are developed throughout his life. Such features are to some extent stable, but this does not mean that they are immutable. There are no immutable mental properties. While an individual lives and develops, the properties of his psyche also change.

A socio-psychological characteristic is not innate. Only certain physiological and anatomical features are congenital. Features of an anatomical and physiological nature that form innate differences between subjects and are called inclinations. They are very important in the processes of formation and development of the individuality of individuals. However, one cannot assume that inclinations predetermine individuality. They are not the only and main factor determining individuality. Based on certain inclinations, they are formed various properties psyche depending on the living conditions of a person.

Pavlov divided the types of nervous activity into such characteristics as strength, balance and mobility. Strength determines the performance of brain cells (excitation and inhibition). Equilibrium determines the relationship between excitation and inhibition. Mobility characterizes the ability to change the processes of inhibition and excitation. Based on this, and depending on the combination of these signs, a typology of higher nervous activity has been developed.

It is the types of nervous activity that are main characteristic subjective characteristics of the individual’s nervous system. Although the type of nervous activity is a congenital characteristic, this does not mean that it does not change during a person’s life, his upbringing and the influence of circumstances in the social environment. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between the types of higher nervous activity that are innate and those that have developed in the process of environmental conditions and upbringing.

The character and individuality, abilities and interests of a person are always determined by his life path. Only in the process of overcoming various difficulties does character and will develop; in the process of engaging in any type of activity, abilities and interests are formed.

The main thing in the process of formation of the individuality of the subject, his inclinations, interests and character is the worldview - the systematic views of individuals on the surrounding phenomena of society and nature.

Beliefs that are determined by the subject’s life path also directly influence the course of such a path, the subject’s activities and his way of life.

At an early age, the main thing in the formation of the characteristics of the human psyche is upbringing in the family, society and education.
The socio-psychological characteristics of the individual include inclinations and interests that express the individual’s orientation. Interest is the tendency to pay attention to a certain object. Attention is the focus of consciousness at a specific moment on a specific object. The difference between interests and inclinations is that interest is directed towards a particular subject, while inclination is directed towards engaging in a particular type of activity.

The main thing in the formation of interests and inclinations of an individual are his needs. But not every need is capable of generating interest characterized by stability, which expresses the individual’s orientation. For example, when a person is hungry, his need for food prevails and his main interest will be food, but such interest will be temporary until it is satisfied, i.e. it will not be a characteristic feature of the individual.

The most important reason for acquiring various knowledge and expanding one’s horizons is interest. When describing the orientation of individuals, first of all, you should pay attention to the breadth of interests and their content. The full development of individuals depends on the breadth of interests. However, this does not mean the absence of any one main interest.

Focus and life path is determined by the central interest of the individual, which constitutes the core around which other interests are grouped and manifested. Another important characteristic of interest is its stability. In the absence of stability in interests, a person is not able to achieve great success in any field of activity.

Another characteristic feature of interests is their strength or effectiveness. Effective interest encourages a person to actively seek satisfaction and is formed into the strongest motive for activity.

The next socio-psychological characteristic of a person is giftedness and ability.

Ability is a mental property responsible for the successful performance of any activity or several types of activity. And the totality of inclinations that make up natural condition development of abilities is called giftedness. The main significance among the inclinations are the signs that underlie the differences in types of nervous activity (mobility, strength, balance of the processes of inhibition and excitation). Consequently, an individual’s talent is closely related to the innate type of higher nervous activity of the individual.

Nervous processes that characterize the type of nervous activity that has developed as a result of development are the most important factor for understanding the physiological basis of abilities. Abilities, although they depend on inclinations, are still only a consequence of development. Their development is realized only in the process of such activities for which these abilities are necessary, as well as in the process of teaching this activity. The combination of abilities that provide the opportunity for creative manifestation in performing activities is called talent for this species activities.

The next psychological characteristic is temperament. Since ancient times, and to this day, there has been a certain typological characteristic of temperament (sanguine, choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic).

Temperament is the subjective characteristics of an individual, which are expressed in emotional excitability, a tendency to strong expression of feelings (for example, in gestures, facial expressions), and in mobility. Based on this: a sanguine person is characterized by weak feelings, but quickly arising, a choleric person - strong and quickly arising, a melancholic person - strong and slowly arising, a phlegmatic person - weak and slowly arising.

In addition, sanguine and choleric people are characterized by speed of movements and mobility, while phlegmatic and melancholic people are characterized by slow movements and mobility. The main features of temperament also depend on the properties of higher nervous activity described above. Temperament is characterized by stability throughout life. Each of the temperament types has negative manifestations and positive. Therefore, in the process of life, a person needs to learn to “master” manifestations of temperament and subjugate them to himself.

The next socio-psychological characteristic is character. It means a set of basic properties of the human psyche that leave an imprint on all his actions and actions under various circumstances. Character traits are the properties of an individual’s psyche that make up character, for example, hard work, initiative, laziness, cowardice.

In relation to temperament, we cannot use the words “bad” or “good”, but we can say that a person knows how to control his temperament poorly or, conversely, well. In relation to character, such words are applicable. This means that character is directly expressed in behavior and actions.

The same way you can evaluate character traits. Some relate to positive, others to negative manifestations of character.
Character is determined by goals and methods of achieving them, by the attitude that is experienced and expressed by feelings towards society, the world, and activities, depending on the individual’s worldview and his beliefs.

Social characteristics of personality

Despite the importance of the natural qualities of an individual, one should not forget that the essence of personality is social. An individual is not born a personality, he becomes one in the process of his socialization. The nature of the transformation of an individual into a personality directly depends on the society in which he lives.

The development and formation of personality is facilitated by its relationship with subjects who play various social roles, as well as the participation of the individual in such a repertoire. Depending on how many social roles an individual is able to reproduce, he may be less adapted to life or less. Therefore, the process of personal development often acts as the dynamics of mastering social roles.

There are two types of social roles: interpersonal and conventional. Standardized duties and rights, for example, father, boss, are conventional roles. Rights and responsibilities, the implementation of which depend on the personal characteristics of individuals, are called interpersonal roles.

Personal and business relationships have a greater influence on the formation of an individual’s personality. A person’s position in society, his duties and rights determine the status of the individual.

Social and psychological characteristics of the group

The behavior and psychology of an individual as a person directly depends on the social environment. And the social environment itself is a society in which all subjects are connected to each other in various numerous or not very stable associations, which are called groups.

A group is a number of subjects (at least two) that are involved in joint activities and have similar goals, motives, and tasks, interconnected by a certain systematic relationship.

A small group is a direct way of influence of society or large social groups on an individual. Such groups are medium-sized associations of subjects (no more than 30) that are engaged in a common action or business and are in relationships with each other. In such groups, each individual spends a huge part of his life, i.e. they are unique cells of society. Therefore, personality depends directly on the relationships that have developed in small groups. Examples of the most important groups in the process of development and formation of personality are: school class, family, team, friends, etc.

Groups are characterized by the psychological and behavioral community of members, which isolates and distinguishes the group, making the group a relatively autonomous and socio-psychological formation. Such a community can manifest itself in various ways, ranging from external (for example, common territory) to very deep internal (family members).

The boundary of psychological community is determined by the cohesion of the group. Group cohesion is one of the main and most significant socio-psychological characteristics of its level of development.

Groups differ in the structure and nature of the relationships that exist directly between its members, in size, in subjective composition, qualitative features of values, rules and norms of relationships that are shared by participants, interpersonal relationships, content and goals of activity.
The composition of a group, which is characterized precisely by its members, is called composition. And size is the quantitative composition, i.e. composition is a quality composition.

The structure of interpersonal interaction and the exchange of personal and business information are called communication channels. An important point is the characteristics of verbal communication, the predominance of one or another communication style. For example, communication is expressed in the form of orders, suggestions (typical of work groups) or in the form of threats (family). This characterizes the characteristics of interactions in groups and can lead to the isolation of certain members, a reduction in communication, etc.

Another important characteristic of a group is the psychological climate of the group. The characteristic of the socio-psychological climate lies in the given moral and emotional tone of interpersonal interactions. There are also two more types of climate in teams. The first is the social climate, which is determined by the group members’ awareness of common goals and objectives. The second is the moral climate, determined by the morality of the group, values, and accepted norms.

The highest stage of group development is the collective, the characteristic features of which are manifested in activities and in interpersonal relationships.

Social and psychological characteristics of the team

A team is a certain social group that has a high level of development, in which interpersonal relationships and interactions are determined by the personally significant and socially valuable content of their joint activities.

The team is an integral unity, which presupposes the presence of main components, substructures, and members that interact from within such an integral structure. The basic factor in establishing a psychological structure is its reflection in life as a whole. Substructures reflect various spheres of such life activity.

The characteristics of the socio-psychological climate are a certain set of phenomena that have a significant impact on the behavior of members of such a team and determine their interaction, climate, etc. Among such phenomena are: public opinion (social views, judgments, attitudes), public moods and social feelings, collective customs, traditions, habits, various phenomena that arise in the processes of interaction between subjects (mutual assessments and demands, authority). Group psychology significantly influences the behavior of individuals in a group.

Depending on how some members of the team express themselves in activity, cognition and communication, the nature of interpersonal relationships in the team is formed, collective norms of behavior and interests are formed, and a public judgment about such a team is formed (for example, friendly or not, quarrelsome, proactive, etc.) .d.). The main role in the development and formation of any team is given to communication. Thanks to communication, relationships in a team can be trusting or not, friendly, supportive of each other, etc.

Therefore, a separate point in the description of various groups is always the socio-psychological characteristics of communication.
The most significant and basic socio-psychological characteristics of a team are its discipline, awareness, organization, activity and cohesion.

Discipline plays a role in regulating behavior in a team and ensuring consistency of actions within it. Informativeness determines one of the basic circumstances for the formation of consciousness in the behavior of an individual, corresponding to his goals and the state of the collective. Organization is manifested by the nature of the reactions of a particular team to changes in external circumstances and external information data.

Activity is an activity performed by an individual not out of necessity to perform it. job responsibilities, but as a free expression. Cohesion is a mental unification that connects absolutely all members of a team in the process of their joint activities and creates the integral unity of the entire group. Cohesion is influenced by the individual psychological compatibility of all participants.

The complexity of socio-psychological characteristics creates an idea of ​​the internal state of the team, which has a name - the moral climate of the team. In order to assess the moral climate of the team, you can use information about staff turnover, labor productivity, quality and quantity of products produced, etc.

A favorable positive moral climate of the team is a prerequisite for performance and further development.

Social and psychological characteristics of the child

When compiling a socio-psychological profile of a child, certain phenomena of his interaction with the surrounding society in the process of activity are examined. Initially, attention is paid to the composition of the child’s family: complete or partial, socially prosperous or disadvantaged, wealth. Next, you need to pay attention to children’s performance at school (for students) or behavior in a group for preschool children, and the behavior of children in the family. It is imperative to conduct a conversation with parents and other relatives, educators and teachers in order to draw up an accurate description.

You should also definitely pay attention to the child’s health and the presence of hereditary, congenital or acquired diseases. Communication skills are assessed and their level of formation is studied. Here you need to look at the socio-psychological status in groups, evaluate the characteristics of social interactions, both with peers and with educators or teachers.

At psychological characteristics Young children are assessed for speech, play, communication, self-image, the world, etc. The content of young children’s activities should be the assimilation of cultural methods of using objects. During this period, an adult becomes a role model for a child. Now the adult not only gives the child a certain object, but also shows exactly how to use it. Early age characterized by intensive assimilation of methods of operating with objects. By the end of this period, the child should learn to use them. During this period, intelligence, the personal sphere, psychophysiological characteristics, and the specifics of interpersonal relationships are explored.

In junior school age Children develop certain formations - voluntary behavior. At this age, the child becomes more independent. He begins to absorb certain moral values ​​and tries to follow specific rules and laws. Often this can be associated with selfish needs, for example, attracting attention and approval from adults. Thus, the behavior of younger schoolchildren comes down to one dominant property - the motive for achieving success. It is necessary to assess whether the child is able to make an adequate assessment of his actions, whether he is able to overcome his desires. At this age, the child tends to actively think about his actions and hide personal experiences.

The development of younger schoolchildren directly depends on their performance at school, their assessment by adults, personal relationships, and their social roles. Children at this age become very susceptible to outside influence.

Adolescence for children is characterized by a period of self-determination. Social, professional, personal, spiritual self-determination becomes the leading task of this age. The leading type of activity is educational and professional.

In adolescence, adolescents strive for self-esteem, the formation of personal identity, the discovery of their inner self in all its manifestations, in integrity and uniqueness.

The psychological characteristics of a child’s personality should include a study of the individual characteristics of the individual’s mental processes, type of temperament, basic character traits, interests and inclinations of children.

Social and psychological characteristics of the family

The family is not only a unique unit of society, but also one of the most ancient social institutions. Throughout the existence of the world, not a single society has managed without the creation of family relationships.

In the process of its development, the family goes through certain stages or life cycles families: the immediate formation of a family, the birth of the first child, the birth of the last child, the marriage of the last child - the so-called “empty nest”, the death of one of the spouses.

The socio-psychological characteristics of family communication are primarily represented by the interaction of spouses with each other, secondly with children, then with the spouses’ parents and with friends. Communication is the exchange of information, spiritual contact and intimacy, discussion of issues. The degree of closeness between spouses and the degree of closeness with children depends on communication.

The family must bear certain social functions:

• educational, which includes the socialization of the younger generation and the transmission of cultural heritage;

• household, supporting physical health members of society, including care for children and elderly parents;

• economic, which consists of obtaining material resources, as well as financial support for disabled and minor family members;

• spiritual communication, including spiritual development individuals in the family, spiritual enrichment;

• social-status, which includes the provision of a specific social status to members of family relationships, reproduction of the social structure;

• the function of leisure, which includes the organization of rational leisure, mutual enrichment of interests;

• emotional, including receiving emotional support and psychological protection, stabilizing subjects and psychological therapy.

The socio-psychological characteristics of the family and its composition include the age of the parents, level of education, and family composition. Next, they evaluate material and housing circumstances, and the standard of living in general. It is imperative to find out the attitude of adults towards their profession and socially useful activities. The family situation and value system, the presence or absence of conflict situations or factors provoking conflicts, hobbies of both spouses, their leisure time, interaction of the family with the school where the children study, relationship with teachers and the school as a whole, level of pedagogical skills and psychological skills, education system, finding out who occupies a dominant position in the family, attitude to children and with children.

The concept of personality is used to emphasize social essence person and individual. A person is not born, but becomes one in society through interactions with other people through the acquisition of various social qualities. Thus, personality is a social characteristic of a person and an individual, which is based on and interconnected with his biological and genetic inclinations. Personality can be defined as a relatively stable system of social qualities acquired and developed in the process of interaction with other people in society.

The most important social qualities of a person: self-awareness, self-esteem, social identification, activity, interests, beliefs, life goals. Self-awareness is the ability, unique to humans, to recognize oneself in the system of social relations. Social identification is the result of conscious and emotional self-identification with other people, with another community; activity - the ability to perform socially significant actions that manifest themselves in interaction with other people; interests are a constant source of activity based on needs; beliefs - socio-psychological assessments and perceptions of the world around them, they can be moral, ideological, scientific, religious, etc. Having life goals and striving to realize them is most important characteristic formed personality.

Life goals are differentiated into four main groups:

1) material goods;
2) knowledge and creativity;
3) power, prestige, authority;
4) spiritual perfection.

Personality can be considered as the result of a variety of behavior patterns that are characteristic of any individual in a particular social group and society as a whole. A behavior pattern called social role, is inherent in a particular individual in accordance with his social status, i.e. position in society, social group. All social statuses can be divided into two main types: those that are prescribed to an individual by society or a group, regardless of his abilities and efforts, and those that an individual achieves through his own efforts.

Every person in social system occupies several positions. Therefore, sociologists use the concept of a status set, i.e. the totality of all social statuses of a given individual. But more often than not, only one status determines one’s position in society. This status is called main, or integral. It often happens that the main (integral) status is determined by the position (for example, rector, economist, etc.). The set of roles arising from a given status set is called a role set.

A social role contains two main elements: role expectations - what is expected from a particular role, and role behavior - what a person actually performs within the framework of his role. Any social role, according to Talcott Parsons, can be described using five main characteristics: emotionality, method of obtaining, scale, formalization and motivation.

Sociologists note the fundamental role that interests play in the behavior of an individual. In turn, the interests of the individual are based on needs. Need can be defined as a need, a person’s need for something.

The most famous is the classification proposed by Abraham Maslow. He identified five groups of needs:

1) physiological (life activities);
2) safety;
3) involvement and belonging (to a team, society);
4) recognition (respect and love);
5) self-actualization (self-realization, self-expression).

According to Maslow, the needs of the first two groups are innate, i.e. biological, and from the third group acquired needs begin, i.e. social. Human behavior is driven not by the need itself, but, first of all, by the degree of its dissatisfaction. true essence of a person, the deepest meaning of his life most closely corresponds social needs, the main one among which is the need for self-realization.

There are three main levels of satisfying the needs of existence:

1) minimal;
2) normal;
3) level of luxury.

The minimum level of satisfaction of the needs of existence ensures human survival. A normal level provides the opportunity for the emergence of significant intellectual and spiritual needs. The level of luxury is proposed to be considered one at which the satisfaction of subsistence needs becomes an end in itself and (or) a means of demonstrating high social status.

Personality is a social phenomenon. It is closely connected with time and expresses everything that is in historical man.

Personality is a conscious and active person who has the opportunity to choose one way of life or another. It all depends on the personal and psychological qualities that are inherent in the individual; they must be correctly understood and taken into account.

Personality- is a human individual acting as a subject of conscious activity and relationships. We can say that personality is an integrity that integrates all mental processes, properties and states. Mental characteristics personalities are manifested and formed in the behavior, actions and deeds of the individual, i.e. become a person.

The personality of a person as a member of society is in the sphere of influence of various relationships that develop in the process of production and consumption of material goods. The process of personality formation occurs both under the influence of the sphere of political relations and ideology. Ideology as a system of ideas about society has a huge impact on a person, largely shaping the content of his psychology, worldview, individual and social attitudes. The psychology of an individual is also influenced by the relationships of people in the social group to which she belongs.

The study of social personality traits has a very solid tradition, both in general and social psychology. Starting with a listing of various social qualities of an individual through a description of their structure, social Psychology came to the conclusion about the need to understand the system of personality traits. But the principles for constructing such a system have not yet been fully developed. In general terms, the solution is contained, in particular, in the works of A.N. Leontyev. Considering personality itself as a systemic quality, he believed that such an approach should dictate psychology and a new dimension for the study of personality, “this is the study of what, for what and how does a person use what is innate to him and acquired by him?” It is possible, obviously, to build a system of personality qualities, arranging them in accordance with these foundations. But a more detailed answer to the question can be given only by studying the manifestations of personality in those real groups in which its activities are organized.

A person’s upbringing is characterized by various social qualities, reflecting the individual’s diverse relationships to the world around him and to himself. Taken together, these qualities determine the richness and originality of each individual, its uniqueness. In the characteristics of an individual person, some qualities may be absent and may represent a wide variety of combinations.

Social qualities of people are general qualities, repetitive, persistent in behavior various groups and communities of people.

The philosophical encyclopedia interprets the concept of social qualities this way - this is the concentration of human experience, joint and individual activities of people, their various combinations, compositions, syntheses. Social qualities are contained in the existence of people, in their abilities, needs, skills, knowledge, and their inherent forms of behavior and interaction. Social qualities are developed, spread, become more complex (or simplified) in the process of developing human contacts, cultural exchanges, economic and other interactions between social communities. Acting as intermediaries between various social qualities, they themselves become part of these qualities and become forms of realization of their existence. In other words, social qualities “come to life” and “live” only in social process, in the interactions of people and people, people and things, in the dynamics of reproduction and renewal of social existence.

Korobitsyna T.L. characterizes a person’s upbringing with various social qualities that reflect the individual’s diverse relationships to the world around him and to himself. She believes that together these qualities determine the richness and originality of each individual, her uniqueness. In the characteristics of an individual person, some qualities may be absent and may represent a wide variety of combinations. If an important task of education is to promote the flourishing of each individual, then an equally important and responsible task is to ensure that any individual meets the basic criteria accepted in society. In this regard, the task arises of establishing relatively few, but the most important socially significant qualities that can be considered mandatory for the citizens of our country. Such qualities can serve as indicators of good manners, i.e. the level of social development of a schoolchild, which characterize the degree of his readiness for life in society.

N.I. Monakhov identified social qualities that can be developed in younger schoolchildren.

• 1. Partnership - intimacy based on comradely (friendly) relations; participating in something together equal rights; relations between people based on the commonality of their interests, manifested in mutual assistance and solidarity, respect and trust, goodwill and sympathy.
• 2. Respect for elders - a respectful attitude based on recognition of their merits. Respect is one of the most important requirements of morality, implying an attitude towards people in which the dignity of the individual is practically recognized (in appropriate actions, motives, as well as in the social conditions of society).
• 3. Kindness - responsiveness, emotional disposition towards people, the desire to do good to others.
• 4. Honesty - sincerity, integrity, integrity and impeccability; moral quality, reflecting one of the most important requirements of morality. Includes truthfulness, integrity, loyalty to accepted obligations, subjective conviction in the rightness of the work being carried out, sincerity to others and to oneself regarding the motives that guide a person, recognition and respect for the rights of other people to what legally belongs to them.
• 5. Hard work - love of work. Labor is work, occupation, effort aimed at achieving something. Hard work is a moral quality that characterizes the subjective disposition of an individual towards his labor activity, externally expressed in the quantity and quality of its results. Its manifestations are labor activity, conscientiousness, diligence, and diligence of the employee. As a social quality of an individual, hard work is one of the expressions of her positive attitude towards work, which psychologically presupposes: the need and habit of working, passion and enjoyment of the work process, interest in achieving a useful result of work.
• 6. Thrift - careful attitude to property, prudence, economy; a moral quality that characterizes people’s caring attitude towards material and spiritual goods, towards property.
• 7. Discipline (organization) - subordination to discipline (mandatory for all members of any team, submission to the established order, rules); maintaining order.
• 8. Curiosity - a tendency to acquire new knowledge, inquisitiveness; internal interest in obtaining new information in order to satisfy cognitive needs.
• 9. Love of beauty (aesthetic development) - a constant strong inclination, passion for what embodies beauty, corresponds to its ideals
• 10. The desire to be strong, dexterous - a persistent desire to achieve the physical or moral ability to act actively.

Determining the level of development of these social qualities will help determine the level of social development of the student.

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If the concept of an individual includes the general qualities of homo sapiens - a representative of the human race as a biological species, then the concept of personality is associated with the concept of individuality - with the creative refraction in the individual of general social qualities with the unique system of relations of a particular person to the world, with his individual abilities of social interaction. As a person, a person is characterized by the level of development of his consciousness, the correlation of his consciousness with social consciousness, which, in turn, is determined by the level of development of a given society. Possibilities are revealed in personality traits this person to participate in public relations. An essential aspect of personality is its attitude towards society, towards individuals, towards itself and its social and labor responsibilities. A personality is characterized by the level of awareness of its relationships and their stability. What is important in a person is not only her position, but also her ability to realize her relationships. This depends on the level of development of a person’s creative capabilities, his abilities, knowledge and skills, his emotional-volitional and intellectual qualities. A person is not born with ready-made abilities, interests, character, etc. These properties are formed during human life, but on a certain natural basis. The hereditary basis of the human body (genotype) determines its anatomical and physiological characteristics, the basic qualities of the nervous system, and the dynamics of nervous processes. The biological organization of man, his nature, contains the possibilities for his future. mental development. But a human being becomes a person only thanks to social heredity - thanks to the assimilation of the experience of previous generations, enshrined in knowledge, traditions, objects of material and spiritual culture, in the system of social relations. The natural aspects of man should not be opposed to his social essence. Human nature itself is a product not only of biological evolution, but also a product of history. The biological in a person cannot be understood as the presence of some kind of “animal” side in him. All natural biological inclinations of a person are human, not animal inclinations. But the formation of a person as an individual occurs only in specific social conditions. The demands of society determine both the behavior patterns of people and the criteria for assessing their behavior. What appears at first glance natural qualities of a person (for example, his character traits), in fact, is the consolidation in the individual of social requirements for his behavior. The driving force of personal development is the internal contradictions between constantly growing socially determined needs and the possibilities of satisfying them. Personal development is a constant expansion of its capabilities and the formation of new needs. The level of personality development is determined by the relationships characteristic of it. Low levels of personal development are characterized by the fact that her relationships are determined mainly by utilitarian, mercantile interests. The highest level of personality development is characterized by the predominance of socially significant relationships. By regulating his life activity in society, each individual solves complex life problems. Personality is revealed in how it solves these problems. The same difficulties and conflicts are overcome by different people different ways(even criminal). To understand a personality means to understand what life tasks and in what way it solves, what initial principles for solving these problems it is armed with. There are socialized individuals - adapted to the conditions of their social existence, desocialized - deviant, deviating from basic social requirements (extreme forms of this deviation - marginality) and mentally abnormal individuals (psychopaths, neurotics, people with mental retardation and with personal accentuations - "weaknesses" "in mental self-regulation). It is possible to identify a number of features of a socialized personality that is within the limits of the mental norm. Along with social adaptability, a developed personality has personal autonomy, assertion of his individuality. In critical situations, such a person retains his life strategy and remains committed to his positions and value orientations (personal integrity). Possible mental breakdowns in extreme situations it warns with a system of psychological defenses (rationalization, repression, revaluation of values, etc.). A person is normally in a state of continuous development, self-improvement and self-realization, constantly discovering new horizons on his human path, experiencing the “joy of tomorrow,” and seeking opportunities to actualize his abilities. In difficult conditions - tolerant, capable of adequate action. A mentally balanced individual establishes friendly relationships with other people and is sensitive to their needs and interests. When constructing his life plans, a stable personality proceeds from real possibilities and avoids inflated claims. A developed personality has a highly developed sense of justice, conscience and honor. She is decisive and persistent in achieving objectively significant goals, but is not rigid - she is capable of correcting her behavior. She is able to respond to the complex demands of life with tactical lability without mental breakdown. She considers herself the source of her successes and failures, and not external circumstances. IN difficult conditions In life, she is able to take responsibility and take justifiable risks. Along with emotional stability, she constantly maintains emotional reactivity and high sensitivity to the beautiful and sublime. Possessing a developed sense of self-respect, she is able to look at herself from the outside, and is not without a sense of humor and philosophical skepticism. Awareness of one's isolation allows an individual to be free from arbitrary transient social conditions, the dictates of power, and not to lose self-control in conditions of social destabilization and totalitarian repression. The core of personality is associated with its highest mental quality - spirituality.

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