What are the socially significant qualities of a person and their meaning. Socially significant properties and qualities. What is included in the “register” of the most significant social qualities of a person?

The following research methods are used in forensic psychological examination:

• 1. Observation method, allowing you to study the behavior of the subject in natural conditions in the process of communication, study, labor activity. This method for an expert is episodic in nature and is carried out in a system for assessing cognitive processes, communication, and activity. To confirm the facts of observation, they use the testimony of relatives, colleagues, neighbors involved in the case, as well as characteristics from the place of study and work (i.e., data from the observed environment is analyzed).
• 2. Natural experiment method, which can be carried out as part of an investigative experiment in order to restore the picture of the crime. Based on the behavior of the subject, one can obtain additional information about the identity of the criminal.
• 3. Conversation method (question-answer method), with the help of which the attitude of the subject to various aspects of life, norms of behavior, moral principles etc.
• 4. Method educational psychology , which includes a description of the life of the subject (personal history, background of the development of mental disorders).
• 5. Study method the results of a criminal case, which involves familiarizing the psychologist with documentation, letters, and testimony written in the hand of the accused himself. At the same time, handwriting is assessed, lexicon, literacy of presentation and, in general, the level of personality development of the accused.
• 6. Test method, which uses specially designed tasks and tests to assess memory, thinking, emotional-volitional sphere, personal qualities sub-expert (for example, MMPI, TAT, Rosenzweig, Roroshach tests, etc.).
• 7. Laboratory experiment , allowing to objectify the psychologist’s observations. It is carried out very rarely, since there are no special laboratories and equipment. This method involves conducting special polygraphic studies, classified as a “lie detector”, in which the characteristics of the galvanic skin response (GSR), electroencephalogram (EEG), and rhythmocardiogram (RCG) to emotionally significant stimuli are recorded.

At psychological examination used psychological research method, with the help of which the mechanism, structure, functioning and various characteristics mental activity. Thus, psychological research is also possible in relation to a mentally ill person. In this case, the task of the psychologist will not be to diagnose pathology (this is the area of ​​competence of the psychiatrist), but to assess how the pathological changes in personality discovered by the psychiatrist influenced the change in the psychological behavior of the individual, how the pathology “corrected” the action of psychological mechanisms.

The psychological research method includes general and special methods; a set of special methods forms techniques. TO general methods Psychological research can include: psychological diagnostics, forecasting, design, methods of influence. Not all of them are equally acceptable in forensic examination. In particular, the influence method has a limited scope. The same can be said regarding the method of psychological experiment (not every situation can be ethically simulated to achieve expert goals).

General methods modified through special techniques depending on the specifics of expert tasks and goals.

For example, psychological diagnostic method implemented through special methods: biographical, observations, conversation, instrumental personal techniques, methods for studying the characteristics of individual spheres of mental activity. Typically, a set of special methods is used for diagnosis, depending on the purpose. It is the method that plays important role to differentiate the competence of psychology and psychiatry, psychological and psychiatric examinations. Unlike psychology, psychiatry studies the causes and essence mental illness. However, such a substantive distinction is not enough. A psychologist and a psychiatrist can study the same object, but from different angles. The method of study is predetermined by the specifics of the method.

Psychiatric examination is characterized by the method of psychiatric analysis, through which distortions and deviations in the functioning are identified psychological laws and patterns, diagnosis of such deviations as pathological or non-pathological. If the phenomena identified by the expert do not fall under psychiatric diagnosis (cannot be defined as pathological), then the competence of the psychiatrist is limited. Psychological diagnostics and psychological analysis-- the competence of a psychologist. When identifying a pathology, a psychiatrist makes a diagnosis, determines the degree of deformation of the emotional, intellectual and volitional spheres, states the degree of preservation of certain personality qualities, and explains psychopathological behavior in the categories of psychiatry.

Along with the concept personality we also use terms such as person, individual And individuality. All these concepts have specifics, but they are all interconnected. The most common integrative concept– concept Human - a being that embodies the highest stage of life development, a product of social and labor processes, an indissoluble unity of the natural and the social. But carrying within himself a social-clan essence, each person is a single natural being, an individual.

Individual- this is a specific person as a representative of the family homo sapiens, the bearer of the prerequisites (inclinations) of human development.

Individuality– the unique originality of a particular person, his natural and socially acquired properties.

In concept personality a system of socially significant human qualities comes to the fore. In a person’s connections with society, his social essence is formed and manifested.

Each society creates its own standard of personality. The sociology of a society determines the psychological types of a given society.

Personality has a multi-level organization. The highest and leading level of the psychological organization of the individual - its need-motivational sphere - is personality orientation, her attitude towards society, individuals, herself and her work responsibilities. For a person, not only his position is important, but also his ability to realize his relationships. This depends on the level of development of a person’s activity capabilities, his abilities, knowledge and skills, his emotional-volitional and intellectual qualities.

A person is not born with ready-made abilities, character, etc. These properties are formed during life, but on a certain natural basis. Hereditary basis human body(genotype) determines its anatomical and physiological features, the main qualities of the nervous system, dynamics nervous processes. IN biological organization man, his nature contains the possibilities of his mental development. But a human being becomes human only through mastering the experience of previous generations, enshrined in knowledge, traditions, and objects of material and spiritual culture. The natural aspects of a person should not be opposed to his social essence. Human nature itself is a product not only of biological evolution, but also a product of history. The biological in a person cannot be understood as the presence of some kind of “animal” side in him. All natural biological inclinations of a person are human, not animal inclinations. But the formation of a person as an individual occurs only in specific social conditions.

What at first glance appears to be “natural” qualities of a person (for example, character traits) are in fact the consolidation in the individual of social requirements for his behavior.

Personal development is associated with the constant expansion of its capabilities and the elevation of its needs. The level of personality development is determined by the relationships characteristic of it. At a low level of development, personality relationships are determined mainly by utilitarian, “dealing” interests. A high level is characterized by the predominance of socially significant values ​​and her spirituality.

By regulating his life activity in society, each individual solves complex life problems. The same difficulties and collisions are overcome by different people in different ways. To understand a personality means to understand what life tasks and in what way it solves, what initial principles of behavior it is armed with.

Being included in certain social relations and conditioned by them, the individual is not a passive participant in these relations. Individual life activity is largely autonomous.

A personality trait is also its isolation. Awareness of one's isolation allows an individual to be free from arbitrary transient social institutions, the dictates of power, and not to lose self-control in conditions of social destabilization and totalitarian repression. Personal autonomy is associated with its highest mental quality – spirituality. Spirituality is the highest manifestation of a person’s essence, his inner commitment to human, moral duty, subordination to the highest meaning of existence. The spirituality of a person is expressed in his superconsciousness, the need for a persistent rejection of everything base, selfless devotion to sublime ideals, isolation from unworthy motives, momentary prestige and pseudo-social activity. But the more primitive a society is, the stronger its tendency towards universal egalitarianism, the more people there are who blindly obey the required standards. A person who speaks in ready-made slogans stops caring about his personal self-construction.

The qualities of a person are determined by the range of his practical relationships, his involvement in various spheres of social life. A creative personality goes beyond the immediate social environment and forms itself on a broader social basis. The individual may reveal the promise of society. She can personify the future society, get ahead of it current state. Isolation of a personality means its independence from the narrow confines of a closed group and is an indicator of personality development.

Personal development - the formation of a system of its social positive qualities– requires certain social prerequisites, social demand, neutralization of factors leading to alienation of the individual.

In the formation of an individual as a personality, processes are essential personal identification(the formation of an individual’s identification with other people and human society as a whole) and personalization(an individual’s awareness of the need for a certain representation of his personality in the life activities of other people, personal self-realization in a given social community).

A person interacts with other people based on "I-concepts" personal reflection - your ideas about yourself, your capabilities, your significance. Personal reflection may correspond to the real self, but it may not correspond to it. Overestimated and underestimated levels of personal aspirations can give rise to various intrapersonal conflicts.

The life path of an individual lies in a specific historical social space. The uniqueness of the production of material conditions, the sphere of consumption, social relations determines a person’s lifestyle, the sustainable uniqueness of his behavior and, ultimately, his personality type.

Each personality forms its own life strategy– a stable system of generalized ways of transforming current life situations in accordance with the hierarchy of one’s value orientations. Life strategy – general direction personal life affirmation. A socially valuable strategy is highly moral self-realization of the individual, the development of a spiritual-ethnic and spiritual-ethical lifestyle. At the same time, the life activity of the individual becomes internally determined, and not situationally determined. The individual begins to live with his own socially meaningful life prospects.

In the absence of a life strategy, an individual submits only to current meanings and tasks, his life is not realized with the necessary completeness, the motivation of his life activity decreases, and his spiritual and intellectual needs are narrowed.

All significant deformations of a person are associated with her self-reflection, defects in her self-awareness, shifts in her meaning formation, and with personal depreciation of objectively significant spheres of life.

The most important indicator of a person’s state is the level of his mental self-regulation, the mediation of her behavior by socially formed standards.

Personality is characterized by a complex of stable properties - sensitivity to external influences, a stable system of motivation, attitudes, interests, the ability to interact with the environment, moral principles of self-regulation of behavior. All these personality traits are an integration of genetic, hereditary and socio-cultural factors.

They are exactly what they are main characteristic personality, thanks to which it is integrated into society, the system of relationships inherent in it. In connection with the above, we can propose the following definition: personality is an integral characteristic of an individual, acting as a set of his socially significant properties and qualities that allow him to be included in the system public relations and diverse forms of activity and communication.
Socially significant properties and qualities of a person include, first of all, the following:
purpose of activity;
performed social roles and functions;
occupied social statuses;
norms, values, customs (i.e. elements of culture);
sign systems (primarily language, gestures);
body of knowledge;
social psychological characteristics;
level of education and professional training.
Historically, a situation has developed in sociology in which individual of the listed qualities and properties were used to define personality: either social roles and functions, or statuses, or values, norms, etc. Sometimes a combination of a number of qualities and properties appeared. On this basis, sociological and socio-psychological theories of personality arose: the theory of the mirror self (C. Cooley, J. Mead), role theory (R. Linton, J. Moreno, T. Parsons), the theory of moral development of the individual (L. Kohlberg) , theory of crisis personality development (E. Erikson) and others. Thus, in the theory of the mirror self, personality was considered as an objective quality acquired by a person in the process of social life, as a function derived from the socially conditioned self. In role theory, personality is characterized as a function of the set of social roles performed by the individual in society. In some theories, personality is considered in connection with the stages of its formation in the process of socialization (for more details, see Chapter 27).
Today in Russian sociology attempts are being made to follow this path and characterize personality as, for example, a stable set of value orientations, beliefs, traditions, morality of society, as well as knowledge, skills, habits, etc., necessary to fulfill numerous social roles *. Without in any way denying the usefulness of such a definition of personality, it seems significant to use primarily more common approach, which was justified above.

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1. 19. The importance of mechanical and physical properties during the operation of products Properties as indicators of the quality of the material

Korobitsyna T.L. characterizes a person’s upbringing with various social qualities that reflect the individual’s diverse relationships to the world around him and to himself. She believes that together these qualities determine the richness and originality of each individual, her uniqueness. In the characteristics of an individual person, some qualities may be absent and may represent a wide variety of combinations.

If an important task of education is to promote the flourishing of each individual, then an equally important and responsible task is to ensure that any individual meets the basic criteria accepted in society. In this regard, the task arises of establishing relatively few, but the most important socially significant qualities that can be considered mandatory for the citizens of our country. Such qualities can serve as indicators of good manners, i.e. level social development a schoolchild, which characterize the degree of his readiness for life in society.

Monakhov N.I. highlighted social qualities that can be formulated in younger schoolchildren.

Partnership - intimacy based on comradely (friendly) relationships; sharing something with equal rights.

Respect for elders is a respectful attitude based on recognition of their merits.

Kindness is responsiveness, emotional disposition towards people, the desire to do good to others.

Honesty - sincerity, integrity, integrity and impeccability.

Diligence is the love of work. Labor is work, occupation, effort aimed at achieving something.

Thrift - careful attitude towards property, prudence, economy.

Discipline - subordination to discipline (mandatory for all members of any team, submission to the established order, rules); maintaining order.

Curiosity - a tendency to acquire new knowledge, inquisitiveness.

Love of beauty is a constant strong inclination, passion for what embodies beauty and corresponds to its ideals.

The desire to be strong, dexterous is a persistent desire to achieve the physical or moral ability to act actively.

English teacher highest category Ponasenko I.I. highlights other significant qualities of a student’s personality:

initiative;

independence and responsibility for the results of one’s own decisions;

readiness and need to work with modern sources of information in professional and everyday spheres of activity;

ability and willingness to live and interact in a modern multicultural world;

readiness for education and self-improvement throughout life.

Teachers of the Tomsk secondary school compiled more than full list social qualities of schoolchildren in the table and identified two types of personal qualities:

However, this is rather a basic set of social qualities of people, which should be formed in every person. For us, it is much more interesting to find out what social qualities are or should be inherent directly in lawyers.

Let's consider socially significant qualities lawyers based on professional factors influencing their personality.

The first factor - a high level of social (professional) adaptation forms the following social qualities:

high level of legal awareness; honesty, civil courage, conscientiousness; integrity (intransigence) in the fight against law enforcement violators; commitment, conscientiousness, diligence, discipline.

The second factor is the neuropsychic (emotional) stability of the lawyer’s personality. This factor assumes:

resistance to stress, high level of self-control over emotions and behavior, performance in critical, frustrating situations; developed adaptive properties of the nervous system, strength, balance, mobility, sensitivity, activity, dynamism, lability, plasticity of nervous processes, allowing at the official level to maintain performance in a state of fatigue, the ability to adequately respond to various events.

The third factor is high level intellectual development, cognitive (cognitive) activity of a lawyer. This factor is determined by the following social qualities of the individual:

developed intelligence, broad outlook, erudition; flexible, creative thinking, mental performance, ability to highlight the main thing; activity, mobility of mental cognitive processes (perception, memory capacity, productive thinking, attention); developed imagination, intuition, ability to abstract, reflect.

The fourth factor is the lawyer’s communicative competence. Communicative competence presupposes the following personality qualities:

the ability to establish emotional contacts with various participants in communication, maintain trusting relationships with them, within the necessary limits;

insight, ability to understand inner world the interlocutor, his psychological characteristics, needs, motives of behavior, mental state;

a friendly, polite attitude towards people, the ability to listen to a participant in a dialogue, empathy (the ability to respond emotionally to the experiences of the interlocutor);

free, flexible command of verbal and non-verbal means of communication;

the ability in conflict situations to carry out a strategy of communicative behavior that is adequate to the situation, to change the style of communication depending on the circumstances;

the ability to cooperate, reach compromises, agreements, developed self-control over emotions and mood in extreme situations;

adequate self-esteem;

sense of humor.

The fifth factor is organizational skills. They allow a lawyer, regardless of his type professional activity, exert a control influence on different people, with whom you have to enter into dialogue in the process professional communication. Therefore, a lawyer must have the following social qualities:

activity, initiative, resourcefulness, courage, determination, perseverance, dedication, the ability to highlight the main thing, predict the consequences of decisions, independence, a sense of responsibility for one’s actions and deeds, organization, composure, accuracy in work.

The following properties also play an important role in organizational abilities: communicative competence; neuropsychic stability; adequate self-esteem; high motivation to achieve success.

Important neuropsychic social qualities of the profession include: emotional stability; plasticity of nervous processes; reduced level of anxiety, tolerance, resistance to neuropsychic stress.

Thus, there are a lot of types of social qualities of people and even sociology itself cannot begin to list them all, since every profession, every nationality, every age, in addition to the generally accepted basic one, also has its own special set of social qualities.

A socio-psychological characteristic is a set of certain socio-psychological phenomena that characterize the properties, characteristics and qualities of an individual, various social groups, groups, etc., caused either by factors of the social environment, its influence, or by factors of a psychological nature.

The formation and development of an individual, social groups, and collectives are influenced by relationships within groups and individuals with each other, activities, political situation, ideology, cultural heritage, religion, upbringing and much more.

Socio-psychological characteristics of personality

Personality is an individual with consciousness and activity, who has the opportunity to choose his own path and way of life. This choice depends on his congenital and acquired personal characteristics, and psychological properties. The development of an individual as a member of society is influenced by his relationships that develop in the processes of consumption and production of various material goods.

The socio-psychological characteristics of personality and its formation depend on the political situation and ideology, the attitude of subjects in the social groups to which they belong. In the process of personal communication and interaction, there is a mutual influence of one subject of interaction on another, during which either a commonality in views and attitudes is formed, or it is not formed.

Also, in the process of functioning in social groups, the individual gradually acquires a certain authority, position, and plays a specific role. Equally important in personality formation are its physiological and anatomical characteristics, which have a huge impact on behavior, psyche, and susceptibility to the influence of circumstances or other people.

Social and psychological characteristics of personality according to Ananyev

Psychologist Ananyev argued that to correctly characterize an individual, a complete analysis of the situation in which he develops, his status and social position is necessary. If we assume that the subject’s personality is formed in the process of its activity, then this activity itself can only be carried out in a certain social situation. However, acting in this situation, any individual occupies a specific status, which can only be set by a system of social relations that has already developed. Such status is objective, but an individual’s awareness of it can be inadequate or adequate, passive or active.

Also, along with status, a person also takes a specific position that characterizes the individual active side of his personal position in various social structures. Therefore, the personal position of an individual as a subjective active side of his status represents a certain system of relationships between the individual, the motives and attitudes that he follows in his ordinary activities, the values ​​and goals towards which this very activity is directed. And the system itself is implemented through the roles inherent in the individual in certain social circumstances of development.

The socio-psychological characteristics of a person are complex structure, consisting of external and internal environment, which influences the formation of personality in the process of its socialization, life activity and development.

Socio-psychological characteristics include not only certain specific mental processes and their combinations that appear in the process of activity, but also the properties of the psyche that characterize each person, her inclinations and interests, abilities, character and temperament.

There are absolutely no people with similar mental properties. Each subject differs from other people in a set of characteristics that, when combined, form the individual’s individuality.

The mental properties of individuals include significant and stable features. So, for example, if it is common for anyone to periodically experience irritation, this does not mean that irritability is a trait of his character.

A person does not receive mental properties in a ready-made version. All properties of an individual’s psyche (abilities, interests, character, inclinations) are developed throughout his life. Such features are to some extent stable, but this does not mean that they are immutable. There are no immutable mental properties. While an individual lives and develops, the properties of his psyche also change.

A socio-psychological characteristic is not innate. Only certain physiological and anatomical features are congenital. Features of an anatomical and physiological nature that form innate differences between subjects and are called inclinations. They are very important in the processes of formation and development of the individuality of individuals. However, one cannot assume that inclinations predetermine individuality. They are not the only and main factor determining individuality. Based on certain inclinations, various mental properties are formed depending on the living conditions of a person.

Pavlov divided the types of nervous activity into such characteristics as strength, balance and mobility. Strength determines the performance of brain cells (excitation and inhibition). Equilibrium determines the relationship between excitation and inhibition. Mobility characterizes the ability to change the processes of inhibition and excitation. Based on this, and depending on the combination of these signs, a typology of higher nervous activity has been developed.

It is the types of nervous activity that are the main characteristic of the subjective characteristics of the individual’s nervous system. Although the type of nervous activity is a congenital characteristic, this does not mean that it does not change during a person’s life, his upbringing and the influence of circumstances in the social environment. Therefore, it is necessary to distinguish between the types of higher nervous activity that are innate and those that have developed in the process of environmental conditions and upbringing.

The character and individuality, abilities and interests of a person are always determined by his life's path. Only in the process of overcoming various difficulties does character and will develop; in the process of engaging in any type of activity, abilities and interests are formed.

The main thing in the process of formation of the individuality of the subject, his inclinations, interests and character is the worldview - the systematic views of individuals on the surrounding phenomena of society and nature.

Beliefs that are determined by the subject’s life path also directly influence the course of such a path, the subject’s activities and his way of life.

At an early age, the main thing in the formation of the characteristics of the human psyche is upbringing in the family, society and education.
The socio-psychological characteristics of the individual include inclinations and interests that express the individual’s orientation. Interest is the tendency to pay attention to a certain object. Attention is the focus of consciousness at a specific moment on a specific object. The difference between interests and inclinations is that interest is directed towards a particular subject, while inclination is directed towards engaging in a particular type of activity.

The main thing in the formation of interests and inclinations of an individual are his needs. But not every need is capable of generating interest characterized by stability, which expresses the individual’s orientation. For example, when a person is hungry, his need for food prevails and his main interest will be food, but such interest will be temporary until it is satisfied, i.e. it will not be a characteristic feature of the individual.

The most important reason for purchasing different knowledge, broadening one's horizons is an interest. When describing the orientation of individuals, first of all, you should pay attention to the breadth of interests and their content. The full development of individuals depends on the breadth of interests. However, this does not mean the absence of any one main interest.

Purposefulness and life path are determined by the central interest of the individual, which constitutes the core around which other interests are grouped and manifested. Another important characteristic of interest is its stability. In the absence of stability in interests, a person is not able to achieve great success in any field of activity.

One more characteristic feature interests is their strength or effectiveness. Effective interest motivates a person to active search satisfaction and is formed into the strongest motive for activity.

The next socio-psychological characteristic of a person is giftedness and ability.

Ability is a mental property responsible for the successful performance of any activity or several types of activity. And the totality of inclinations that make up natural condition development of abilities is called giftedness. The main significance among the inclinations are the signs that underlie the differences in types of nervous activity (mobility, strength, balance of the processes of inhibition and excitation). Therefore, the individual's talent closely associated with the innate type of higher nervous activity of the individual.

Nervous processes that characterize the type of nervous activity that has emerged as a result of development are the most important factor for understanding physiological basis abilities. Abilities, although they depend on inclinations, are still only a consequence of development. Their development is realized only in the process of such activities for which these abilities are necessary, as well as in the process of teaching this activity. The combination of abilities that provide the opportunity for creative manifestation in performing activities is called talent for this species activities.

The next psychological characteristic is temperament. Since ancient times, and to this day, there has been a certain typological characteristic of temperament (sanguine, choleric, melancholic, phlegmatic).

Temperament is the subjective characteristics of an individual, which are expressed in emotional excitability, a tendency to strong expression of feelings (for example, in gestures, facial expressions), and in mobility. Based on this: a sanguine person is characterized by weak feelings, but quickly arising, a choleric person - strong and quickly arising, a melancholic person - strong and slowly arising, a phlegmatic person - weak and slowly arising.

In addition, sanguine and choleric people are characterized by speed of movements and mobility, while phlegmatic and melancholic people are characterized by slow movements and mobility. The main features of temperament also depend on the properties of higher nervous activity described above. Temperament is characterized by stability throughout life. Each of the temperament types has negative manifestations and positive. Therefore, in the process of life, a person needs to learn to “master” manifestations of temperament and subjugate them to himself.

The next socio-psychological characteristic is character. It means a set of basic properties of the human psyche that leave an imprint on all his actions and actions under various circumstances. Character traits are the properties of an individual’s psyche that make up character, for example, hard work, initiative, laziness, cowardice.

In relation to temperament, we cannot use the words “bad” or “good”, but we can say that a person knows how to control his temperament poorly or, conversely, well. In relation to character, such words are applicable. This means that character is directly expressed in behavior and actions.

The same way you can evaluate character traits. Some relate to positive, others to negative manifestations of character.
Character is determined by goals and methods of achieving them, by the attitude that is experienced and expressed by feelings towards society, the world, and activities, depending on the individual’s worldview and his beliefs.

Social characteristics of personality

Despite the importance of the natural qualities of an individual, one should not forget that the essence of personality is social. An individual is not born a personality, he becomes one in the process of his socialization. The nature of the transformation of an individual into a personality directly depends on the society in which he lives.

The development and formation of personality is facilitated by its relationship with subjects who play various social roles, as well as the participation of the individual in such a repertoire. Depending on how many social roles an individual is able to reproduce, he may be less adapted to life or less. Therefore, the process of personal development often acts as the dynamics of mastering social roles.

There are two types of social roles: interpersonal and conventional. Standardized duties and rights, for example, father, boss, are conventional roles. Rights and responsibilities, the implementation of which depend on the personal characteristics of individuals, are called interpersonal roles.

The formation of an individual's personality is influenced by greater influence personal and business relationships. A person’s position in society, his duties and rights determine the status of the individual.

Social and psychological characteristics of the group

The behavior and psychology of an individual as a person directly depends on the social environment. And herself social environment is a society in which all subjects are connected to each other in various numerous or not very stable associations, which are called groups.

A group represents a number of subjects (at least two) that are involved in joint activities and have similar goals, motives, and tasks, interconnected by a certain systematic relationship.

A small group is a direct way of influence of society or large social groups on an individual. Such groups are medium-sized associations of entities (no more than 30) that are busy general action or deed and are in a relationship with each other. In such groups, each individual spends a huge part of his life, i.e. they are unique cells of society. Therefore, personality depends directly on the relationships that have developed in small groups. Examples of the most important groups in the process of development and formation of personality are: school class, family, team, friends, etc.

Groups are characterized by the psychological and behavioral community of members, which isolates and distinguishes the group, making the group a relatively autonomous and socio-psychological formation. Such a commonality may manifest itself in various signs, ranging from external (for example, common territory) to very deep internal (family members).

The boundary of psychological community is determined by the cohesion of the group. Group cohesion is one of the main and most significant socio-psychological characteristics of its level of development.

Groups differ in the structure and nature of the relationships that exist directly between its members, in size, in subjective composition, qualitative features of values, rules and norms of relationships that are shared by participants, interpersonal relationships, content and goals of activity.
The composition of a group, which is characterized precisely by its members, is called composition. And size is the quantitative composition, i.e. composition is a quality composition.

The structure of interpersonal interaction and the exchange of personal and business information are called communication channels. An important point is the characteristics of verbal communication, the predominance of one or another communication style. For example, communication is expressed in the form of orders, suggestions (typical of work groups) or in the form of threats (family). This characterizes the characteristics of interactions in groups and can lead to the isolation of certain members, a reduction in communication, etc.

Another important characteristic of a group is the psychological climate of the group. The characteristic of the socio-psychological climate lies in the given moral and emotional tone of interpersonal interactions. There are also two more types of climate in teams. The first is the social climate, which is determined by the group members’ awareness of common goals and objectives. The second is the moral climate, determined by the morality of the group, values, and accepted norms.

The highest stage of group development is the collective, character traits which are manifested in activities and interpersonal relationships.

Social and psychological characteristics of the team

The team is a certain social group, which has a high level of development, in which interpersonal relationships and interactions are determined by their personally significant and socially valuable content joint activities.

The team is an integral unity, which presupposes the presence of main components, substructures, and members that interact from within such an integral structure. The basic factor in establishing a psychological structure is its reflection in life as a whole. Substructures reflect various spheres of such life activity.

The characteristics of the socio-psychological climate are a certain set of phenomena that have a significant impact on the behavior of members of such a team and determine their interaction, climate, etc. Among such phenomena are: public opinion (social views, judgments, attitudes), public moods and social feelings, collective customs, traditions, habits, various phenomena that arise in the processes of interaction between subjects (mutual assessments and requirements, authority). Group psychology significantly influences the behavior of individuals in a group.

Depending on how some members of the team express themselves in activity, cognition and communication, the nature of interpersonal relationships in the team is formed, collective norms of behavior and interests are formed, and a public judgment about such a team is formed (for example, friendly or not, quarrelsome, proactive, etc.) .d.). The main role in the development and formation of any team is given to communication. Thanks to communication, relationships in a team can be trusting or not, friendly, supportive of each other, etc.

Therefore, a separate point in the description of various groups is always the socio-psychological characteristics of communication.
The most significant and basic socio-psychological characteristics of a team are its discipline, awareness, organization, activity and cohesion.

Discipline plays a role in regulating behavior in a team and ensuring consistency of actions within it. Informativeness determines one of the basic circumstances for the formation of consciousness in the behavior of an individual, corresponding to his goals and the state of the collective. Organization is manifested by the nature of the reactions of a particular team to changes in external circumstances and external information data.

Activity is an activity performed by an individual not out of necessity to perform it. job responsibilities, but as a free expression. Cohesion is a mental unification that connects absolutely all members of a team in the process of their joint activities and creates the integral unity of the entire group. Cohesion is influenced by the individual psychological compatibility of all participants.

The complexity of socio-psychological characteristics creates an idea of ​​the internal state of the team, which has a name - the moral climate of the team. In order to assess the moral climate of the team, you can use information about staff turnover, labor productivity, quality and quantity of products produced, etc.

A favorable positive moral climate of the team is a prerequisite for performance and further development.

Social and psychological characteristics of the child

When compiling a socio-psychological profile of a child, certain phenomena of his interaction with the surrounding society in the process of activity are examined. Initially, attention is paid to the composition of the child’s family: complete or partial, socially prosperous or disadvantaged, wealth. Next, you need to pay attention to the children’s performance at school (for students) or behavior in a group for children preschool age, children's behavior in the family. It is imperative to conduct a conversation with parents and other relatives, educators and teachers in order to draw up an accurate description.

You should also definitely pay attention to the child’s health and the presence of hereditary, congenital or acquired diseases. Communication skills are assessed and their level of formation is studied. Here you need to look at the socio-psychological status in groups, evaluate the characteristics of social interactions, both with peers and with educators or teachers.

At psychological characteristics Young children are assessed for speech, play, communication, self-image, the world, etc. The content of young children’s activities should be the assimilation of cultural methods of using objects. During this period, an adult becomes a role model for a child. Now the adult not only gives the child a certain object, but also shows exactly how to use it. Early age is characterized by intensive assimilation of methods of operating with objects. By the end of this period, the child should learn to use them. During this period, intelligence, the personal sphere, psychophysiological characteristics, and the specifics of interpersonal relationships are explored.

In junior school age Children develop certain formations - voluntary behavior. At this age, the child becomes more independent. He begins to absorb certain moral values ​​and tries to follow specific rules and laws. Often this can be associated with selfish needs, for example, attracting attention and approval from adults. Thus, the behavior of younger schoolchildren comes down to one dominant property - the motive for achieving success. It is necessary to assess whether the child is able to make an adequate assessment of his actions, whether he is able to overcome his desires. At this age, the child tends to actively think about his actions and hide personal experiences.

The development of younger schoolchildren directly depends on their performance at school, their assessment by adults, personal relationships, and their social roles. Children at this age become very susceptible to outside influence.

Adolescence for children is characterized by a period of self-determination. Social, professional, personal, spiritual self-determination becomes the leading task of this age. The leading type of activity is educational and professional.

IN adolescence teenagers strive for self-esteem, the formation of personal identity, the discovery of their inner self in all its manifestations, in integrity and uniqueness.

Psychological characteristics of a child’s personality should include a study of individual characteristics mental processes individual, type of temperament, basic character traits, interests and inclinations of children.

Social and psychological characteristics of the family

The family is not only a unique unit of society, but also one of the most ancient social institutions. Throughout the existence of the world, not a single society has managed without the creation family relations.

In the process of its development, the family goes through certain stages or life cycles families: the immediate formation of a family, the birth of the first child, the birth of the last child, the marriage of the last child - the so-called “empty nest”, the death of one of the spouses.

The socio-psychological characteristics of family communication are primarily represented by the interaction of spouses with each other, secondly with children, then with the spouses’ parents and with friends. Communication is the exchange of information, spiritual contact and intimacy, discussion of issues. The degree of closeness between spouses and the degree of closeness with children depends on communication.

The family must bear certain social functions:

• educational, which includes the socialization of the younger generation and the transmission of cultural heritage;

• household, supporting physical health members of society, including care for children and elderly parents;

• economic, which consists of obtaining material resources, as well as financial support for disabled and minor family members;

• spiritual communication, including the spiritual development of individuals in the family, spiritual enrichment;

• social-status, which includes the provision of a specific social status to members of family relationships, reproduction of the social structure;

• the function of leisure, which includes the organization of rational leisure, mutual enrichment of interests;

• emotional, including receiving emotional support and psychological protection, subject stabilization and psychological therapy.

The socio-psychological characteristics of the family and its composition include the age of the parents, level of education, and family composition. Next, they evaluate material and housing circumstances, and the standard of living in general. It is imperative to find out the attitude of adults towards their profession and socially useful activities. The situation in the family and the value system, the presence or absence of conflict situations or factors provoking conflicts, the hobbies of both spouses, their leisure time, the interaction of the family with the school where the children study, the relationship with teachers and the school as a whole, the level of pedagogical skills and psychological skills are assessed. , education system, it turns out who occupies the dominant position in the family, attitude towards children and with children.