What levels of education are required under Federal Law 273. What types of education are there in the Russian Federation?

The education system exists to realize the human right to education. Every person has a need for education, information, training. The activities of the education system are aimed at satisfying this need. The composition of the education system of the Russian Federation is defined in Article 8 of the Law “On Education” (Fig. 1).

Rice. 1. Structural elements Russian education system

Strengthening the role of knowledge and information, their gradual transformation into fixed capital fundamentally changes the role of educational institutions in the structure public life modern world. In recent years, ideas and concepts of the information society have moved from the sphere of socio-economic, socio-philosophical and sociological research to the sphere of national and international projects for the formation of the information society. In each of them, the development of the education sector takes a central place. The prospects for social development in modern world.

The Law of the Russian Federation “On Education” with the concept “education system” unites the following objects: a set of interacting educational programs and educational standards, a network of institutions and organizations implementing them, as well as their governing bodies. Thus, education system– this is a controlled network filled with meaningful (educational) activities, the educational process, regulated by programs, carriers of educational content, organization, motivation of teachers and process participants, their interaction; the result of the interaction of individual parts of the infrastructure and the achievement of educational goals.

A network of educational institutions is a set of diverse and interconnected forms, types and types of educational institutions that carry out educational activities on the basis of educational programs and standards to meet the diverse needs of people and society as a whole in education. Network of educational institutions – important characteristic education systems. Its main properties include: the composition of educational institutions, their functional purpose, the way institutions are interconnected into a single whole.

The network of educational institutions of the Russian Federation is large-scale and qualitatively diverse. In the 2000/2004 academic year, 140.4 thousand educational institutions operated in it, in which more than 5.7 million people worked and 33 million people studied. Thus, currently almost 39 million people work and study in educational institutions, which is more than a quarter of the total population of Russia.

Selected directions educational activities depending on the age of consumers of educational services and the level of education provided, they are an integral part of the structure of educational institutions, forming sectors, or subsystems, of education according to age and level verticals: for example, the sector of general secondary education, higher education, preschool education, additional education, primary vocational education. At the same time, lifelong education presupposes the interaction of a number of sectors, the existence of a system-forming factor that determines the presence of a unified structure of such institutions. The problem of forming an integral structure of educational institutions in Russia is due to the need to preserve the basic parameters and continuity in the educational process - from kindergarten to postgraduate retraining. Such interaction and continuity is an extremely complex task, and its solution depends on the joint efforts of government bodies at all levels.

Until the 90s. XX century the structure of educational institutions developed in accordance with the goals and objectives of the planning and administrative system. Thus, in school education there were no socially active subjects of the humanitarian cycle, foreign language was given in very limited “portions”, computer science was taught at an extremely low quality level, sometimes even without the use of technology, while in schools in developed countries three blocks of subject areas were taught: communication ( native language, foreign languages, computer science); natural sciences (mathematics, physics, biology, chemistry, etc.); social and humanitarian (economics, law, political science, sociology, history, social anthropology). The third subject block of knowledge was practically absent in the Soviet school, only in Lately it began to be introduced step by step into the Russian school (social studies, fundamentals of economic knowledge). In general, in terms of its content, Russian education has inherited complete desocialization from Soviet education; it does not study forms of human interaction (an individual, a group of individuals, individual communities, strata, society as a whole, global community).

The educational institution carries out the educational process, i.e. works on one or more educational programs, provides maintenance and education of students and pupils.

Educational institutions, according to their organizational and legal forms, can be state, municipal, non-state (private, public and religious associations). The state status of an educational institution (the type, type and category of an educational institution, determined in accordance with the level and focus of the educational programs it implements) is established during its state accreditation.

Civil Code of the Russian Federation classifies educational institutions as non-profit organizations, therefore, their names should indicate the nature of the educational activity.

Depending on the educational program being implemented, the following types of educational institutions are created:

– preschool;

– general education, including three levels: primary general, basic general, secondary (complete) general education;

– primary, secondary, higher and postgraduate vocational education;

– additional adult education;

– additional education for children;

– special (correctional) for students and pupils with developmental disabilities;

– for orphans and children left without parental care (legal representatives);

– other institutions carrying out the educational process.

Species names institutions are determined in accordance with the levels of educational programs being implemented and areas of activity. So, preschool educational institution– type of educational institution working on educational programs of preschool education of various directions. It provides education, training, supervision, care and health improvement for children aged 2 months to 7 years. In accordance with this, preschool educational institutions are divided into the following types: kindergarten; a general developmental kindergarten with priority implementation of one or several areas of development of pupils (intellectual, artistic-aesthetic, physical); a compensatory kindergarten with priority implementation of qualified correction of deviations in physical and psychological development pupils; kindergarten for supervision and health improvement with priority implementation of sanitary, hygienic, preventive and health-improving measures and procedures; a combined kindergarten (a combined kindergarten may include general developmental, compensatory and health groups in different combinations); child development center - kindergarten with physical and mental development, correction and health improvement of all pupils.

General educational institutions – institutions carrying out the educational process, i.e. implementing one or more educational programs and ensuring the maintenance and upbringing of students and pupils. The following types of institutions are being created: primary comprehensive school; basic secondary school; secondary school; secondary general education school with in-depth study of individual subjects (a specific subject may be indicated: foreign language, chemistry, physics and mathematics or humanities); lyceum; gymnasium; evening (shift) general education school; education Center; open (shift) secondary school; cadet school.

General education boarding schools– institutions created to assist families in raising children, developing independent living skills, social protection and the comprehensive development of children’s creative abilities. Such institutions primarily accept children in need of government support, including children from large and low-income families, and children of single mothers who are under guardianship. This type of institution includes: boarding school primary education; boarding school of secondary (complete) general education; boarding school of secondary (complete) general education with in-depth study of individual subjects; boarding school; boarding lyceum; sanatorium-forest school; sanatorium boarding school.

The main tasks of educational institutions for orphans and children left without parental care are – this is the creation of favorable conditions, close to home, conducive to the mental, emotional and physical development of pupils; ensuring their medical, psychological and pedagogical rehabilitation and social adaptation; protection of the rights and interests of students. Based on the individual characteristics of children (age, disease diagnosis), the following types of institutions can function in the education system: Orphanage(for children of early, preschool, school age, mixed); children's home-school; boarding school for orphans and children left without parental care; sanatorium orphanage; a special (correctional) orphanage for orphans and children without parental care with developmental disabilities; special (correctional) boarding school for orphans and children without parental care with developmental disabilities. In institutions of this type, the maintenance and training of pupils is carried out on the basis of full state support.

The nomenclature of educational institutions in Russia also includes such types of institutions as special educational institution for children and adolescents with deviant (socially dangerous) behavior. The types of such institutions also depend on the age and health status of the students: special comprehensive school; special (correctional) general education school for children and adolescents with developmental disabilities; special vocational school; special (correctional) vocational school for children and adolescents with developmental disabilities.

The training of qualified specialists with secondary vocational education is carried out by educational institutions of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institutions). These include: technical colleges (colleges, schools); colleges; technical schools-enterprises. Distinctive feature college is that it provides an increased (compared to a technical school) level of qualifications for students. The technical school-enterprise provides educational and professional training for students.

The third stage of professionalization - higher vocational education - provides training and retraining of specialists at the appropriate level and satisfies the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education on the basis of secondary (complete) general and secondary vocational education, which are carried out through training in higher educational institutions.

Institutions of higher professional education provide the individual’s needs for acquiring higher education and qualifications in the chosen field of professional activity. This type of institution is divided into: university– a higher educational institution whose activities are aimed at the development of education, science and culture through fundamental scientific research and training at all levels of higher, postgraduate and additional education in a wide range of natural sciences, humanities and other areas of science, technology and culture; academy; institute Academy, unlike a university, it trains highly qualified specialists and retrains leading specialists in a certain industry (mainly one of the fields of science, technology, culture). Institute is called an independent higher education institution or structural subdivision university (academy), working on professional educational programs in a number of areas of science, technology and culture. At the same time, the structure of education is changing, attempts are being made to move away from the traditional 5-year course of study, dividing it into two stages - bachelor's and master's degrees.

The main form of training of scientific and scientific-pedagogical personnel is postgraduate study on the basis of higher professional education. Persons who have received higher education are given the opportunity to receive postgraduate professional education to improve their level of education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications and obtain an academic degree. Postgraduate professional education can be obtained in graduate school, residency, and adjunct programs created at educational institutions of higher professional education and scientific institutions.

Adult education has become important direction work of educational institutions and will clearly develop into an independent service sector, which has its own organizational, theoretical, scientific and methodological features. In most developed countries, adult education functions as a special and fairly independent structure. In recent years, distance education institutions have played an important role in adult education abroad. In Russia, for now, education and retraining of the adult population is carried out by a variety of educational institutions: evening schools, vocational schools, vocational training courses, correspondence and evening secondary specialized educational institutions; correspondence, evening and full-time universities; faculties and advanced training courses.

Institutions of additional adult education include primarily institutions of additional professional education - advanced training. The functional purpose of this type of institution is to increase the level of professional knowledge of specialists, improve their business qualities and prepare them to perform new job functions. Based on the educational programs being implemented (advanced training, internships, professional retraining), various types of institutions are created: academies; sectoral, intersectoral and regional institutes for advanced training, institutes for advanced training; advanced training courses (schools, centers); training centers employment services.

The main purpose institutions of additional education for children – development of personal motivation, mainly between the ages of 6 and 18 years, for knowledge and creativity, organization of meaningful leisure for children. The list of types of institutions belonging to this type is so large that they should be classified into larger groups: palaces, houses and centers of children's and youth creativity; stations young technicians, tourists, naturalists; centers for additional education of children of traditional culture and folk crafts; schools by various types arts; sports schools, including the Olympic reserve; clubs for young sailors, border guards, parachutists, etc. In the 2003/2004 academic year, 8.7 thousand institutions of additional education for children operated in Russia, in which 9 million children studied and 203.6 thousand adults worked.

In addition to educational institutions, the education system also includes a wide network of institutions providing the educational process, the so-called other institutions. First of all, these are scientific and methodological centers, medical, psychological and pedagogical services, film and video libraries, centralized accounting departments, technical supervision services for the progress of major repairs and construction of educational facilities, services for the economic maintenance of buildings.

Unfortunately, in the modern world, most people do not reach the possible level of development, and from this the person himself, other people, the state, and society lose a lot.

The right to education - a basic and natural human right - aims to satisfy a person’s need for information and directly for training and education. The need for information and education is on a par with the primary human needs: physiological, to ensure safety and security.

The legal definition of education is given in the preamble of the Law of July 10, 1992 N 3266-1 “On Education”, where it is understood as a purposeful process of education and training in the interests of the individual, society, state, accompanied by a statement of the achievement by a citizen (student) of educational levels established by the state (educational qualifications). From the above definition it follows that education is characterized by the presence of two components (processes) - education and training, as well as confirmation of the achievement of the appropriate educational qualification by the student.

It can be noted that education should represent the unity of the processes of learning, upbringing and results.

A more expanded concept of education is contained in the draft Concept of a model Educational Code for the CIS member states.

In it, education is understood as the process of upbringing and training in the interests of the individual, society, and state, focused on preserving, improving and transferring knowledge, transmitting culture to new generations in order to ensure sustainable socio-economic and spiritual development of the country, constant improvement of moral, intellectual, aesthetic and physical condition society.

Education is understood as “a purposeful process of education and training in the interests of the individual, society, and state.”

Education in Russia is a system. In Art. 8 of the Law “On Education” states that education in the Russian Federation is a system. Any system is a form of organization of a certain number of elements, “something whole, representing a unity of regularly located and interconnected parts.”

System (from the Greek systema - a whole made up of parts; connection) - a set of elements that are in relationships and connections with each other, forming a certain integrity, unity. In modern science, the study of systems of various kinds is carried out within the framework systematic approach, general systems theory, various special systems theories.

The provision of the Law on the systematic nature of Russian education is one of the key ones. Only in the interconnection and consistency of all links of this system is it possible to get rid of unnecessary duplication, “gaps” and inconsistencies between the various levels and educational programs of the Russian educational system and, ultimately, make the educational service high-quality, and the process of providing it to the population effective.

In this regard, V.B.’s remark is correct. Novichkov that the legislator recklessly did not include individuals in the “set of interacting elements” of the education system, because it is the individual, and not society, not the state, who is the root cause, the starting point, the central link of the entire education system, in the absence of which the system itself is not conceivable . The humanistic orientation of the entire legal system of modern Russia, obviously, in the near future will lead to the inclusion of a person in the educational system as an independent subsystem. The introduction of this fourth subsystem will make it possible to more accurately define the rights, obligations and responsibilities of all parties involved in educational legal relations.

One way or another, currently the Russian education system includes three subsystems (or three elements of the system):

Content subsystem. This concept traditionally includes state educational standards and educational programs, since it is these elements that represent the content side of education in a particular country. The presence of detailed and clear standards in all segments of the educational system, as a rule, indicates a highly systematic education as a whole in a given country. According to this indicator, Russia is far from in first place.

Functional subsystem. This subsystem of Russian education includes educational institutions that implement educational programs and state educational standards, regardless of their form of ownership, type and type.

Organizational and managerial subsystem. The organizational and managerial subsystem in Russia is, in the vast majority of cases, three-tier, since responsibility for managing the continuous process of implementing state educational standards is, as a rule, divided between three main management entities - federal government bodies, regional government bodies and local management bodies of educational institutions (administrations of educational institutions). Moreover, such a three-tier management subsystem is also valid for private educational institutions operating in the Russian Federation. The exception is municipal educational institutions - in this case, the organizational and management subsystem is four-tiered: in addition to the three above-mentioned governing entities, municipal education authorities are added, which, within their competence, have the right to give mandatory instructions to the administrations of municipal educational institutions, as well as exercise other powers (Article 31 of the Law on Education).

In its structural section, education, as well as training, is a triune process, characterized by such aspects as assimilation of experience, education of behavioral qualities, physical and mental development. Thus, education is determined by certain ideas about human social functions.

According to the Law of the Russian Federation "On Education", Russian education is a continuous system of successive levels, at each of which there are state, non-state, municipal educational institutions of various types and types:

Preschool;

General education;

Institutions for orphans and children without parental care;

Professional (primary, secondary special, higher, etc.);

Institutions of additional education;

Other institutions providing educational services.

Preschool education is not compulsory and usually covers children from 3 to 6-7 years old.

Comprehensive secondary school. Education from 7 to 18 years. There are different types of schools, including special schools with in-depth study of certain subjects and for educating children with developmental disabilities.

Primary education usually forms part of secondary education, except in small villages and remote areas. Primary school or first level general high school covers 4 years, with most children entering school at 6 or 7 years of age.

Basic general education. At the age of 10 children graduate primary school, move on to secondary school, where they study for another 5 years. After completing the 9th grade, they are issued a certificate of general secondary education. With it, they can apply for admission to the 10th grade of a school (lyceum or gymnasium), or enroll, for example, in a technical school.

Complete general education. After studying for two more years at school (lyceum or gymnasium), the children take final exams, after which they receive a certificate of complete secondary education.

Higher education. Presented by universities, academies and higher institutions. According to the Federal Law of August 22, 1996 No. 125-FZ “On Higher and Postgraduate Professional Education,” the following types of higher educational institutions are established in the Russian Federation: university, academy, institute. Graduates of these educational institutions receive either a specialist diploma (duration of study - 5 years), or a bachelor's degree (4 years), or a master's degree (6 years). Higher education is considered incomplete if the duration of study is at least 2 years.

Professional education. Vocational education, represented by educational institutions of primary, secondary and higher vocational education.

Primary vocational education. Such education can be obtained in professional lyceums, technical schools or other institutions of primary vocational education after completing the 9th or 11th grades.

Secondary vocational education. Institutions of secondary vocational education include various technical schools and colleges. They are accepted there after 9th and 11th grades.

Higher professional education. Post-higher education system: postgraduate and doctoral studies.

Modern reforms in the field of education, carried out against the backdrop of economic globalization and Russia’s desire to enter a single educational space, are subordinated to the interests of a united Europe, which determines the dependence of states in various areas public life.

Among the main documents aimed at creating a unified European educational system is the Bologna Declaration, signed in 1999 by the ministers of education of 29 countries.

The basis for the Bologna Declaration was the university charter Magna Charta Universitatum (Bologna 1988) and the Sorbonne Declaration - “Joint Declaration on the Harmonization of Architecture European system Higher Education" (1998), among the main priorities putting forward the ideas of the fundamental principles of a single European space and a single zone of higher education for the development of the European continent.

The Bologna Declaration of 1999 (signed by Russia in 2003) defines integration not only in the education systems of European countries, but also in other areas. At the same time, education itself acts as a powerful factor in bringing people closer together. nation states and the formation of transnational socio-state systems.

As you can see, plans for creating a unified educational environment largely determine the goals of not only educational, but also cultural, scientific, economic integration states of the European region, and in the future - the construction of supranational states of a homogeneous type of economic management.

Russia's entry into the Bologna process is one of the elements of global influence on the internal policy of the state and at the same time a factor in the transformation of the Russian education system.

In the processes of globalization, Russia's interests in the European region can be significantly opposed to the similar interests of European states. Moreover, in the existing statements of Russia's intentions by the end of the first decade of the 21st century. to become part of the common European higher education system are bound by political barriers, in which equal partnership in this area can only be granted to countries European Union.

On the way to a free educational space, Russia experiences a lot of obstacles, not only external, but internal. The problems lie in finding a model of education reforms that is adequate to a certain historical moment, taking into account not only global processes, but also the interests of sustainable development of Russia in the short and long term.

The task of the domestic education system is modern conditions is to go through the transition period quickly, competently and effectively, to arm Russian citizens such fundamental and practical knowledge that they need not only today, but will also need in the future.

The development of the Russian education system is determined by world trends of globalization. Socio-economic changes in the country that have occurred over the past 15 years have led to an internal crisis in the educational system.

Russia is taking an active part in creating a unified international educational space. Since the 90s, extensive modernization has been carried out Russian system education, aimed at its democratization and development “as an open state-social system.”

According to the Law of the Russian Federation “On Education”, Russian education is a continuous system of successive levels, at each of which there are state, non-state, municipal educational institutions of different types and types:

Preschool;

General education;

Institutions for orphans and children without parental care;

Professional (primary, secondary special, higher, etc.);

Institutions of additional education;

Other institutions providing educational services.

State and municipal educational institutions carry out their activities on the basis of standard regulations approved by the Government of the Russian Federation on the relevant types and types of educational institutions. Charters of educational institutions are developed on the basis of standard provisions.

Thus, the educational system combines preschool, general secondary, specialized secondary, university, postgraduate, and additional education, educational institutions of which can be paid or free, commercial and non-profit. All of them have the right to enter into agreements with each other, to unite into educational complexes (kindergarten-primary school, lyceum-college-university) and educational, scientific and production associations (associations) with the participation of scientific, industrial and other institutions and organizations. Education can be obtained part-time or on-the-job, in the form of family (home) education, as well as external studies.

Preschool education

Russian preschool educational institutions in their activities are guided by the Model Regulations on Preschool Educational Institutions, adopted in 1995. In accordance with the Model Regulations (1995), Russian preschool education and its institutions must solve a fairly wide range of tasks from protecting the life and health of children to inclusion to spiritual and moral values ​​in close cooperation with the family in the interests of the full and harmonious development of the child.

Preschool institutions in Russia are characterized by multifunctionality, diversity, freedom in choosing the priority direction of the educational process, and the use of educational programs.

Modern preschool education in Russia has the following types of preschool institutions: kindergarten; kindergarten with priority implementation of one or several areas of children's development (intellectual, artistic, aesthetic, physical, etc.); a compensatory kindergarten with priority implementation of qualification correction of deviations in the physical and mental development of pupils; kindergarten for supervision and health improvement with priority implementation of sanitary, hygienic, preventive and health-improving measures and procedures; a combined type kindergarten (which may include general developmental, compensatory and health groups in different combinations); child development center - a kindergarten with the implementation of physical and mental development, correction and improvement of all children.

Secondary (school) education

General secondary education is the central link of the education system in the Russian Federation which includes: secondary schools; schools with in-depth study of individual subjects; gymnasiums; lyceums; evening schools; educational institutions such as boarding schools; special schools for children with disabilities in physical and mental development; out-of-school educational institutions (children's music and art schools, art schools, choral and choreographic studios, folklore ensembles, children's and youth sports schools, stations for young technicians, leisure centers, etc.).

High school graduates are the main suppliers of the student population to higher education institutions. The expected significant decrease in the number of students (until 2010) allows us to predict the possibility of introducing a new structure and content of general secondary education (Russia, unlike the Baltic countries, Ukraine, Belarus and Moldova, has not switched to 12-year complete secondary education)

Secondary vocational education

Secondary vocational education is aimed at training practitioners in more than 280 specialties and is implemented according to two main professional educational programs: basic level and advanced level. After completing the basic level program, the graduate is awarded the L-technician qualification. An increased level of secondary vocational education provides deepening or expansion of training compared to the basic level (in this case, the duration of training is increased by 1 year). When training is deepened, the graduate is awarded the qualification L-senior technician, when training is expanded - L-technician with additional training in the field - (indicating the specific field: management, economics, computer science, etc.).

The content of educational programs of secondary vocational education is regulated by the State Educational Standard of Secondary Vocational Education (GOS SPO), which consists of 2 parts: the federal component, which determines the national requirements for the minimum content and level of training of graduates, and the national-regional component

The implementation of secondary vocational education is carried out in various forms: full-time, part-time (evening), correspondence, external studies on the basis of basic general education (9 classes of a comprehensive school) or secondary (complete) general education (11 classes of a comprehensive school).

The duration of training for the basic level secondary vocational education program on a full-time basis on the basis of secondary (complete) general education is 2-3 years, depending on the profile of training. The duration of study in full-time and part-time forms is increased by 1 year compared to the period of study in full-time form. When implementing secondary vocational education on the basis of basic general education, the period of study is increased by 1 year compared to the period of study on the basis of secondary (complete) general education.

There are two main types of secondary specialized educational institutions:

1) technical school (school) implementing basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education at a basic level;

2) a college that provides professional educational programs for secondary vocational education of basic and higher level. The implementation of educational programs of secondary vocational education can also be carried out in higher educational institutions.

Persons with secondary vocational education of the relevant profile can receive higher vocational education in shortened accelerated programs: for 1 year - if they have a basic level of secondary vocational education; for 1-2 years - with secondary vocational education of an advanced level.

State and municipal secondary specialized educational institutions and departments of universities included in the system of secondary vocational education are under the jurisdiction of more than 25 federal ministries and departments, as well as constituent entities of the Russian Federation.

Higher professional education

Depending on the number of areas of study for students, universities are divided into universities, academies and institutes. University graduates can have the following qualifications: bachelor, diploma, master in the relevant areas of training (specialties), and the corresponding educational programs can be implemented both continuously and in stages. To a graduate who has passed the final state certification of an accredited educational program, the university issues a state document (diploma) about the level of education and (or) its qualifications.

General characteristics of the prospects for the Russian education system.

The development of the education system of the Russian Federation is directly related to the ongoing social policy in accordance with the “Main directions of socio-economic policy of the Government of the Russian Federation for the long term”, in which the first direction is the reform of the development of the education sector.

Main problems of the education system

1. insufficient funding for institutions of higher, secondary and primary vocational education (budget funding is provided at best by 40-50%);

2. poor material and technical support for the educational process (over the past 10 years, almost 90% of educational institutions in the education system have not received funds from the budget for the purchase of new educational and laboratory equipment);

3. low wage teachers.

4. the availability of quality education in gymnasiums, lyceums, colleges and universities for capable children from low-income families and remote regions of Russia has become quite problematic, and largely depends not so much on the abilities of children and youth, but on the financial situation of the family (tutoring, paid courses , tuition fees), and for those entering universities - and from the place of residence.

There are different levels of education in Russia. They are regulated by a special Law on Education of the Russian Federation 273-FZ Chapter 2 Article 10, which was recently supplemented.

According to the law, levels of education in the Russian Federation are divided into 2 main types - general education and vocational. The first type includes preschool and school education, the second - all others.

General education

According to Article 43 of the Constitution of the Russian Federation, all citizens are guaranteed to receive free general education in municipal institutions. General education is a term that includes the following types:

• Preschool education;
• School education.

The second type is divided into the following subspecies:

• Initial;
• Basic;
• Average.

Preschool education is primarily aimed at developing skills that will help in future learning school material. This includes the primary elements of written and oral speech, the basics of hygiene, ethics and a healthy lifestyle.

In the Russian Federation, both municipal and private preschool education institutions operate successfully. In addition, many parents prefer to raise their children at home rather than sending them to kindergarten. Statistics says that the number of children who did not attend preschool institutions increases every year.

Primary education is a continuation of preschool and is aimed at developing students’ motivation, honing writing and speaking skills, teaching the basics theoretical thinking and various sciences.

The main task of basic education is to study the foundations of various sciences, deeper study state language, the formation of inclinations towards certain types of activities, the formation of aesthetic tastes and social definition. During the period of basic education, the student must develop the skills of independent knowledge of the world.

Secondary education aims to teach people to think rationally, make independent choices, and study more deeply various sciences. A clear understanding of the world is also formed and social role every student in it. More important than ever before pedagogical influence of the class teacher and other teachers.

Professional education

In Russian federation levels of professional education are divided into the following subspecies:

• Initial;
• Average;
• Higher.

Primary education is provided by institutions that provide blue-collar jobs. These include vocational schools (vocational schools, which are now gradually being renamed PTL - vocational lyceum). You can enter such institutions either on the basis of 9 or 11 classes.

Secondary education includes technical schools and colleges. The former train basic-level specialists, the latter implement a system of advanced training. You can enroll in a technical school or college on the basis of 9 or 11 grades; you can enter some institutions only after 9 or only after 11 grades (for example, medical colleges). Citizens who already have primary vocational education are trained under a shortened program.

Higher education carries out training of highly qualified specialists for various sectors of the economy. Universities, institutes and academies (in some cases also colleges) train specialists. Higher education is divided into the following levels:

• Specialty;

A bachelor's degree is a required level to obtain the other two. There are also various forms of education. It can be full-time, part-time, part-time, or external.

Education levels in the world

In the world, a huge number of educational institutions and institutions are engaged in educating students.

• One of the best systems operates in the USA; more than 500 thousand foreign students study in institutions in this country. The main problem of the American education system is the high cost.
• Very tall educational level Higher educational institutions in France also offer education in universities in this country, as in Russia - free of charge. Students only have to provide their own support.
• In Germany, population countries and foreign applicants are also entitled to free education. There was an attempt to introduce tuition fees, but the attempt failed. An interesting feature of education in this country is that in the legal and medical fields there is no division into bachelor’s and specialty degrees.
• In England, the term Higher Education is used only to refer to institutes or universities from which graduates receive a doctorate or advanced degree.
• Also recently, getting an education in China has become popular. This happened thanks to the teaching of most disciplines in English, however, the cost of education in China is still quite high.

The methodology of the British publication Times Higher Education (THE) was the basis for this rating, created by Times Higher Education together with the Thomson Reuters information group. Developed in 2010 and replacing the well-known World University Rankings, the ranking is recognized as one of the most authoritative in determining the quality of education in the world.

Criteria for evaluating universities:

Academic reputation of the university, including scientific activity and quality of education (data from a global expert survey of representatives of the international academic community)

The scientific reputation of the university in certain areas (data from a global expert survey of representatives of the international academic community).

Total citations of scientific publications, normalized relative to different areas of research (data from an analysis of 12 thousand scientific journals over a five-year period).

Ratio of published scientific articles to the number of teaching staff (data from an analysis of 12 thousand scientific journals over a five-year period).

Amount of funding research activities university in relation to the number of teaching staff (the indicator is normalized by purchasing power parity, based on the economy of a particular country).

The amount of funding from outside companies for university research activities in relation to the number of teaching staff.

The ratio of government funding for research activities to the overall research budget of the university.

The ratio of teaching staff to the number of students.

The ratio of the number of foreign representatives of the teaching staff to the number of local ones.

The ratio of the number of foreign students to the number of local ones.

Ratio of defended dissertations (PhDs) to the number of teaching staff.

The ratio of defended dissertations (PhDs) to the number of bachelors pursuing a master's degree.

The average remuneration of a representative of the teaching staff (the indicator is normalized by purchasing power parity, based on the economy of a particular country).

How is the score determined?

The maximum score that the university under study can receive is 100 points.

Per level teaching activities, quality of education, number of highly qualified teachers A university can receive a maximum of 30 points.

A maximum of 30 points are awarded for the scientific reputation of the university.

For citation of scientific works – 30 points.

For developing innovative projects and attracting investment to them, the university receives a maximum of 2.5 points.

For the university’s ability to attract the best students and teachers from all over the world – 7.5 points.

World ranking of universities 2014-2015

On September 1, 2013, a new law “On Education” came into force in Russia ( the federal law“On Education in the Russian Federation” was adopted by the State Duma on December 21, 2012, approved by the Federation Council on December 26, 2012). According to this law, new levels of education are established in Russia. The level of education is understood as a completed cycle of education, characterized by a certain unified set of requirements.

From September 1, 2013, the following levels of general education are established in the Russian Federation:

1. preschool education;
2. primary general education;
3. basic general education;
4. secondary general education.

Vocational education is divided into the following levels:

1. secondary vocational education;
2. higher education - bachelor's degree;
3. higher education - specialty, master's degree;
4. higher education - training of highly qualified personnel.

Let us dwell in more detail on the characteristics of each level.

Levels of general education

Preschool education aimed at the formation of a common culture, the development of physical, intellectual, moral, aesthetic and personal qualities, formation of prerequisites for educational activities, preservation and strengthening of the health of preschool children. Educational programs of preschool education are aimed at the diversified development of preschool children, taking into account their age and individual characteristics, including the achievement by preschool children of a level of development necessary and sufficient for their successful development of educational programs of primary general education, based on an individual approach to preschool children and activities specific to preschool children. The development of educational programs of preschool education is not accompanied by intermediate certifications and final certification of students.

Primary general education is aimed at the formation of the student’s personality, the development of his individual abilities, positive motivation and skills in educational activities (mastery of reading, writing, counting, basic skills of educational activities, elements of theoretical thinking, simple self-control skills, culture of behavior and speech, the basics of personal hygiene and a healthy lifestyle life). Receiving preschool education in educational organizations can begin when children reach the age of two months. Receiving primary general education in educational organizations begins when children reach the age of six years and six months in the absence of contraindications for health reasons, but no later than they reach the age of eight years.

Basic general education is aimed at the formation and formation of the student’s personality (formation of moral beliefs, aesthetic taste and a healthy lifestyle, a high culture of interpersonal and interethnic communication, mastery of the basics of science, the Russian language, mental and physical labor skills, development of inclinations, interests, and the ability for social self-determination).

Secondary general education is aimed at the further formation and formation of the student’s personality, the development of interest in knowledge and the student’s creative abilities, the formation of skills in independent educational activities based on individualization and professional orientation of the content of secondary general education, the preparation of the student for life in society, independent life choices, continued education and the beginning of a professional activities.

Primary general education, basic general education, secondary general education are compulsory levels of education. Children who fail to complete the programs at one of these levels are not allowed to study at the next levels of general education.

Levels of professional education

Secondary vocational education is aimed at solving the problems of intellectual, cultural and professional development of a person and has the goal of training qualified workers or employees and mid-level specialists in all main areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, as well as meeting the needs of the individual in deepening and expanding education. Persons with an education of at least basic general or secondary general education are allowed to receive secondary vocational education. If a student in a secondary vocational education program has only basic general education, then simultaneously with his profession, he also masters the secondary general education program in the learning process.

Secondary vocational education can be obtained at technical schools and colleges. The standard regulations “On an educational institution of secondary vocational education (secondary specialized educational institution)” give the following definitions: a) technical school - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training; b) college - a secondary specialized educational institution that implements basic professional educational programs of secondary vocational education of basic training and programs of secondary vocational education of advanced training.

Higher education aims to ensure the training of highly qualified personnel in all main areas of socially useful activities in accordance with the needs of society and the state, satisfying the needs of the individual in intellectual, cultural and moral development, deepening and expanding education, scientific and pedagogical qualifications. Persons with secondary general education are allowed to study bachelor's or specialty programs. Persons with higher education of any level are allowed to study master's programs.

Persons with at least a higher education degree (specialist's or master's degree) are allowed to study programs for training highly qualified personnel (postgraduate (adjunct) studies, residency programs, assistantship-internship programs). Persons with a higher medical education or higher pharmaceutical education are allowed to study residency programs. Persons with a higher education in the field of arts are allowed to participate in assistantship-internship programs.

Admission to educational programs of higher education is carried out separately for bachelor's degree programs, specialty programs, master's programs, programs for training highly qualified scientific and pedagogical personnel on a competitive basis.

Admission to master's programs and training programs for highly qualified personnel is carried out based on the results of entrance tests conducted educational organization on one's own.

Bachelor's degree- this is the level of basic higher education, which lasts 4 years and is practice-oriented in nature. Upon completion of this program, the university graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a bachelor's degree. Accordingly, a bachelor is a university graduate who has received fundamental training without any narrow specialization; he has the right to occupy all those positions for which he qualification requirements higher education is required. Examinations are provided as qualifying tests for obtaining a bachelor's degree.

Master's degree- this is a higher level of higher education, which is acquired in 2 additional years after completing a bachelor’s degree and involves a deeper mastery of the theoretical aspects of the field of study, orients the student towards research activities in this direction. Upon completion of this program, the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education with a master's degree. The main task of the master's program is to prepare professionals for successful career in international and Russian companies, as well as analytical, consulting and research activities. To obtain a master's degree in a chosen specialty, it is not necessary to have a bachelor's degree in the same specialty. In this case, obtaining a master's degree is considered as a second higher education. Qualifying tests for obtaining a master's degree include exams and the defense of a final qualifying work - a master's thesis.

Along with new levels of higher education, there is traditional look — specialty, the program of which provides for 5 years of study at a university, upon completion of which the graduate is issued a diploma of higher professional education and is awarded the degree of certified specialist. The list of specialties for which specialists are trained was approved by Decree of the President of the Russian Federation No. 1136 of December 30, 2009.

Types of education in Russia. New Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

Education in Russia plays a decisive role in the process of personality formation. Its main goal is the education and training of the younger generation, their acquisition of knowledge, skills, competencies and the necessary experience. Various types of education in Russia are aimed at professional, moral, intellectual and physical development children, teenagers, boys and girls. Let's look at this in more detail.

Law "On Education in the Russian Federation"

According to this document, the educational process is a continuous, sequentially connected system. Such content implies the presence of certain levels. In the law they are called “types of education in Russia”.

Each level has specific goals and objectives, content and methods of influence.

According to the law, there are two large levels.

The first is general education. It includes preschool and school sublevels. The latter, in turn, is divided into primary, basic and complete (secondary) education.

The second level is vocational education. It includes secondary, higher (bachelor's, specialist and master's) and training of highly qualified personnel.

Let's look at each of these levels in more detail.

About the preschool education system in Russia

This level is intended for children under seven years of age. Basic goal - general development, training and education of preschool children. In addition, it implies monitoring and caring for them. In Russia, these functions are performed specialized institutions preschool education.

These are nurseries, kindergartens, centers early development or at home.

About the secondary education system in the Russian Federation

As noted above, it consists of several sublevels:

• The initial one lasts four years. The main goal is to give the child a system of necessary knowledge in basic subjects.
• Basic education lasts from fifth to ninth grades. It assumes that the child’s development should be carried out according to the basic scientific directions. As a result, secondary educational institutions must prepare teenagers for the State Examination in certain subjects.

These levels of education at school are mandatory for children in accordance with their age. After the ninth grade, the child has the right to leave school and study further by choosing special secondary educational institutions. In this case, it is the guardians or parents who are legally entrusted with full responsibility for ensuring that the process of acquiring knowledge is continued and not interrupted.

Complete education means that the student spends two years in the tenth and eleventh grades. The main purpose of this stage is to prepare graduates for the Unified State Exam and further study at a university. Reality shows that during this period they often resort to the services of tutors, since school alone is not enough.

More information about secondary vocational and higher education in our country

Secondary vocational educational institutions are divided into colleges and technical schools (state and non-state). They prepare students in their chosen specialties in two to three, and sometimes four years. IN most A teenager can enroll after the ninth grade. The exception is medical colleges. They accept students with complete general education.

You can enter any higher educational institution in Russia through a bachelor's program only after the eleventh grade. In the future, if desired, the student will continue his studies in a master's program.

Some universities now offer a specialist's degree rather than a bachelor's degree. However, in accordance with the Bologna system, higher vocational education under this system will soon no longer exist.

The next step is the training of highly qualified personnel. These are postgraduate studies (or postgraduate studies) and residency. In addition, specialists with higher professional education can undergo an assistantship-internship program. It's about on the training of highly qualified pedagogical and creative figures.

This system is a new, specific form of education, which differs from traditional ones. Distance education is distinguished by other goals, objectives, content, means, methods and forms of interaction. The use of computer technologies, telecommunications, case technologies, etc. is becoming predominant.

In this regard, the most common types of such training are as follows:

• The first one relies on interactive television. When implemented, there is direct visual contact with the audience, which is located at a distance from the teacher. Currently, this type is not well developed and is very expensive. However, it is necessary when unique techniques, laboratory experiments and new knowledge in a particular area are demonstrated.
• The second type of distance learning is based on computer telecommunication networks (regional, global), which have various didactic capabilities (text files, multimedia technologies, video conferencing, Email And so on). This is a common and inexpensive type of distance learning.
• The third combines a CD (basic electronic textbook) and global network. Thanks to its great didactic capabilities, this type is optimal both for university and school education, and for advanced training. A CD has a lot of advantages: multimedia, interactivity, availability of a large amount of information with minimal financial losses.

The Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” identifies as one of the priority tasks the creation of favorable conditions for the education of persons with disabilities. disabilities. Moreover, this is reflected not only in form, but also in content.

In law this system received the name "inclusive education". Its implementation implies the absence of any discrimination against children with special needs, equal treatment of everyone and accessibility of education.

Inclusive education is implemented in all educational institutions in Russia. The main goal is to create a barrier-free environment in the learning process and ensure vocational training persons with disabilities. To implement it, it is necessary to perform certain tasks:

• technically equip educational institutions;
• develop special training courses for teachers;
• create methodological developments for other students, aimed at the process of developing relationships with people with disabilities;
• develop programs that are aimed at facilitating the adaptation of persons with disabilities in general educational institutions.

This work has only just begun to develop. Over the next few years, the set goal and identified tasks must be fully realized.

At the moment, the types of education in Russia are clearly identified, the functions and content of each level are revealed. However, despite this, the reconstruction and reform of the entire education system continues.

Concept and level of education in the Russian Federation

Education in the Russian Federation is a unified process aimed at educating and training the future generation. During 2003-2010. The domestic education system has undergone serious reform in accordance with the provisions contained in the Bologna Declaration. In addition to specialty and postgraduate studies, such levels of the Russian education system as bachelor's and master's degrees were introduced.

In 2012, Russia adopted the Law “On Education of the Russian Federation”. Education levels similar to European states, provide the opportunity for free movement for students and teachers between universities. Another undoubted advantage is the possibility of employment in any of the countries that signed the Bologna Declaration.

Education: concept, purpose, functions

Education is the process and result of the transfer of knowledge and experience that has been accumulated by all previous generations. The main goal of training is to introduce new members of society to established beliefs and value ideals.

The main functions of training are:

• Raising worthy members of society.
• Socialization and introduction of the new generation to the values ​​​​established in a given society.
• Providing qualified training for young specialists.
• Transferring work-related knowledge using modern technology.

An educated person is a person who has accumulated a certain amount of knowledge, can clearly determine the causes and consequences of an event and can think logically. The main criterion of education can be called systematic knowledge and thinking, which is reflected in a person’s ability, reasoning logically, to restore gaps in the knowledge system.

The importance of learning in human life

It is through education that the culture of society is transmitted from one generation to another. Education influences all spheres of social life. An example of such an impact would be the improvement of the training system. New levels of vocational education in the Russian Federation as a whole will lead to an improvement in the quality of the state’s existing labor resources, which, in turn, will have a significant impact on the development of the domestic economy. For example, becoming a lawyer will help strengthen the legal culture of the population, since every citizen should know their legal rights and responsibilities.

High-quality and systematic education, which covers all areas of human life, allows you to educate harmonious personality. Learning also has a significant impact on the individual. Because in the modern situation, only an educated person can climb the social ladder and achieve a high status in society. That is, self-realization is directly related to receiving quality training at the highest level.

The education system in Russia includes a number of organizations. These include institutions:

• Preschool education (development centers, kindergartens).
• General education (schools, gymnasiums, lyceums).
• Higher educational institutions (universities, research institutes, academies, institutes).
• Secondary special (technical schools, colleges).
• Non-state.
• Additional education.

Principles of the education system

• The primacy of universal human values.
• The basis is cultural and national principles.
• Scientificity.
• Focus on the characteristics and level of education in the world.
• Humanistic character.
• Focus on environmental protection.
• Continuity of education, consistent and continuous nature.
• Education should be a unified system of physical and spiritual education.
• Encouraging the manifestation of talent and personal qualities.
• Mandatory primary (basic) education.

Based on the level of independent thinking achieved, the following types of training are distinguished:

• Preschool - in the family and in preschool institutions (children's age is up to 7 years).
• Primary - carried out in schools and gymnasiums, starting from the age of 6 or 7, lasting from the first to the fourth grades. The child is taught basic reading, writing and counting skills, and much attention is paid to personality development and acquiring the necessary knowledge about the world around him.
• Secondary - includes basic (grades 4-9) and general secondary (grades 10-11). Carried out in schools, gymnasiums and lyceums. It ends with receiving a certificate of completion of general secondary education. Students at this stage acquire knowledge and skills that form a full-fledged citizen.
• Higher education is one of the stages of professional education. The main goal is to train qualified personnel in the necessary areas of activity. It is carried out at a university, academy or institute.

According to the nature and focus of education, there are:

• General. Helps to acquire knowledge of the basics of science, in particular about nature, man, and society. Gives a person basic knowledge about the world around him and helps him acquire the necessary practical skills.
• Professional. At this stage, the knowledge and skills that are necessary for the student to perform labor and service functions are acquired.
• Polytechnic. Training in the basic principles of modern production. Acquiring skills in using simple tools.

The organization of training is based on such a concept as “the level of education in the Russian Federation.” It reflects the division of the training program depending on the statistical indicator of study by the population as a whole and by each citizen individually. The level of education in the Russian Federation is a completed educational cycle, which is characterized by certain requirements. The Federal Law “On Education in the Russian Federation” provides for the following levels of general education in the Russian Federation:

• Preschool.
• Initial.
• Basics.
• Average.

In addition, the following levels of higher education in the Russian Federation are distinguished:

• Bachelor's degree. Enrollment is made on a competitive basis after passing the Unified State Exam. A student receives a bachelor's degree after he has acquired and confirmed basic knowledge in his chosen specialty. The training lasts 4 years. Upon completion of this level, the graduate can pass special exams and continue training as a specialist or master.
• Specialty. This stage includes basic education as well as training in the chosen specialty. On a full-time basis, the duration of study is 5 years, and on a part-time basis - 6. After receiving a specialist diploma, you can continue studying for a master's degree or enroll in graduate school. Traditionally, this level of education in the Russian Federation is considered prestigious and is not very different from a master’s degree. However, when working abroad, it will lead to a number of problems.
• Master's degree. This level graduates professionals with deeper specialization. You can enroll in a master's program after completing a bachelor's degree and a specialist's degree.
• Training of highly qualified personnel. This implies postgraduate study. This is necessary preparation for obtaining a PhD degree. Full-time education lasts 3 years, part-time education lasts 4 years. Academic degree awarded upon completion of studies, defense of a dissertation and passing final exams.

Levels of education in the Russian Federation, according to the new law, contribute to the receipt by domestic students of diplomas and supplements to them, which are valued by higher educational institutions of other states, and therefore provide the opportunity to continue their studies abroad.

Training in Russia can be carried out in two forms:

• In special educational institutions. Can be carried out in full-time, part-time, part-time, external, distance learning forms.
• Outside educational institutions. Involves self-education and family education. Passage of intermediate and final state certification is provided.

The learning process combines two interrelated subsystems: training and education. They help achieve the main goal of the educational process - human socialization.

The main difference between these two categories is that training is aimed primarily at developing the intellectual side of a person, and education, on the contrary, is aimed at value orientations. There is a close relationship between these two processes. Moreover, they complement each other.

Despite the fact that a reform was carried out in the education system of the Russian Federation not so long ago, there has not been much improvement in the quality of domestic education. Among the main reasons for the lack of progress in improving the quality of educational services are the following:

• Outdated management system in higher education institutions.
• A small number of highly qualified foreign teachers.
• Low rating of domestic educational institutions in the world community, which is due to weak internationalization.

Issues related to the management of the education system

• Low level of remuneration for workers in the education sector.
• Lack of highly qualified personnel.
• Insufficient level of material and technical equipment of institutions and organizations.
• Low professional level of education in the Russian Federation.
• Low level of cultural development of the population as a whole.

Obligations to solve these problems are assigned not only to the state as a whole, but also to the levels municipalities RF.

Trends in the development of education services

• Internationalization of higher education, ensuring the mobility of teachers and students with the aim of exchanging best international experience.
• Strengthening the focus of domestic education in a practical direction, which implies the introduction of practical disciplines and an increase in the number of practicing teachers.
• Active introduction of multimedia technologies and other visualization systems into the educational process.
• Popularization of distance learning.

Thus, education lies at the core of cultural, intellectual and moral state modern society. This is a determining factor in socio-economic development Russian state. Reforming the education system to date has not led to global results. However, there is a slight shift for the better. The levels of education in the Russian Federation under the new law contributed to the emergence of opportunities for free movement of teachers and students between universities, which suggests that the process Russian training took a course towards internationalization.

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