Social institutions types. Types of social institutions and features of social activities

Organizations can be considered in a broad and narrow sense. In the first case, these are any organized communities of people or a set of social groups, interconnected. The second is the social subsystem. IN social organization there is an interaction of various members of which are united by common interests, values, norms and goals arising in connection with joint activities. Thus, the social organization of an enterprise is a system of social groups (consisting of employees) that perform tasks aimed at achieving a common goal - obtaining products and, subsequently, material resources. Thus, it is formed in connection with the interest of group members in obtaining material benefits.

Social organization has certain characteristics:

• the existence of a system of management and power, the subordination of employees to the management of the enterprise;
• the presence of a single goal - the provision of services, the production of products, etc.
• distribution of duties and powers among interacting employees.

Structure of social organization

Any organization is one of the elements public system. Society includes a set of interacting organizations. The latter is an intermediary between society and the individual.

Feature social structure- obligatory hierarchical ordering, allowing to regulate social positions different levels. That is, depending on the positions, subordinate employees (employees) are subordinated to superior ones. and the positions that are included in the structure are recorded in the documentation, in which a certain range of responsibilities is assigned to each. One of the important conditions for the functioning of the organization is the possibility of promotion through the ranks. The second such condition is the presence of a system of established communication. Mutual exchange of information is necessary for coordinating people's activities and making important management decisions.

Social organization and its types

There are several approaches to typology.

In the first of them, 3 types are distinguished:

1. institutions (cultural, financial, educational, scientific, managerial);
2. enterprises (trade, manufacturing, service);
3. public organizations (voluntary, professional, religious).

In another approach, the classification is made on the basis of, namely:

• economic;
• cultural;
• social;
• managerial.

In the third campaign stand out following groups:

1. forced when members social society become compulsory. These include, in particular: the army, labor dispensary, prison, etc.;
2. voluntary, when membership arises on a voluntary basis. These are various trade unions, parties, political movements, religious associations;
3. utilitarian, when members are united to achieve some common and individual goals. These include firms, banks, enterprises.

A social organization can also be:

• public - these are mass associations to meet social, economic, cultural, political and other needs. These include parties;
• business - thanks to which workers are provided with means of subsistence. These are firms, banks and enterprises;
• associative - arises for the mutual realization of interests. and clubs;
• intermediate - combines the features of public and business organizations. These are cooperatives and partnerships.

Active Edition from 30.12.2005

"SOCIAL SERVICES OF THE POPULATION. CLASSIFICATION OF SOCIAL SERVICE INSTITUTIONS. GOST R 52498-2005" (approved by the Order of Rostekhregulirovaniya of December 30, 2005 N 535-st)

4.3. Types of institutions

The types of institutions are determined depending on their purpose, range (composition) and the nature of the services provided.

The types of institutions listed below in this subsection are established on the basis of the Federal Laws "On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation", "On Social Services for Elderly and Disabled Citizens", "On the Fundamentals of the System for the Prevention of Neglect and Juvenile Delinquency", the provisions of Government decrees of the Russian Federation and the Ministry of Labor (Ministry of Health and Social Development) of Russia on issues of social services for the population.

The list of structural divisions that are part of any of the institutions indicated below in this subsection is established in accordance with the Regulations on these institutions (Charters of institutions).

At the same time, institutions may, if necessary and taking into account the available opportunities, additionally create, in agreement with their founders, other structural units(departments), whose activities meet the directions and content of the activities of these institutions, as well as the needs of the population in social services.

Institutions provide social services to various categories and groups of the population specified in Appendix A.

4.3.1. Social rehabilitation center for minors - specialized government agency, carrying out the prevention of neglect and homelessness, providing temporary residence, social assistance and rehabilitation of minors aged 3 to 18 years who find themselves in difficult life situation.

Reception department;

Social hotel.

4.3.2. Social shelter for children - a specialized state institution intended for temporary residence and social rehabilitation street children and children left without parental care in need of emergency social assistance.

The shelter may include the following structural units:

Reception department;

Department of Diagnostics and Social Rehabilitation;

Department of Social and Legal Assistance;

Department for the transportation of minors;

Family educational group;

Social hotel.

4.3.3. The Center for Assistance to Children Left without Parental Care is a specialized state institution designed for the temporary maintenance of orphans and children left without parental care (aged 3 to 18 years) and assisting in their further life arrangement using various forms transfers for upbringing to the families of citizens.

The center may include the following structural units:

Reception department;

Department of Diagnostics and Social Rehabilitation;

Department of Social and Legal Assistance;

Long stay group;

Family educational group.

4.3.4. Orphanage for mentally retarded children - a state medical and social rehabilitation institution designed for permanent, temporary (up to six months) and five days a week residence of children aged 4 to 18 years with anomalies mental development who need care, household and medical care, as well as social and labor adaptation due to health reasons.

4.3.5. Orphanage for children with physical disabilities - a state rehabilitation institution designed for permanent, temporary (up to six months) and five days a week residence of children with disabilities of the musculoskeletal system, with intact intelligence aged 4 to 18 years, who need state of health in constant care, household and medical services, as well as in social and labor adaptation with their simultaneous education according to the program of a comprehensive school.

The boarding house may include structural units that provide accommodation for pupils and provide them with all types of social services (social, social, medical, socio-psychological, socio-pedagogical, socio-economic and socio-legal).

4.3.6. Rehabilitation center for children and teenagers with handicapped- a state institution that carries out social rehabilitation of children and adolescents with mental and physical development under the age of 18, as well as families in which children are brought up.

The center may include the following structural units:

Department of Medical and Social Rehabilitation;

Department of professional rehabilitation;

Stationary department.

4.3.7. The Center for Social Assistance to Families and Children is a state institution designed to provide families and children in difficult life situations with assistance in exercising their legitimate rights and interests, in improving their social and financial situation as well as psychological status.

The center may include the following structural units serving families or individuals:

Department of reception of citizens;

Advisory department;

Department of socio-economic assistance;

Department of rehabilitation of minors with mental and physical disabilities;

Department of Psychological and Pedagogical Assistance;

Stationary department;

Department of day care for minors;

Department for prevention of neglect of minors.

4.3.8. Comprehensive Center for Social Services to the Population - a state complex institution designed to provide families and individuals who find themselves in a difficult life situation with assistance in exercising their legitimate rights and interests and assisting in improving their social and financial situation, as well as their psychological status.

The center may include the following structural units:

Organizational and methodological department;

Advisory department;

Department of Urgent Social Services;

Department of trade services for low-income citizens;

Department of day care for children and adolescents;

Department of Psychological and Pedagogical Assistance to Families and Children;

Department of social services at home for elderly and disabled citizens (may be located as an independent structural unit under the authority social protection population);

Specialized department of social and medical care at home for elderly and disabled citizens (may be located as an independent structural unit under the body of social protection of the population);

Department of day care for elderly and disabled citizens (may be located as an independent structural unit under the body of social protection of the population);

Department of temporary residence of elderly and disabled citizens (may be located as an independent structural unit under the body of social protection of the population);

Department of assistance to women in difficult life situations;

Department of rehabilitation of children and adolescents with mental and physical disabilities.

4.3.9. The Center for Psychological and Pedagogical Assistance to the Population is a state institution designed to ensure the psychological security of the population, support and strengthen it mental health, creating favorable socio-pedagogical and socio-psychological conditions for family education children and their social protection.

The center may include the following structural units:

Organizational and methodological department;

Department of reception of citizens;

Advisory department;

Department of psychological and pedagogical assistance.

Social services are provided by the center in non-stationary conditions and at home.

4.3.10. Center for emergency psychological help by phone - a state institution designed to provide emergency psychological assistance to various categories and groups of the population.

Telephone assistance is provided by the center around the clock and free of charge.

4.3.11. The Women's Crisis Center is a state institution designed to provide assistance and social rehabilitation to women who have been subjected to physical or mental violence, who have lost their homes or jobs, who find themselves in extreme psychological and social conditions.

The center may include the following structural units:

Department of day care;

Stationary department.

4.3.12. The Center for Social Services for Elderly Citizens and the Disabled is a state complex institution that carries out organizational, practical and coordinating activities for the provision of social services.

The center may include the following structural units:

Department of social services at home (may be located as an independent structural unit under the body of social protection of the population);

Specialized department of social and medical care at home (may be located as an independent structural unit under the body of social protection of the population);

Department of day care (may be located as an independent structural unit under the body of social protection of the population);

Department of Urgent Social Services;

Social rehabilitation department (may be located as an independent structural unit under the body of social protection of the population);

Social canteen (buffet).

4.3.13. Boarding house (department) of mercy for the elderly and disabled - state specialized agency, intended for permanent, temporary (up to six months) and five days a week residence of elderly citizens (men over 60 years old and women over 55 years old), disabled people of the first and second groups who are on bed rest or move within the ward with outside help , creating living conditions appropriate to their age and state of health, carrying out medical, psychological, social character, as well as for catering, care and feasible labor activity, recreation and leisure.

The boarding house may include structural units that ensure the implementation of the main tasks of receiving, accommodating clients, providing them with all types of social services, as well as a quarantine department, an isolation ward, a mortuary and a ritual hall.

4.3.14. Special boarding house (special department) for the elderly and disabled - a state specialized institution designed for permanent, temporary (up to six months) and five days a week residence of elderly citizens (men over 60 and women over 55) and disabled people, partially or completely lost the ability to self-service and in need of constant care, from among:

Released from places of deprivation of liberty;

Previously convicted or repeatedly brought to administrative responsibility for violation of public order;

Engaged in vagrancy, begging;

Systematically and grossly violating the rules internal regulations in nursing homes for the elderly and disabled general type state system bodies of social protection of the population.

The structure of a special boarding house may include structural units that ensure the implementation of the main tasks of receiving, accommodating clients, providing them with all types of social services, as well as medical and industrial (labor) workshops, and in boarding houses located in rural areas, except addition, ancillary agriculture necessary for the implementation of medical-labor and activating therapy.

4.3.15. Psychoneurological boarding school - a state specialized medical and social institution intended for permanent, temporary (up to six months) and five days a week accommodation and services for elderly citizens (men over 60 years old and women over 55 years old) and disabled people (over 18 years old), suffering from chronic mental illness and in need of constant outside care, as well as to ensure appropriate living conditions for their age and state of health and the provision of a full range of social services.

The psycho-neurological boarding school may include structural units that ensure the fulfillment of the main tasks of receiving and accommodating clients, providing them with all types of social services, medical and industrial (labor) workshops, and in boarding schools located in rural areas, in addition, subsidiary farms, necessary for the implementation of medical-labor and activating therapy.

4.3.16. A special home for the elderly is a state specialized institution designed for the permanent residence of single citizens of retirement age, as well as married couples from among them, who have retained full or partial ability to self-service in everyday life and need to create conditions for the self-realization of basic vital needs.

The special house consists of one-, two-room apartments and includes a complex of social services:

Medical office;

Library;

Room for club work;

Dining room (buffet);

Point of orders for food products;

Point of delivery of linen and things to the laundry and dry cleaning;

Premises for work;

24-hour control room;

Other premises and services for the provision of various social services.

4.3.17. Social and health-improving center for the elderly and the disabled - a state (municipal) specialized institution designed to carry out social and health-improving and preventive measures in stationary conditions in order to extend the possibility of self-realization by the elderly (men over 60 years old and women over 55 years old) and disabled people who have retained the ability to self-service and active movement, their vital needs by strengthening health, increasing physical activity, as well as the normalization of mental status.

The center may include structural units that ensure the implementation of the main tasks of receiving, accommodating citizens, taking into account their age, gender and nature of diseases, by definition specific forms assistance to them, taking into account their physical and mental condition, as well as existing diseases, for the implementation of health-improving and preventive measures, for the provision of all types of social services.

4.3.18. Gerontological Center - a state specialized institution intended for permanent, temporary (up to six months) and five days a week residence of elderly citizens (men over 60 and women over 55), including disabled people who have partially or completely lost the ability to self-service and those in need of constant outside care, creating living conditions appropriate to their age and state of health, carrying out medical, psychological, social events, as well as organizing nutrition, care and feasible work, carrying out scientific, practical and organizational and methodological work in the field of gerontology and geriatrics, as well as to carry out work to improve the skills of personnel of social service institutions.

The center may include structural units that ensure the fulfillment of the main tasks of receiving and accommodating clients, studying the causes and patterns of the aging process, factors hindering this process, providing the necessary social services to the above persons, conducting scientific, practical, organizational and methodological work in the field of gerontology and geriatrics.

4.3.19. Social service institutions for persons without a fixed place of residence and employment are night stays, social shelters, social hotels, social adaptation centers and others.

These institutions are state specialized social assistance institutions designed to provide a temporary place of residence or overnight stay to persons who find themselves without a fixed place of residence and occupation, primarily older people and the disabled, as well as to assist in the implementation of measures for the social adaptation of persons who have lost socially useful connections (primarily of persons released from places of deprivation of liberty) to the conditions of life in society.

The structure of institutions may include structural units that provide:

Provision for temporary stay or overnight stay of a separate bed for each client with a set of bedding and personal hygiene items;

Providing first aid, sanitizing, referral of those in need for treatment to healthcare facilities;

Provision of coupons for one-time (per day) free meals;

Assistance in providing those in need with prostheses, hearing aids, glasses, prosthetic and orthopedic products;

Assistance in employment, including in the institution itself;

Assistance in the preparation of identity documents;

Providing comprehensive assistance, including in the form of consultations on legal matters, household services and the provision of other types of social services.

4.3.20. Gerontopsychiatric center (department) - a specialized institution (department) intended for permanent, temporary (up to six months) and five days a week residence of elderly citizens (men under 60 years of age and women under 55 years of age), including disabled people suffering from mental chronic diseases and those in need of constant outside care, as well as to create living conditions appropriate to their age and state of health, conduct medical, psychological, social events, organize meals, care and feasible work, rest and leisure, carry out scientific and practical work in areas of psychiatry in older people age groups and carrying out work to improve the skills of employees of psycho-neurological boarding schools.

The center may include structural units that ensure the fulfillment of the main tasks of receiving and accommodating clients, studying the causes and patterns of the aging process, factors hindering this process, providing them with all types of social services, conducting scientific and practical work in the field of gerontology and geriatrics, taking into account characteristics of their mental state.

4.3.21. Boarding house (boarding house) for the elderly and disabled - a specialized institution designed for permanent, temporary (up to six months) and five days a week residence of elderly citizens (men over 60 and women over 55), disabled people of the first and second groups (over 18 years of age), who have partially or completely lost the ability to self-service and need constant outside care, as well as to create living conditions appropriate to their age and state of health, conduct medical, psychological, social activities, provide food and care, organize feasible labor activities, recreation and leisure.

The boarding house may include structural units that ensure the implementation of the main tasks of receiving and accommodating clients, providing them with all types of social services, as well as a quarantine department, an isolation ward, a mortuary, a ritual hall.

4.3.22. Boarding house (boarding house) for veterans of war and labor - a specialized institution designed for permanent, temporary (up to six months) and five days a week residence of veterans of war and labor, who have partially or completely lost the ability to self-service and need constant outside care, as well as to create living conditions appropriate to their age and state of health, conduct medical, psychological, social activities, provide food and care, organize feasible work, recreation and leisure.

The boarding house may include structural units that ensure the implementation of the main tasks of receiving and accommodating clients, providing them with all types of social services, as well as a quarantine department, an isolation ward, a mortuary, a ritual hall.

The system of social services includes a network of specialized institutions designed to serve the relevant groups of the population.

An important place in this system belongs to the territorial centers of social services for the population. Territorial social service is a set of governing bodies and specialized institutions that provide direct social services to various groups and categories of the population on the territory of various administrative units of the Russian Federation: in regions, urban and rural areas, microdistricts, etc.

The functions of managing social services for the population in the jurisdictional territory are carried out by the bodies of social protection of the population. Local authorities (as well as non-state, public, private and other organizations with a license) create specialized social service institutions, the leading place among which is given to territorial social service centers. In accordance with the approximate Regulations on the Center for Social Services (order of the Ministry of Social Protection of Russia No. 137 of 07/20/1993). Social Service Center is an institution of social protection of the population, carrying out organizational and practical activities on the territory of a city or district to provide various types of social assistance to the elderly, the disabled and other groups of the population in need of social support. Social service centers may have various social service units in their structure, including day care units for the elderly and disabled, social assistance at home, emergency social assistance services, as well as others created taking into account the need and available opportunities. Such centers provide comprehensive social assistance of various types: psychological, legal, rehabilitation, socio-pedagogical, medical and social, preventive, etc.

The territorial service may also include functional specialized centers, institutions and social service enterprises, regardless of ownership. Services can be state, municipal, non-state.

State social service(federal bodies and institutions, social service enterprises; social service units of the constituent entities of the Russian Federation).

Municipal social service(local self-government bodies responsible for social services; institutions and enterprises of social services of municipal subordination).

Non-state social service ( institutions and social service enterprises of public, charitable, religious and other non-governmental organizations).

Today, one can observe how the network of institutions and enterprises of social services is constantly developing, new types of them are emerging, which makes it possible to cover an ever wider range of social problems of various strata and groups of the population. The social service system is still in the process of formation. Financing of social service institutions is carried out, as a rule, on a budgetary basis. Thus, the financial resources of the social service are formed from:

normative deductions from the budgets of the corresponding level in the amount of at least 2% of the expenditure side of the budget;

income from the fund social support the population by allocating part of the funds for the purpose of social support for families with children;

funds from the federal budget for the implementation of statutory tasks;

finance as a result of the redistribution of funds between committees and departments of services at various levels for the implementation of regional, city and district programs;

additional funds from the regional and local budgets to provide targeted measures to adapt the population's income to the rising cost of living, etc.;

income from paid services and from the economic activities of institutions and enterprises of the service;

charitable donations and contributions from enterprises, public organizations and individuals, proceeds from charitable events.

Funds of specialized centers are formed depending on the type of activity and the type of organization of their financing: budgetary, self-supporting or mixed. When the center organizes paid services to the population and makes a profit, it is directed to the further development of the main activity of the center and is exempt from taxation in terms of funds credited to the local budget.

The main principle of the organization of social services in the Russian Federation is the territorial principle. At the same time, the social services of various ministries and departments are considered as integral components (or sectors) of territorial social services. Sometimes local social service institutions have dual administrative subordination and several sources of funding. At the same time, practice proves the need for the formation of a subsystem of social services within individual departments, for example, social protection of the population, education, the Ministry of Internal Affairs or the employment service, youth.

However, the development of a network of social service institutions is constrained today by the following factors:

weak legal base of the system of social services;

limited financial resources at the disposal of federal and regional governments, as well as local governments;

lack of coordination in the activities of ministries and departments in the field of social services;

shortage of personnel with professional training in the field social work;

low social status and inadequate wages of social workers;

insufficient use of financial, economic and intellectual opportunities of non-governmental institutions.

Social service institutions for families and children

An important aspect in the regulation of socio-economic processes in society is the protection and support of the institution of the family. The basic principles in the organization of social assistance to the family by state, municipal and public organizations can be expressed as follows:

Empowerment of the family to solve vital tasks;

Establishing a family connection with other teams, organizations and social institutions that provide resources, support opportunities;

Promoting the effective and humane operation of the family as a socio-economic system;

Development of self-help to improve family social policy in the territories.

The general functional scheme can be represented as a system of interaction between the family and state, public, confessional and private structures.

Plans for the development of social service institutions for families and children are, as a rule, linked to the tasks of implementing regional family policy programs. Currently, horizontal structures of the system of social assistance to the family are being created at all levels, taking into account the specifics of the regions. So, at the district (city) level, the organizers of social services serving families should know the needs of the population for such services. For these purposes, it is necessary to take into account the types of families, the presence of acute problems, the attitude of the population towards such a service; in cases of need to form public opinion regarding the creation of an appropriate service and the possibility of applying to it for any resident of the region. The practice of developing family social assistance services in Russia shows that in a district (neighborhood) it is necessary to provide for the provision of a range of social services to both children and parents.

Regional institutions are also called upon to perform scientific and methodological functions: for example, a comprehensive regional center social assistance to families and children or the regional center social health of the population should, based on the local situation, come up with recommendations to the authorities. Such regional institutions as the "Trust" service, etc., also seem to be quite promising.

The social assistance service should be organized as an open system in accordance with the social situation of a particular territory, where individual institutions and service units act as structures of elements created as needed.

The State Family and Children Assistance Service performs the following functions:

analytical: studies the problems and needs of his contingent of families or members of the team;

planning and organizational: plans and organizes social services in society;

managerial: provides contact with state bodies on which the solution of client problems depends, achieves a solution, evaluates the result of a particular event, etc .;

informational: informs the population about the possibilities of service, new state decisions on social protection of the population.

Social work in these services can be expressed in various ways. family assistance. For example, emergency care for acute mental states a person caused by social conditions or a difficult life situation is directed to the removal or reduction of negative, including even the possibility of suicide, the consequences of such a state. This assistance can be provided by such institutions and divisions of the service as helplines, emergency psychological care centers, etc.

Assistance can be of a long-term nature, when, in difficult life situations, the client is provided not only with primary, but also with in-depth long-term support aimed at improving the attitude towards the situation, identifying the client’s internal reserves and increasing his confidence in himself and the ability to overcome the circumstances. Such assistance is provided in territorial centers for social assistance to families, social shelters for children and adolescents (mothers with children), rehabilitation centers, centers for helping children left without parents, in psychological and pedagogical consultations, territorial teams of social workers, which include social workers, specializing in different types family problems, which makes it possible to jointly search for solutions in the most difficult situations.

Help can be direct or indirect. Direct assistance is aimed directly at protecting the rights and interests of the client, improving his living conditions, removing unwanted mental states, etc. Indirect assistance is provided through work with the client's social environment (family, members of the work team, friends, street company, etc.), through various government organizations and foundations.

In addition, assistance can be direct in another sense of the word, namely, in response to the current situation or the client's request, as well as preventive in nature, i.e., preventing a predictable unfavorable situation.

In accordance with the order of the Ministry of Social Protection of Russia No. 47 dated April 14, 1994, the Approximate Regulations on the Territorial Center for Social Assistance to Families and Children were approved, which defines it as an institution of the state system of social protection of the population, intended for comprehensive services in the territory of a city, district or microdistrict of families and children in need of social support, by providing timely and qualified social assistance of various types.

The center may have in its structure various departments of social services for families and children, including departments for primary admission, information, analysis and forecasting, socio-economic assistance, medical and social assistance, psychological and pedagogical assistance, prevention of neglect of children and adolescents, etc. d.

The purpose of the Center is to promote the realization of the right of families and children to protection and assistance from the state, to promote the development and strengthening of the family as a social institution, to improve socio-economic living conditions, indicators of social health and well-being of the family and children, to humanize family ties with society and the state and the establishment of harmonious intra-family relations.

The main tasks of the Center are:

identifying the causes of social disadvantage of specific families and children, their need for social assistance;

determination and provision of specific types and forms of socio-economic, medical-social, psychological-social, socio-pedagogical, legal and other social services to families and children in need of social assistance;

support for families and individuals in solving the problems of their self-sufficiency, realizing their own capabilities to overcome difficult life situations;

social patronage of families and individual citizens in need of social assistance, rehabilitation and support;

participation in the work on the prevention of neglect of minors, the protection of their rights;

analysis of the level of social services for families with children in the city, district, microdistrict, forecasting their need for social assistance and preparing proposals for the development of social services;

involvement of various state and non-governmental organizations in solving issues of social services for families and children.

Families: incomplete, large families, low-income families, etc.;

Children and adolescents in unfavorable family conditions that threaten their health and development; orphaned or left without parental care; having deviations in physical and mental development, incl. disabled people, etc.;

Adult citizens (pregnant women and nursing mothers; having dependent minor children, etc.);

Former pupils of orphanages and boarding schools.

Today, about 1,500 institutions for families and children operate in the system of social protection bodies, of which about 200 are centers for social assistance to families and children.

Social service institutions for pensioners

In accordance with the Constitution of the Russian Federation, citizens of Russia have the right to social security, including pensions, in old age.

A pension is a cash benefit received by citizens from public consumption funds in old age, in case of disability, for length of service, in case of loss of a breadwinner, which is the basis for calculating a pension. Payments are made monthly in connection with the achievement of retirement age.

In accordance with the legislation, pensions are divided into state and non-state. The law establishes labor and social pensions. In connection with labor and other socially useful activities, pensions are assigned: for old age (by age), for disability, for the loss of a breadwinner, for long service. Citizens who for some reason do not have the right to a pension in connection with labor and other socially useful activities are provided with a social pension.

The pension is assigned for life. Pension provision in accordance with the current legislation is carried out by state bodies social security.

Men are entitled to an old-age pension upon reaching the age of 60 with at least 25 years of work experience, women - upon reaching 55 years of age with at least 20 years of work experience. Pensions are granted to certain categories of citizens on preferential terms (that is, at a lower age and length of service).

Pension legislation ensures the right of citizens to choose one of the types of state pension. An exception is established only for persons who became disabled due to a military injury, who can receive two types of state pension at the same time: for old age (or for length of service) and a disability pension.

Great importance in modern conditions acquire institutions of social service for pensioners, interdepartmental work on the organization of social support for the elderly. This is due to an increase in the proportion of older people in the population, a change in the social status of a person in old age, the termination or restriction of labor activity, the transformation of value orientations, the very way of life and communication, as well as the emergence of various difficulties, both in social and domestic psychological adaptation to new conditions. All this dictates the need to develop and implement specific approaches, forms and methods of social work with pensioners and the elderly. Social services for the elderly are carried out in accordance with ethical principles of the International Labor Organization:

personal dignity− the right to decent treatment, treatment, social assistance and support;

freedom of choice- every elderly person has the right to choose between home care and shelter, temporary or permanent;

aid coordination− assistance provided by various social bodies should be active, coordinated and consistent;

care personalization- assistance is provided, first of all, to the elderly citizen himself, taking into account his environment;

bridging the gap between health and social care− given the priority nature of the health condition criterion, the level of financial assistance cannot depend on the standard of living and place of residence.

The regulatory framework for social work with the elderly in the Russian Federation is the Federal Law "On the Fundamentals of Social Services for the Population in the Russian Federation" (dated 10.12.1995). In accordance with this law, the scope of social services provided to the elderly includes: social, social, medical, psychological, pedagogical, social and legal services; financial assistance and social adaptation and rehabilitation of the elderly.

At the initial stages of the development of the social assistance system for the elderly, such urgent problems as catering, medical services, housing, and material support were solved in order to create normal living conditions for them.

At the present stage, the organization of assistance to the elderly, along with the solution of these traditional social problems, involves the development of social technologies, the introduction of which will contribute to solving issues related to psychological difficulties that arise in elderly people in the process of communication or from loneliness. It is also necessary to take into account how older people will perceive other age groups, what are the social problems of those who live to old age, their relationships with other people, the role and status of older people in the family and society, etc. It should be noted that there are different categories of older people. Among them are people:

Not in need of help;

Partially disabled;

in need of service;

Requiring constant care, etc.

As a rule, programs of social assistance, rehabilitation, correction are developed depending on belonging to one or another category of older people. The use of various principles, methods, and techniques of working with a client is also connected with this.

The main principles of working with the elderly are respect and interest in the personality of the client, emphasis on the relevance and usefulness of his experience and knowledge to people around him. It is important to perceive an elderly person not only as an object, but also as a subject of social work. This should help to find and develop their internal reserves that contribute to self-realization, self-support and self-defense. An important role is played by the professional competence of a social worker, which includes knowledge of gerontological and psychological characteristics age, taking into account the client's belonging to a particular social group.

Assistance to the elderly is provided by the social protection authorities through their departments, which identify and keep records, provide various types of social support, offer and provide paid services. Social services are carried out by decision of the bodies of social protection of the population in institutions subordinate to them or under agreements concluded by the bodies of social protection with a social service institution of other forms of ownership.

The following institutions also perform the function of social protection and assistance:

boarding houses;

departments of day and night stay;

special homes for single elderly;

hospitals and departments for chronic patients;

hospitals of various types;

territorial centers of social service;

departments of social assistance at home;

gerontological centers, etc.

In the system of stationary institutions of the Russian Federation, a relatively new element is special houses for permanent residence of single elderly people and married couples who have retained full or partial ability to self-service in everyday life and need appropriate conditions for self-realization of basic life needs.

Model Regulations on a special home for such pensioners (dated April 7, 1994) lists its functions:

providing favorable conditions for living and self-service;

provision of permanent social, household and medical assistance to the elderly citizens living there;

creation of conditions for maintaining active image life, including feasible labor activity.

Architectural and planning decisions of a special house must correspond to the age characteristics of the living contingent of citizens. Such a house consists of one-two-room apartments, includes a complex of social services: a medical office, a library and a room for club work, a dining room (buffet), points for ordering food products, putting things in laundry and dry cleaning, as well as premises for work, etc.

The special home is equipped with small-scale mechanization facilities that facilitate the self-service of the elderly citizens living in it. It should operate around the clock control room, provided with internal communication with all residential premises and external telephone communication.

Medical care for citizens is carried out by medical personnel of territorial medical and preventive institutions.

Based on the current legislation, citizens living in such houses are paid a full pension. They have the right to priority referral to stationary institutions of the social protection authorities.

The organization of special homes for single elderly and elderly couples is one of the promising ways to solve a whole range of social problems of pensioners and elderly citizens.

Social Services for the Disabled

The federal law "On the Social Protection of the Disabled in the Russian Federation" defines the state policy in the field of social protection of the disabled, the purpose of which is to provide disabled people with equal opportunities with other citizens in exercising civil, economic, political and other rights and freedoms provided for by the Constitution of the Russian Federation, as well as in in accordance with generally recognized principles and norms of international law and international treaties of the Russian Federation.

According to the said Law, a disabled person is a person who has a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions due to diseases, the consequences of injuries or defects, leading to a limitation of life and causing the need for social protection. Disability is understood as a complete or partial loss of the ability or ability to carry out self-service, move independently, navigate, communicate, control one's behavior, learn and engage in work activities.

Depending on the degree of disorder of the functions of the body and limitation of life activity, persons recognized as disabled are assigned a disability group, and persons under the age of 16 years are assigned the category “disabled child”.

Social protection of disabled people is a system of state-guaranteed economic, social and legal measures that provide conditions for creating equal opportunities for disabled people with other citizens to participate in society: for individual development, realization of creative and production opportunities and abilities by taking into account the needs of people with disabilities in relevant state programs, providing them with social assistance, etc.

In accordance with the Federal Laws, the following forms of social service for the elderly and disabled ids:

social services at home, including social and medical care;

semi-stationary social services in departments of day (night) stay of social service institutions;

stationary social services in stationary social service institutions (boarding houses, boarding houses and other institutions);

urgent social services in order to provide emergency assistance of a one-time nature to those in dire need of social support;

social advisory assistance aimed at the adaptation of elderly and disabled citizens in society, the development of self-reliance, and the facilitation of adaptation to changing socio-economic conditions.

An increasing role is played by non-stationary institutions, including social service centers for lonely elderly people and the disabled.

According to the Model Regulations on the Center for Social Services (dated July 20, 1993), this institution of social protection of the population carries out organizational and practical activities on the territory of the city or district to provide various types of social assistance to the elderly, the disabled and other groups of the population in need of social support.

The center may have various social service units in its structure, including day care units for the elderly and disabled, social assistance at home, urgent social assistance, etc.

The main tasks of the Center are:

identification of the elderly, disabled and other persons in need of social support, together with state and public organizations (health, education, migration services, committees of the Red Cross Society, veterans' organizations, societies of the disabled, etc.);

definition of specific types and forms assistance to persons in need of social assistance;

differentiated accounting of all persons in need of social support, depending on the types and forms of assistance required, the frequency of its provision;

provision of various social services of a one-time or permanent nature to persons in need of social support;

analysis of the level of social services for the population of a city, district, development of long-term plans for the development of this sphere of social support for the population, the introduction of new types and forms of assistance into practice, depending on the nature of the needs of citizens and local conditions;

involvement of various state and non-state structures in solving the issues of providing social and household assistance to needy segments of the population and coordinating their activities in this direction.

Currently, the system of medical and social assistance to the disabled is being expanded.

Thus, the Federal Law on the Social Protection of the Disabled specifies the concept of medical and social expertise as determining, in the prescribed manner, the needs of the person being examined for social protection measures, including rehabilitation, based on an assessment of disability caused by a persistent disorder of body functions.

Medical and social expertise is carried out on the basis of a comprehensive assessment of the state of the body based on an analysis of clinical and functional, social, household, professional and labor, psychological data of the person being examined using classifications and criteria that are developed and approved in the manner determined by the Government of the Russian Federation.

Medical and social expertise is carried out by the State Service for Medical and Social Expertise, which is part of the system (structure) of the bodies of social protection of the population.

On the The State Service of Medical and Social Expertise is entrusted with:

determination of the disability group, its causes, timing, time of onset of disability, the needs of the disabled person in various types social protection;

development of individual programs for the rehabilitation of disabled people;

participation in development integrated program prevention of disability, medical and social rehabilitation and social protection of the disabled;

determination of the degree of loss of professional capacity for work of persons who have received an industrial injury or occupational disease;

determination of the cause of death of a disabled person in cases where the current legislation provides for the provision of benefits to the family of the deceased.

The law introduces the concept of rehabilitation of disabled people as a system of medical, psychological, pedagogical, socio-economic measures aimed at eliminating or, if possible, more fully compensating for limitations in life activity caused by a health disorder with a persistent disorder of body functions. The purpose of rehabilitation is to restore the social status of a disabled person, to achieve economic independence and social adaptation.

Rehabilitation of the disabled includes:

medical rehabilitation disabled people, which consists of rehabilitation therapy, reconstructive surgery, prosthetics and orthotics;

vocational rehabilitation disabled people, which consists of vocational guidance, vocational education, vocational adaptation and employment;

social rehabilitation disabled people, which consists of social and environmental orientation and social adaptation.

The Federal Basic Program for the Rehabilitation of the Disabled is a guaranteed list of rehabilitation measures, technical means and services provided to the disabled free of charge at the expense of the federal budget.

Based on the decision of the State Service for Medical and Social Expertise, an individual rehabilitation program is developed for a disabled person, which is a complex of optimal rehabilitation measures for him, including certain types, forms, volumes, terms and procedures for the implementation of medical, professional and other rehabilitation measures aimed at restoration, compensation of disturbed or lost body functions, restoration and compensation of abilities to perform certain types of activities.

An individual rehabilitation program for a disabled person is mandatory for execution by the relevant state authorities, local governments, as well as enterprises, institutions and organizations, regardless of ownership.

Measures for the medical, vocational and social rehabilitation of disabled people are carried out by the State Service for the Disabled, which is a set of public authorities, regardless of departmental affiliation, local governments, institutions of various levels.

Rehabilitation are institutions that carry out the process of rehabilitation of disabled people in accordance with rehabilitation programs.

Ensuring the life of the disabled occurs through medical care, unhindered access to information and to social infrastructure facilities.

Thus, the most important task of the state at the present stage is the creation of an effective system of social services as a set of services for various categories of the population in the zone of social risk.

Social services are designed to help clients in solving their social problems to restore or enhance their ability to self-sustain and self-service, to create the necessary conditions for the viability of persons with disabilities.

The main goal of forming this system is to increase the level of social guarantees, provide targeted assistance and support to disabled citizens, primarily at the territorial level and taking into account new social guarantees.

orphanage social care educational

Researchers and practitioners in the field of pedagogy have always paid the most serious attention to the problems of family education, considering it as the most natural basis for the formation of the mental and moral disposition of the individual, development creativity people at all ages of life.

Various types of children's institutions have emerged - from walking groups to orphanages. Children visit some institutions only during the day, in others they live five days a week, returning to their parents on Saturday and Sunday. In institutions of the third type, children stay constantly, only some of them occasionally and briefly visit relatives. These institutions are called closed.

The emergence of children's institutions (institutions) caused a very ambiguous attitude and the desire to understand how they affect the mental development of children, and also gave rise to the problem of "institutionalization".

State forms of placement of children left without parental care are the most developed and most widely used in our country. Let us highlight the main features of institutions of this form of placement of children.

Children's home is a health care institution designed to educate and provide medical assistance to orphans, abandoned children, children of parents who are unable to raise their children, and children with physical and mental development defects. Children from birth to 3 years old, children with defects in physical and mental development up to 4 years old are brought up in the orphanage. Children come to the orphanage from maternity hospitals (orphan children), from hospitals and from families. The main activity of the orphanage is educational and health-improving. Children in the orphanage are provided with food, clothing, footwear, equipment and toys in accordance with approved standards. The discharge of children from the orphanage is made when they return to the family, transfer to Orphanage education system, boarding house social security system or transfer them for adoption, guardianship.

Shelter - a state specialized institution of the system of social protection of the population, new form assistance to orphans and children in difficult situation. Shelters are also created by public organizations.

Shelter - an institution for the temporary stay of a child. The main tasks of the shelter staff are: providing children with psychological and pedagogical support, their socialization, as well as determining the future fate of the child.

Temporary detention centers - a form of temporary accommodation for a child, organized in order to provide him with emergency specialized assistance. Such assistance is sometimes necessary when a child is urgently removed from the family, when there is a need for urgent psychological, pedagogical or social support. An important area of ​​work of the centers is the organization of correctional and rehabilitation measures. Most often, such centers are created by the bodies of social protection of the population, as well as public organizations.

Boarding school - a state institution that provides maintenance, training, development and education of orphans school age, as well as children from families with developmental or learning problems.

There are several types of boarding schools:

boarding schools with a general education program for children without serious problems in personal development;

· Auxiliary boarding schools for children with mild mental retardation and mental retardation (these boarding schools, like the first ones, are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Education);

· boarding schools for children with severe mental retardation, which are under the jurisdiction of the Ministry of Social Protection.

IN last years began to appear boarding schools for gifted children left without parental care.

Family and Children Assistance Center - an institution where children are mainly kept, whose parents are going to decide on parental rights. This process can be quite long, but the child must be taken from dangerous place, into which his own house has become, and, as soon as possible. There are still very few of them in the country - no more than 50. So the main work is carried out in social shelters and social rehabilitation centers.

The main tasks of the center are the temporary maintenance of minors left without parental care, and assistance in their further placement. The center, as well as the shelter, carries out its activities in cooperation with the bodies and institutions of education, health, and internal affairs.

In the Russian Federation, the task national importance is to create conditions for a full-fledged physical, intellectual, spiritual, moral and social development orphans and children left without parental care, preparing them for independent living in modern society. To this end, a comprehensive implementation of measures is envisaged, as federal level, and at the level of subjects of the federation, aimed at the formation and implementation public policy in relation to children left without parental care, and ensuring their social security, vocational training employment and full integration in society.

A very important direction public work is the formation of a family policy aimed at strengthening the family, as social institution, propaganda family values in funds mass media. Education authorities and social educators educational institutions, comprehensive work is being carried out with parents and children in order to return children to their families. Persons are being selected to perform the functions of guardians and trustees, adoptive parents, foster parents; children are monitored for their residence, left without parental care, in the families of citizens; assistance is provided to persons replacing parents in the upbringing, training and organization summer holidays children. The rights and interests of children are protected in court.

Since the main task of each institution where orphans and children left without parental care are located or visited is the socialization of each child, the work of social services is very important in such institutions.

Thus, rehabilitation work is built on the basis of the personality of the child in the center and is aimed at creating conditions conducive to the involvement of children and adolescents in the normal life process, the removal of the child from a difficult life situation, the restoration of broken ties with the family, and the solution of the further life of the minor. The Social Rehabilitation Center is designed to solve the most important tasks of eliminating the consequences of family maladjustment for another initial stage before going to extremes. Nessesary to use A complex approach to the process of socialization of the child to normal conditions life.

The main subjects and forms of social assistance. Providing assistance to children different reasons left without parental care is the most important direction social policy states. The content of social work with this category of children is determined by the priorities of state policy.

The main content of social work with orphans and children left without parental care is to protect their rights, control the conditions of their maintenance, social rehabilitation and adaptation, assistance in finding employment and providing housing. The implementation of these tasks is entrusted to the guardianship and guardianship authorities. They are entrusted with the responsibility of identifying, recording and choosing forms of accommodation for children left without parental care, as well as monitoring the conditions of their maintenance, upbringing and education. They are obliged, within three days from the date of receipt of the notification, to conduct an examination of the child's living conditions and ensure his protection and accommodation. Children left without parental care are subject to be transferred for upbringing to a family (for adoption / adoption, guardianship / guardianship or foster family), and in the absence of such an opportunity, to the appropriate institutions for orphans or children left without parental care. Legislation gives priority to family forms of placement of children, as the most appropriate for the needs of the child and creates optimal conditions for its socialization, education and development.

Guardianship (guardianship) is a form of placement of orphans and children left without parental care for the purpose of their maintenance, upbringing and education, as well as for the protection of their rights and interests; guardianship is established over children under the age of 14; guardianship - over children aged 14 to 18 years. Guardians are representatives of the wards and make all necessary transactions on their behalf and in their interests. Trustees give their consent to the conclusion of those transactions that citizens under guardianship are not entitled to make on their own. Obligations for guardianship (trusteeship) are performed free of charge. For the maintenance of the child, the guardian (custodian) is monthly paid cash in the manner and amount established by the Government of the Russian Federation. Some experts believe that guardianship is more preferable in some cases. For example, in some cases of loss of parental care (illness, prolonged absence) a guardian can be appointed in parallel with them, come to the family, take the child to him. The guardian is obliged to bring up the child, to take care of his health. He has the right to demand in court the return of the child from any persons, including close relatives, if they hold him illegally. However, he does not have the right to prevent the child from communicating with his relatives and friends. The law provides for the protection of children from possible abuse by guardians, in particular, it establishes a limitation of their powers and independence in the disposal of the property of the ward. Usually, close relatives of the ward become guardians. The state must constantly monitor the living conditions of the ward, the fulfillment by the guardian of his duties, provide assistance to the guardians. the transfer of a child (children) for upbringing (by spouses or individual citizens who wish to take children for upbringing in a family) for a period established by the agreement.