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The period is the earliest punctuation mark. Until the last comma: how punctuation marks appeared

As you know, in the system of modern Russian punctuation there are 10 punctuation marks: a period, a comma, a semicolon, an ellipsis, a colon, a question mark, an exclamation point, a dash, brackets and quotation marks.

The oldest sign is dot. It is found in the monuments of ancient Russian writing. However, its use at that time differed from the modern one: the dot was placed not at the bottom of the line, but above - in the middle of it. In addition, let me remind you that at that time even individual words were not separated from each other.

For example: the time is approaching the holiday... (Arkhangelsk Gospel, XI century). Dahl gives this explanation of the word dot:

“POINT (poke) f., badge from an injection, from sticking to something with a point, tip of a pen, pencil; small speck."

It is no coincidence that the root -point- entered the name of such signs as semicolon, colon, ellipsis. And in the Russian language of the 16th-18th centuries, the question mark was called question mark, exclamatory - surprise point. In grammatical works of the 16th century, the doctrine of punctuation marks was called "the doctrine of the strength of points" or " about point intelligence.

Comma considered the most common punctuation mark.

According to P. Ya. Chernykh, the word comma- this is the result of substantiation (transition into a noun) of the passive participle of the past tense from the verb commas (sya)– "to hook (sya)", "to hurt", "to stab". V. I. Dal connects this word with verbs wrist, comma, stammer– “stop”, “delay”.

In Russian, most of the punctuation marks known to us today appear in the 16th-18th centuries. So , parentheses are found in monuments of the 16th century. Previously, this sign was called "capacious".

Colon as a dividing sign begins to be used from the end of the 16th century. It is mentioned in the grammars of Lavrenty Zizaniy, Melety Smotrytsky, as well as in the first Russian grammar of the 18th century.

Exclamation mark noted to express exclamation (surprise) also in the grammars of M. Smotrytsky.

Question mark to express the question is fixed only in the XVIII century.

The later characters are dash And ellipsis. There is an opinion that the dash was invented by N.M. Karamzin. However, it has been proven that this sign was found in the Russian press already in the 60s of the 18th century, and N. M. Karamzin only contributed to the popularization and consolidation of the functions of this sign. Initially, the dash was called "silence".

Ellipsis sign entitled " stop sign" noted in 1831 in the grammar of A. Kh. Vostokov, although its use occurs in the practice of writing much earlier.

No less interesting is the history of the appearance of the sign, which later received the name quotes. The word quotation mark in the meaning of a musical (hook) sign occurs in the 16th century, but in the meaning of a punctuation mark it began to be used only in late XVIII century. It is assumed that the initiative to introduce this punctuation mark into the practice of Russian writing(like dash) belongs to N. M. Karamzin. Scientists believe that the origin of this word is not fully understood. Comparison with the Ukrainian name paws makes it possible to assume that it is formed from the verb kavykat - "waddle", "limp". In this way, quotes – „traces of duck or frog legs”, “hook”, “squiggle”.

Of the year

From the history of punctuation marks

Today it is difficult for us to imagine that books were once printed without the well-known icons called punctuation marks. They have become so familiar to us that we simply do not notice them, and therefore cannot appreciate them. Meanwhile punctuation marks live their independent life in language and have their own interesting history.
IN Everyday life we are surrounded by many objects, things, phenomena, so familiar that we rarely think about the questions: when and how did these phenomena appear and, accordingly, the words that call them? Who is their creator and creator?
Have the words so familiar to us always meant what they mean today? What is the history of their entry into our life and language?
To such a familiar and even to some extent ordinary (due to the fact that we encounter this every day) can be attributed Russian writing, more precisely, the graphic system of the Russian language.
The basis of the graphic system of the Russian language, like many other languages, are letters and punctuation marks.
To the question, when did the Slavic alphabet, which underlies the Russian alphabet, and who was its creator, many of you confidently answer: the Slavic alphabet was created by the brothers Cyril and Methodius (863); the basis of the Russian alphabet was the Cyrillic alphabet; Every year in May we celebrate the Day of Slavic Literature.
And when they appeared punctuation marks? Are all known and so well known to us punctuation marks(period, comma, ellipsis, etc.) appeared at the same time? How did the punctuation system of the Russian language develop? What is the history of Russian punctuation?
Let's try to answer some of these questions.
As you know, in the system of modern Russian punctuation 10 punctuation marks: dot [.], comma [,], semicolon [;], ellipsis […], colon [:], question mark [?], exclamation mark [!], dash [-], brackets [()] and quotes [" "].

https://pandia.ru/text/78/123/images/image004_2.gif" align="left hspace=12" width="343" height="219"> The period can rightly be considered the ancestor of Russian punctuation. It is no accident this word (or its root) entered the name of such signs as a semicolon, colon, ellipsis.And in the Russian language of the 16th-18th centuries, the question mark was called the question point, the exclamation mark was the point of surprise.In the grammatical works of the 16th century, the doctrine of punctuation marks was called “the doctrine of the power of points” or “about the point mind”, and in the grammar of Lawrence Zizania (1596) the corresponding section was called “On points”.

The most common punctuation mark in Russian, a comma is considered. This word is found in the 15th century. According to the opinion, the word comma is the result of substantiation (transition into a noun) of the passive participle of the past tense from the verb coma (sya) - “to hook (sya)”, “to hurt”, “to stab”. connects this word with the verbs wrist, comma, stammer - “stop”, “delay”.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/123/images/image006.jpg" align="left" width="178" height="144 src=">
The colon [:] has been used as a separator since the end of the 16th century. It is mentioned in the grammars of Lavrenty Zizaniy, Melety Smotrytsky (1619), as well as in the first Russian grammar of the Dolomonos period (1731).

The exclamation mark [!] is also noted to express exclamation (surprise) in the grammars of M. Smotrytsky and. The rules for setting the “surprising sign” are defined in the “Russian Grammar” (1755).

The question mark [?] has been found in printed books since the 16th century, but to express a question it was fixed much later, only in the 18th century. Initially, in the meaning of [?] there was [;] .

https://pandia.ru/text/78/123/images/image008.jpg" align="left" width="354" height="473 src=">A paragraph or a red line also applies to punctuation marks. The paragraph serves to highlight significant parts of the text, deepens the previous point and opens up a completely new train of thought.

https://pandia.ru/text/78/123/images/image010_0.gif" alt=". , ? ! ... : ; " align="left" width="692" height="116 src="> Yagodina Anastasia, student of the 4A class of the gymnasium No. 1 in Murmansk

Punctuation marks have been around for a long time. But their number and rules of use gradually changed. There was a time when those who wrote in Russian got by with just one sign - a dot located in the middle of a line between groups of undivided words. It is punctuation that is an important tool registration of written speech: punctuation marks indicate its semantic articulation. At the same time, to a large extent, Russian punctuation is based on syntactic basis, as the wording of most punctuation rules shows. All this gives the Russian punctuation system great flexibility: along with the mandatory rules, it contains instructions that do not have a strict normative nature and allow punctuation options related not only to the semantic side of the written text, but also to its stylistic features. J.K. Grot believed that through the main punctuation marks, “an indication of a large and a smaller connection between sentences, and partly between members of sentences” is given, which serves “to make it easier for the reader to understand written speech.”

After analyzing the edition of Shapiro "Punctuation", we can conclude that punctuation marks are signs that form a special part of the general graphic system of a given language and serve those aspects of written speech that cannot be expressed in letters and other written symbols (numbers, equal sign, sign similarities).

This definition of the role of punctuation marks is a modern generalization. But how did Russian science come to him?

Ancient scribes did not use punctuation marks, and for a long time all words were written together. Punctuation originates in the IV-V centuries. when they start using a space; texts are designed so that each major period begins with a red line and with a capital letter. Most of the Latin monuments are punctuated later.

To indicate the end of a sentence or phrase, a combination of dots and dashes was used: “syllable”, “article”, “rhyme”.

In the most ancient written monuments, other signs were common:

Period in the middle of a string (corresponds to a comma)

Quadruple (a conceivable cross, corresponds to a dot)

Crosses of various types (placed to divide the sacred text into verses).

Interestingly, in part of the text of the Ostromirov Gospel (1056 - 1057), a cross and a wavy vertical line - "serpent" are also used, the functions of which are not clearly defined. "Cross" and "serpent" are written in red, the point - in black, like the text itself. According to the drawing, these signs resemble “kryzh” and “serpent” in ancient notes, and on the first sheets two more signs are added to the cross, also clearly originating from notes: on top - a sign called “horn” in ancient notation, below - “bench” .

In ancient Russian writing, the text was not divided into words and sentences. Punctuation marks (period, cross, wavy line) divided the text mainly into semantic segments or marked a stop in the work of the scribe.

Of great importance for the development of punctuation was the introduction of printing. The setting of characters in printed works was primarily the work of typographic masters, who often did not take into account what the author's handwritten text was in terms of punctuation.

Formed in basic terms to XVIII century the system of punctuation marks required the development of certain rules about their use. Even in the XVI - XVII centuries the first attempts were observed to theoretically comprehend the setting of the punctuation marks that existed by that time. However, the general and particular foundations for punctuation marks in their main features took shape during the 18th century, when the formation of the foundations of modern Russian ended. literary language.

The principles on which the entire system of punctuation rules is based were gradually comprehended.

Most of the ancient writings knew only a “paragraph” or “period” of all punctuation marks. Graphically, they were expressed in different ways, although, apparently, the dot was the most common form. In ancient Russian writing, the most common sign was a dot, used more or less in the sense of our comma and basically dividing, apparently, the text into syntagmas. Those or other signs of a more complex form, which would more or less correspond in meaning to our point, are less common and are something in between our "paragraph" and "point".

As far as can be judged from the testimony of monuments, including printed ones, as well as from grammatical and spelling manuals of the 18th century (mainly for studying foreign languages), the main reason for punctuation was the presence of pauses in speech of greater or lesser duration. For setting a question mark, the interrogative meaning of the sentence served as the basis, for setting a colon - the transition from the explained part of the sentence to the explanatory one. But these two punctuation marks were not placed in all cases. So, there were significantly fewer punctuation marks in the middle of the 18th century than in our time. By the end of the 18th century, new punctuation marks appeared: dashes, quotation marks, ellipsis. They were usually introduced into the practice of writing by writers and, accordingly, were reflected in textbooks and teaching aids on grammar and spelling. It is known that the sign of the dash (or "line") was the first to use Karamzin. It is still not possible to specify exactly who owns the initiative to use ellipsis and quotation marks in Russian writing.

The beginning of the scientific development of Russian punctuation was laid by a brilliant representative grammar science XVIII century M. V. Lomonosov in his work "Russian Grammar", written in 1755. M. V. Lomonosov gives an exact list of punctuation marks used by that time in Russian printed literature, sets out the rules for their use in a system, formulating these rules on a semantic and grammatical basis.

The greatest merit in streamlining Russian punctuation in the 19th century belongs to Academician Ya. K. Grot, whose book “ Russian spelling"- the result of many years of research into the history and principles of Russian writing - became the first academic set of spelling and punctuation rules in Russia and withstood 20 editions until 1917. Grotto sets out in detail the history and principles of Russian writing, difficult cases of spelling, gives a scientifically systematized and theoretically meaningful set of spelling and punctuation rules. The rules for the use of punctuation marks formulated by him are valuable in that they sum up the searches in the field of punctuation of previous authors. Grot's ordered punctuation, as well as spelling, rules have entered the practice of the school and publishing houses and, at their core, with minor changes, are still in effect today.

Some linguists are of the view that Russian punctuation is based on a semantic basis, others on a grammatical basis, and still others on an intonation basis. However, despite the theoretical disagreements of scientists, the fundamental foundations of Russian punctuation remain unchanged, which contributes to its stability, although individual punctuation rules are periodically refined and specified in connection with the development of Russian grammatical theory and the Russian literary language as a whole.

1. 2. Principles of modern punctuation.

Classification of punctuation marks and their characteristics.

Modern Russian punctuation is built on semantic and structural-grammatical foundations, which are interconnected and condition each other. Punctuation reflects the semantic division of written speech, indicates semantic connections and relationships between individual words and groups of words, and various semantic shades of parts of a written text.

Punctuation marks are divided into:

▪ distinguishing marks, which serve to mark the boundaries of a syntactic construction that is introduced into a sentence to supplement, explain its members or the entire sentence, explain its members or the entire sentence as a whole, intonation-semantic allocation of c. - l. part of the sentence, as well as to indicate the boundary of the construction containing the name of the person or object to which the speech is addressed, or expressing the subjective attitude of the writer to his statement, or shaping someone else's statement: two commas - as a single pair sign, two dashes - as a single pair sign , quotes, brackets;

▪ separating signs that serve to distinguish between independent sentences, their parts (main and subordinate clauses, subject groups and predicate groups), homogeneous syntactic elements ( homogeneous members sentences, subordinate clauses), as well as to indicate the type of sentence for the purpose of the statement, on emotional character sentences, for a speech break: dot, question mark, exclamation point, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, ellipsis.

Consider modern performance about punctuation marks:

1) A period (.) is a punctuation mark placed at the end of a sentence. The period is one of the most ancient punctuation marks. It was used to separate words or larger sections of text from each other. In the same function, a cross or a vertical, wavy line was used. The point was originally placed on different levels: either at the base of the letter, or at the level of its middle. Sometimes a scribe, interrupting work, could put a full stop even in the middle of a word. In modern Russian written speech, a dot is placed at the end of a declarative or motivating sentence: “It was evening. The sky was dark. The waters flowed quietly" (Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"). The dot is used in abbreviated spelling of words (for example: etc., etc.); and in abbreviations, the dot is not put.

2) Question mark - a punctuation mark used to express a question. Initially, a semicolon was used in the meaning of the question mark (this is reflected in the grammars of L. Zizania, (1596), and M. Smotrytsky, (1619), although the question mark was already found in the books of the first half of the 16th century. Finally, the question mark was fixed to express the question of "Russian grammar" M. V. Lomonosov.In modern Russian written speech, an exclamation point is put:

▪ at the end of an interrogative sentence, including after incomplete interrogative sentences following one after another: “Who are you? Live? Dead? (A. Blok, "Poems about a beautiful lady");

▪ in interrogative sentences with homogeneous members after each homogeneous member in order to dismember the question: “Yes, what am I to whom? before them? to the whole universe? (Griboyedov "Woe from Wit");

3) An exclamation mark (!) is a punctuation mark used to express an exclamation. This sign under the name "amazing" is mentioned in the grammar of M. Smotritsky (1619). In modern Russian written speech, an exclamation mark is put:

▪ at the end of an exclamatory sentence: “Long live the revolution, joyful and fast!” (Mayakovsky, poem "V. I. Lenin");

▪ in exclamatory sentences with homogeneous members after each homogeneous member to indicate the emotional discontinuity of speech: “I rejected everything: laws! conscience! faith!" (Griboyedov "Woe from Wit");

▪ after words pronounced with an exclamatory intonation - sentences, appeals, interjections at the beginning (in poetic speech- and in the middle) sentences or used independently: “Old man! I heard many times that you saved me from death ”(Lermontov“ Mtsyri ”);

▪ in brackets inside or after a quote to express the author's attitude (irony, indignation, etc.) to the quoted text.

4) Comma (,) - a punctuation mark that serves to separate or highlight words, groups of words and simple sentences as part of a complex one. The appearance of a comma in the monuments of Russian writing dates back to the 15th century. In modern Russian written speech, a comma is the most common punctuation mark, acting as a separating function (one comma) or in an excretory function (paired punctuation mark - two commas). The comma is used:

▪ between homogeneous members of the sentence (connected without unions, repeating or paired unions, non-repeating unions with an opposing or concessive meaning) and between repeated words: “I will put not the clan, but the mind in governors.” (Pushkin "Boris Godunov"); “Winter was waiting, nature was waiting” (Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”);

▪ between simple sentences that are part of a complex non-union or compound sentence: “The sun went behind the mountains, but it was still light” (Lermontov, poem “Demon”);

▪ between main and subordinate clause(or to highlight the subordinate clause on both sides), between subordinate clauses: “Go along the free path, where the free mind leads you” (Pushkin, poem “To the Poet”);

▪ to separate or isolate isolated members of a sentence, with words or groups of words that limit or clarify other words in the sentence: “In the distance, closer to the grove, axes thudded dully” (Turgenev “Notes of a Hunter”);

▪ with comparative turns: “like a storm, death takes the groom” (Pushkin “Boris Godunov”);

▪ to separate or highlight words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence ( introductory words, appeals, interjections, affirmative, negative and interrogative words): “With his eyes, it seems that he would like to eat everyone.”

(Krylov, fable "Wolf in the kennel").

5) Semicolon (;) - a punctuation mark used in a complex and, less often, in a simple sentence to separate its relatively independent parts. It was first introduced by the Italian printer Aldus Manutius in 1449, who used it to separate opposite words and independent parts of compound sentences. Shakespeare already used (;) in his sonnets. In Church Slavonic, the semicolon played the role of a question mark.

▪ “And Esau said: Behold, I am going to die, and this is my preeminence”

▪ “Esau said, Behold, I am dying, what is this birthright to me?”

In modern Russian writing, a semicolon is placed:

▪ in complex non-union and compound sentences, if their parts are widely distributed and contain commas, for example: “The pale gray sky was brighter, colder, bluer; the stars now twinkled with a faint light, then disappeared; the earth is damp, the leaves are sweating” (Turgenev “Bezhin meadow”); “Almost every evening later they went somewhere out of town, to Oreanda or to a waterfall; and the walk went well, the impressions were invariably beautiful, majestic every time ”(Chekhov“ The Lady with the Dog ”);

▪ in a simple sentence between homogeneous members of the sentence, if they are widely distributed and contain commas, for example: “In the darkness, the same obscure objects were vaguely represented: in some distance a black wall, the same moving spots; next to me is the croup of a horse, which, waving its tail, widely spread its legs: its back is in a white Circassian coat.

(L. N. Tolstoy, collected works, story "The Raid").

6) Colon (:) - a punctuation mark, in the form of two dots located one under the other, used in a simple sentence and in a non-union complex sentence. Combinations of several points are noted in the monuments of Russian writing of the most ancient period. These signs were originally used to separate words or larger sections of text from each other. In modern Russian writing, a semicolon is placed:

▪ before listing, if it is preceded by a generalizing word or words, for example, somehow, namely, for example: “A large fish is beating with a sharp edge, such as: pikes, catfish, asps, pike perches” (Aksakov, “Notes of a rifle hunter of the Orenburg province ", stories and memoirs of a hunter about different hunts. "Hunting with a spear");

▪ in a complex non-union sentence, if the second part reveals the content of the first part, complements the first or indicates the reason for what is said in the first part, for example: full of people” (Lermontov “A Hero of Our Time”);

7) Dash - (French tiret, from tirer - pull) - a punctuation mark in the form of a horizontal line (-), used in simple and complex sentences. Introduced into use by the Russian writer and historian N. M. Karamzin. In modern Russian written speech, the dash is put:

▪ between the subject and the predicate: “Lgov is a large steppe village” (Turgenev “Notes of a Hunter”);

▪ before a generalizing word after homogeneous members: “Hope and a swimmer - the whole sea swallowed up” (Krylov, works in 2 volumes. “An old man and three young people”);

▪ before standalone application, usually standing at the end of the sentence: “I had a cast-iron teapot with me - my only joy in traveling around the Caucasus.”

(Lermontov "A Hero of Our Time");

▪ between members of a sentence to express surprise or opposition: “I wanted to travel around the whole world - and did not travel a hundredth” (Griboyedov “Woe from Wit”);

▪ in a complex non-union sentence to indicate a quick change of events, to express a sharp contrast, to express temporary, conditional-investigative and other relationships: “Ignat lowered his gun - misfired” (Chekhov “White-browed”);

▪ between replicas in a dialogue given without a paragraph, or at the beginning of replicas given from a paragraph;

▪ to indicate decay simple sentence into verbal groups, which often happens when a member of a sentence is omitted:

“I ask you: do the workers need to be paid?” (Chekhov "Ivanov");

“Everything is obedient to me, but I am nothing” (Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”);

8) A double dash (a paired punctuation mark acting as a highlighting function) is used to highlight:

▪ introductory and plug-in sentences and constructions: “There is nothing to do here - friends kissed” (Krylov, the fable “Two Doves”);

▪ a common application after the word being defined to emphasize the independent meaning of this application: “In front of the doors of the club - a wide log guest houses workers with banners were waiting” (Fedin, novel “An Extraordinary Summer”);

9) Ellipsis - () - a punctuation mark in the form of those adjacent dots, used to indicate the incompleteness or interruption of a statement, as well as omissions in the text. For the first time it was indicated in the grammar of A. Kh. Vostokov (1831) under the name "stop sign". Dots are used:

▪ to indicate incompleteness or a break in the statement caused by the speaker's excitement or an unexpected transition to another thought, as well as to indicate a pause that emphasizes the text following it: "Without receiving an answer, Dunya raised her head and fell on the carpet with a cry."

(Pushkin, prose, "The Stationmaster");

▪ when quoting (before the beginning of a quotation, in the middle or after it) to indicate that a frequently quoted text has been omitted. To distinguish a gap in a quotation from an author's ellipsis, some special editions use special reception: in case of a gap, not three, but two dots are placed side by side.

2. 1. General comparison of modern Russian and European punctuation

The punctuation systems of most modern writing systems are the same.

The differences relate only to particulars. punctuation marks in English language, for example, are used less frequently and not in the same way as in Russian. Punctuation in English is a very problematic part of grammar. Unlike Russian, punctuation is not given due attention in English. Many native speakers take such liberties with punctuation in writing that they seem unacceptable.

English punctuation is basically similar to Russian, but its application is very free and not subject to strict, mandatory rules.

The punctuation systems of the Russian and English languages, in addition to their general similarity, have a number of features. The functions of the same punctuation marks, as well as the ways in which similar linguistic phenomena are presented in written speech, often do not coincide. In Russian, punctuation depends mainly on the syntactic structure of a sentence, while in English, syntactic boundaries within a sentence are not necessarily punctuated.

In Russian, the subordinate clause is always separated by a comma from the main clause. In English, this happens much less often, namely:

▪ The subordinate clause is not separated by a comma:

We know that at present all roads lead to Communism.

We know that at present all roads lead to communism.

▪ subordinate clause defining sentence is not separated by a comma if it is not descriptive, but restrictive, i.e. when it distinguishes the word being defined from a number of others:

The historic changes that have occurred in Asia are of cardinal significance.

The historical changes that have taken place in Asia are of paramount importance.

If the attributive clause provides only additional information about the word or sentence being defined and is equivalent to an independent sentence, then it is separated by a comma:

Tsiolkovsky studied many branches of knowledge, which enabled him to become a prominent scientist.

Tsiolkovsky studied many branches of knowledge, which helped him become an outstanding scientist.

The subordinate conditional and adverbial clause is separated by a comma only if it precedes the equal clause (or if it is too long):

If you added less acid, the reaction would not be so violent.

If you had added less acid, the reaction would not have been as violent.

In Russian, quotation marks are placed at the bottom and at the top, in English - only along the top cut of the line:

You don't like this “You don't like the man, man? do you?”

Yes, I don't like it. “No, I don't”

You don't like this “You don't like the man, man? Do you?”

No, I like it. “Yes, I do”

In English, the dash is not used to convey remarks in the dialogue of the interlocutors or between the words of the author and direct speech, as in Russian, in this case quotation marks are enough.

Single dashes perform several functions in English that do not coincide with the functions of a dash in Russian (here it is used to distinguish the subject from the predicate with a zero connective), for example: "Our neighbor is an engineer." There is no such function in English, since there is no link in the declarative sentence in English, then there may not be a dash, for example: “Not a coward!” But in English, a dash is placed where in Russian it does not tend to stand, namely, to indicate an interrupted or for some reason unfinished sentence (in Russian, in such cases, ellipsis is put). Let's analyze the examples: “Marrying Sibil Vane? » cried Lord Henry, standing up and looking at Dorian. “But, my dear Dorian – Yesterday when I heard that Sibil Vane had killed herself -. ” The dash in this case denotes an unfinished presentation, the cause of which is the strong excitement of the speaker, weighing his words. Another difference in the use of dashes in English from Russian. In English, it is not customary to put a dash at the beginning of a dialogue to indicate a change in speaking faces. Thus, we can safely say that the functions and rules for using dashes are different in Russian and English.

Both in English and in Russian, to frame words, phrases of an introductory nature, wedged into the text, to isolate a common application, paired commas or paired brackets are put to close:

He, Martin Eden, was a better man than that fellow.

The old gentleman, her father, was always dabbing on speculation.

Sometimes additions are also highlighted on both sides, which in a conversation have the power of an intonation character.

Similarly, in Russian and English, a comma is placed in compound sentences in the presence of the unions “and”, “but”, “so”.

(“and”, “but”, “so”).

The use of a comma in a complex sentence. In Russian, a comma is always put, and in English it is put only when the subordinate clause ends, which is part of a complex sentence starting with the words “that”, “because”, “as”, “if”, “when”, “after”, “since” - (“this”, “because”, “how”, “if”, “when”, “after”, “since”), etc. But if the main clause comes first, then a comma is not placed before the listed allied words:

When Paul called to see Pearl, she found her still sick.

The day came to an end when they appeared in the distance.

Consider the differences in the use of a comma in English and Russian sentences. In a sentence with a small text of direct speech, a comma is put in the English sentence, and a colon will be in Russian:

She sank down by his side and cried, “Oh, Phil! It's all so horrid!" But if the text of direct speech is long, then a colon is also put, for example:

Lincoln said: “Many years ago our fathers had brought forth on this continent a new nation, conceived in Liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal”

In conclusion, it is worth adding that introductory words in English, as in Russian, are necessarily separated by commas:

Namely, it was her natural shyness. (Namely)

Of course, he apologized. (Certainly)

As for the next sign, the colon, in both languages it clarifies, explains, expands or narrows further information.

Sometimes a colon stylistically colors a sentence and indicates its high style and the seriousness of the information. Of course, here there is a slight difference between the use of a comma and a colon, and in English the colon is used more widely, in a slightly different direction, that is, it can be an independent statement, for example:

Oh, don't shout Paul: it really isn't nice.

Mother-in-Law, Sergius: mother-in-law.

The next sign - a semicolon - also approximately coincides in Russian and English, but sometimes a Russian semicolon corresponds to a colon in English. The most important function of a semicolon is to stand at the end of a sentence that expresses an incomplete thought, followed by another simple or complex sentence, completing the sentence, followed by a period. A semicolon can be placed in a sentence several times, using the example of one long complex non-union sentence, which includes several simple sentences, not closely bound friend with a friend, so as not to confuse the reader with a long sentence with various complications.

Moreover, it can be noted that errors are made much less frequently on this punctuation mark.

It should also be noted that the function of the period, as a punctuation mark at the end of a sentence, does not differ at all in different languages, which can not be said about the dash.

After analyzing the use of punctuation marks in Russian and English, we can come to the conclusion that it is some difference in their use that is the reason for errors.

Punctuation marks are now largely uniform and perform almost the same function in many European and non-European languages. So, for example, in Russian and most European languages interrogative and exclamatory sentences are fixed, as a rule, with one question or exclamation mark at the end of the sentence, and in Spanish- two question and exclamation marks - at the beginning and at the end of the sentence. At the same time, an overturned question and exclamation mark are put first:

- "¿Quién fue el autor de la Ilíada?"

-“¡Que me me acuerde de tí!”

- "¿Qué hace ahí?"

In Spanish, all the same characters are used as in Russian, but there are also their own, special ones. What are they called and what role do they play? coma - comma, punto final - period, punto y coma - semicolon, dos puntos - colon, puntos suspensivos () - ellipsis, principio de interrogación (¿) - initial question mark, fin de interrogación (?) - final question mark , principio de admiración (¡) - initial exclamation mark, fin de admiración (!) - final exclamation mark, paréntesis () - brackets, diéresis o crema (¨) - trema, colon over letter, comillas (""; "") - quotes, guión (-) - hyphen, raya (-) - dash, dos rayas (=) - double dash.

Commas, periods and parentheses indicate pauses different lengths which, when read, make it possible to understand the meaning of sentences. These signs are used in Spanish in almost the same way as in Russian, with the only difference being that complex sentences with many participles and participle turns in Spanish they are not as frequent as in Russian, and they are not distinguished in writing.

A period is the end of a sentence or an abbreviation. Comma - enumeration, conversion, clarification, introductory words and words - bundles (esto es, es decir, o sea, en fin, por último, por consiguiente, sin embargo, no obstante, además, en tal caso, por lo tanto, en cambio, en primer lugar, generalmente, posiblemente, efectivamente, finalmente, en definitiva, por regla general, quizás). In addition, the comma is used in dates, bibliographic data and addresses (Madrid, 25 de enero de 2007. BELLO, Andrés: Gramática de la lengua castellana destinada al uso de los americanos.)

The semicolon is used to indicate a pause longer than from a comma but shorter than from a colon, and is most often used before a subordinate adversative clause.

The colon is used before the enumeration after the generic word.

Quotation marks indicate quotations, or give figurative meaning some words. The hyphen is used to wrap words and to connect parts of compound words.

The dash is used in direct speech, and in all other cases in the same way as in Russian (for lists, for clarifications, pauses, etc.). As for the double dash, this is a rarely used obsolete character used in copies of documents to indicate paragraphs that are given separately in the original.

Conclusion

Russian punctuation can be considered both in a narrow and in a broad sense. In a narrow sense, it includes basic punctuation marks. These are sentence-ending characters (period, exclamation mark, question mark, ellipsis), sentence “middle” characters (comma, semicolon, dash, colon), paired characters (double comma, double dash, brackets, quotation marks). Thus, the main corpus of punctuation marks in Russian includes twelve characters that students should know well. In a broad sense, punctuation marks include signs of the spatial organization of the text: space, paragraph indents, asterisks, etc.

Without the ability to punctuate, it is impossible to master written speech in general, which is why it is so important to know punctuation - a branch of the science of language that talks about their use. And without mastering the written language, thanks to which human knowledge and experience is passed down from generation to generation, it is impossible to even imagine life today.

Punctuation marks arose from the need to divide the written text into segments of greater or lesser independence in accordance with the semantic structure of speech. Thus, the first punctuation marks denoted pauses of greater or lesser duration within the written text. It goes without saying that writers could only be satisfied with such primitive punctuation during the initial stages of writing. Indeed, with the development of writing, especially after the introduction and spread of printing, the punctuation system became more complicated and deepened, until, in a relatively short period, it reached the state that is preserved in its main features in modern European languages.

The principles of punctuation are interrelated and in the same punctuation fact we can find a combination of different principles, although the leading one is syntactic (structural). Modern Russian punctuation relies on the meaning, structure, and rhythmic-intonational division of the sentence in their interaction. Therefore, Russian punctuation is quite flexible and, along with mandatory rules, contains indications that allow punctuation options.

Comparison of the punctuation design of texts that are chronologically distant from each other helped to understand the essence of modern Russian punctuation. Punctuation is a living, mobile, developing, historically established system.

After analyzing the history of the use of punctuation marks in the Russian language, considering the norms for the use of punctuation marks in European languages, we can conclude that Russian punctuation is very similar to the punctuation of European languages (Spanish, English).

Summing up centuries of history writing and printing, it can be seen that it has steadily developed towards an increase in both the number and variety of functions of the signs used - this was facilitated by the improvement of the methods of presenting information, and the complication of human activity and the emergence of its new forms led to the emergence of new categories of written signs that appeared as a response to the need for new types of information:

The invention of printing, the spread of literacy and paper correspondence, the transition of the book from the field of highly specialized, mainly religious texts, to the field of sources of diverse worldly content required the introduction of punctuation marks that help convey intonational and semantic features, dialogues, etc.

The complication of legal practice and the need to compose structured texts led to the development of chapters, paragraphs, paragraphs, footnotes, explanations and the invention of signs to highlight them.

The advent of computer correspondence and conversational communication without direct contact caused a need for written transmission of emotions, gestures and facial expressions, which contributed to the emergence of emoticons.

To learn how to handle punctuation marks, you need to understand what is the basis for their use. Do you think intonation? Oh no! This is a dangerous shaky approach. Here everyone would have done this in their own way! Remember to write words by ear

So what lies at the basis of Russian punctuation, what signs of a sentence should be used in order to correctly punctuate?

Russian punctuation has a twofold basis. This was pointed out by the great Lomonosov in his "Russian Grammar": Lowercase signs are placed according to the strength of the mind and its location, and unions.

Remember: To put this or that punctuation mark, you must first determine the semantic side of the sentence and then its structure, that is, act according to the formula:

MEANING + STRUCTURE = punctuation marks

Here is an example of how the sign affects the meaning of sentences: There were a lot of people that day. We pushed in the woods, along the shore, settled all the benches: some in tracksuits, some in pajamas, with children, with dogs, guitars. (Yu. Trifonov). Firstly, thanks to the comma, the forest was not on the shore; And Secondly, the comma avoided "pajamas with children and dogs."

Andreeva Maria

When asked when the Slavic alphabet, which is the basis of the Russian alphabet, arose, many of us will confidently answer that the Slavic alphabet was created by the brothers Cyril and Methodius (863). The Russian alphabet was based on the Cyrillic alphabet, every year on May 24 we celebrate the Day of Slavic Writing.

When did punctuation marks appear? Do we know enough about the history of our native language? Is it possible to correlate the very first punctuation marks with modern ones? In my work, I would like to highlight the topic of the history of punctuation marks, because at school, unfortunately, the history of punctuation marks is studied very little.

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GBOU OOSH with. Chetyrovka

Topic: "The history of the emergence

punctuation marks »

Completed by: Andreeva Maria,

9th grade student

Supervisor:

Filatova Elena Gennadievna,

Teacher of Russian language and literature

Samara 2014

I. Introduction. Why did I choose this topic? …………………… 3

II. Main part. The history of punctuation.

2.1. Why is punctuation necessary?................................................………..4 -five

2.2. Punctuation system…..……………………………...5

2.3. Periods in the development of punctuation..……………………..….....5

2.4. Manuscripts from the XI century…………………………………………..5-6

2.5 The advent of typography…………………………………..6-8

2.6 Ordering Russian punctuation…………………………..8

2.7 Functions of punctuation marks in the modern Russian language……………………………………………………………………9-12

III. Conclusion. Without punctuation marks it is impossible to imagine life today. …………………………….…………………….13-14

IV. References………………………………………………………………15

V.Appendix…………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………………….16 -19

I Introduction

Why did I choose this topic?

When asked when the Slavic alphabet, which is the basis of the Russian alphabet, arose, many of us will confidently answer that the Slavic alphabet was created by the brothers Cyril and Methodius (863). The Russian alphabet was based on the Cyrillic alphabet, and annually on May 24 we celebrate the Day of Slavic Writing.

When did punctuation marks appear? Do we know enough about the history of our native language? Is it possible to correlate the very first punctuation marks with modern ones?In my work, I would like to highlight the topic of the history of punctuation marks, because at school, unfortunately, the history of punctuation marks is studied very little.

I conducted a survey among the students of our school to identify the degree of awareness on this topic. The survey showed that we do not know the history of punctuation marks. It is not known what the period looked like and what the “semicolon” was originally called. 2% of students know that they used to put a cross instead of a dot. 100% of respondents agreed that the history of punctuation marks should be known (Appendix 1).

Punctuation is an integral part of our life. We use punctuation to express emotions. With the help of correctly placed punctuation marks, we can convey joy, surprise, threat, request, order.

Everything related to the history of the native language - topical . We must remember and preserve what was created by our ancestors.

Objective: to study theoretical material on the history of the emergence of punctuation marks,to trace,how the system of modern Russian punctuation developed.

To achieve this goal, I set myself the following TASKS :

find out what was before punctuation and how it was born;
analyze the history of the use of punctuation marks in the Russian language;
highlight the functions of punctuation marks in modern Russian.

Research methods

Theoretical:

Studying sources of information.

Practical:

Survey of students of the Chetyrovskaya school.

II. History of punctuation marks

1. Why do you need punctuation?

Why is punctuation necessary? Why are the letters of the alphabet not enough to make what is written understandable to the reader? After all, words are made up of letters denoting speech sounds, and speech is made up of words. But the fact is that to pronounce individual words one after another does not mean to make what is pronounced intelligible. Words in speech are combined into groups, between groups of words, and sometimes intervals of various lengths are made between individual words, on word groups or over individual words, either rise or fall in tone is made. And all this is not accidental, but is subject to certain rules: intervals, rises, and falls of tone (the so-called intonation) express certain shades of the meaning of speech segments. The writer must firmly know what semantic connotation he wants to give to his statement and its individual parts, and what method he must use for this.

With the advent of writing, written transmission of knowledge has received great development. But knowledge is one thing, and what we call literature is quite another. Remember how you feel when you read an exciting book? And the tears that this or that work causes? And what about the feeling of strength, the desire to break away and run to help, which you feel after reading the notes of a loved one? Because no one is telling you. You just look at the letters on the parchment that add up to words and that cause so many emotions inside you. And these unloved dots, commas and other icons play the biggest role in the perception of what is written. As Chekhov said, "punctuation marks serve as notes when reading."

Punctuation, like spelling, is part of the graphic system adopted for a given language, and must be as firmly mastered as the letters of the alphabet with their sound values, in order for the letter to accurately and completely express the content of the statement. And in order for this content to be equally perceived by all readers, it is necessary that the meaning of punctuation marks be firmly established within one national language. It does not matter that the appearance of punctuation marks in different languages may be the same, but the meaning and, consequently, their use are different. It is important that all those who write and read in one language or another have the same understanding of what this or that punctuation mark expresses.

2. Punctuation system

Punctuation is a collection of punctuation rules, as well as the punctuation system itself. There are 10 punctuation marks in the modern Russian punctuation system: period [.], comma [,], semicolon [;], ellipsis […], colon [:], question mark [?], exclamation mark [!], dash [ -], brackets [()] and quotation marks [" "]. The names of most punctuation marks in Russian are native Russian, and the term punctuation marks itself goes back to the verb punctuate "stop", "stop in motion".

3. Periods in the development of punctuation

Three periods are noted in the development of punctuation in Russian writing: the first covers manuscripts from the 11th century to the introduction of book printing in Russia; the second period of early printed books until the correction of the text of the Holy Scriptures under Patriarch Nikon (XVII century); third period - to date (Appendix 2)

1. Manuscripts of the 11th century. - 16th century printing

2. Early printed books of the 15th - early 17th centuries.

3. 18th century - until now

Punctuation marks have been around for a long time. But their number and rules of use gradually changed.

4. Manuscripts from the 11th century

Handwritten books were written without spaces between words, without capital and lowercase letters (except for the initial letter at the beginning of the page, which also did not appear immediately).
If we look at ancient handwritten books, we will not find the usual punctuation marks. Many people think that there were no punctuation marks at all until the 15th century. Indeed, there were no signs obeying punctuation rules. But there were pause signs. Dots can be seen in the manuscript of an ancient book.

The dot is the oldest sign. It is already found in the monuments of ancient Russian writing. However, its use at that time was different from the modern one. The point was placed not at the bottom of the line, but above - in the middle of it; moreover, in that period, even individual words were not separated from each other. For example: at the time the holiday is approaching ... (Arkhangelsk Gospel, XI century) (Appendix 3).

Dot, colon, three dot pyramid, four dot rhombus. In my opinion, they tell the reader themselves. Geometric figure cross, Trinity, Jesus Christ - the God-man. These are not punctuation marks - obstacles, but support, help in a difficult task - reading and understanding the text. What was the reader of the book supposed to do when he reached this sign? They make you stop. To think about something or someone, to do something. Not a punctuation rule to remember, but, probably, a prayer to read. The cross later turned into a quad, and then into a dot - a sign of dividing the text into sentences. Let's take a closer look at them.

Period in the middle of a string (corresponds to a comma)

Quadruple (a conceivable cross, corresponds to a dot)

Crosses of various types (placed to divide the sacred text into verses). (Appendix No. 4)

Interestingly, in part of the text of the Ostromirov Gospel (1056 - 1057), a cross and a wavy vertical line - “serpent” are also used, the functions of which are not clearly defined (Appendix No. 5). "Cross" and "serpent" are written in red, the point - in black, like the text itself. These signs originating from notes: on top - a sign called "horn" in ancient notation, below - "bench".

Punctuation marks (period, cross, wavy line) divided the text mainly into semantic segments or marked a stop in the work of the scribe.

Here is the explanation of the word point given by V.I. small speck."

The dot can rightly be considered the ancestor of Russian punctuation. It is no coincidence that this word (or its root) entered the name of such characters as a semicolon, colon, ellipsis. And in the Russian language of the 16th-18th centuries, the question mark was called the question point, the exclamation mark was the point of surprise. In the grammatical writings of the 16th century, the doctrine of punctuation marks was called "the doctrine of the power of points" or "about the point mind", and in the grammar of Lawrence Zizanius (1596) the corresponding section was called "On points".

Since the 15th century, it has been increasingly observed separate spelling, such a punctuation mark appears that we also use, but for us it is an “empty space”, that is, a space.

5. The advent of printing

The need for punctuation began to be acutely felt in connection with the emergence and development of printing (XV-XVI centuries). In the middle of the 15th century, the Italian typographers Manutius invented punctuation for European writing, which was accepted in general terms by most European countries and still exists.

The most common punctuation mark in Russian is the comma. This word is found in the 15th century. According to P. Ya. Chernykh, the word comma is the result of substantiation (transition into a noun) of the passive participle of the past tense from the verb coma (sya) - “to hook (sya)”, “to hurt”, “to stab”. V. I. Dal connects this word with the verbs wrist, comma, stammer - “stop”, “delay”. This explanation, in our opinion, seems reasonable.

The semicolon, which appeared later, was also initially used in the meaning of the question mark. The next punctuation marks were question and exclamation marks.

The exclamation mark [!] is also used to express exclamation (surprise) in the grammars of M. Smotrytsky and V. E. Adodurov. The rules for setting the “surprising sign” are defined in the “Russian Grammar” by M. V. Lomonosov (1755).

In the Grammar of Literature by Melenty Smotrytsky (1619), the first paired punctuation mark appeared - parentheses. Previously, this sign was called "capacious."

The colon [:] has been used as a separator since the end of the 16th century. It is mentioned in the grammars of Lavrenty Zizaniy, Melety Smotrytsky (1619), as well as in the first Russian grammar of the Dolomonos period by V. E. Adodurov (1731).

Later characters include the dash [-] and the ellipsis […]. There is an opinion that the dash was invented by N. M. Karamzin (Appendix 6). However, it has been proven that this sign was found in the Russian press already in the 60s of the 18th century, and N. M. Karamzin only contributed to the popularization and consolidation of the functions of this sign. For the first time, the dash sign [-] under the name “silent woman” was described in 1797 in the “Russian Grammar” by A. A. Barsov.

The ellipsis sign […] under the name “stop sign” is noted in 1831 in the grammar of A. Kh. Vostokov (Appendix 6), although its use occurs in writing practice much earlier.

No less interesting is the history of the appearance of the sign, which later became known as the quotation mark [""]. The word quotation mark in the meaning of a musical (hook) sign occurs in the 16th century, but in the meaning of a punctuation mark it began to be used only at the end of the 18th century. It is assumed that the initiative to introduce this punctuation mark into the practice of Russian written speech (as well as a dash) belongs to N. M. Karamzin. Scientists believe that the origin of this word is not fully understood. Comparison with the Ukrainian name of the paw makes it possible to assume that it is formed from the verb kavykat - "to hobble", "to limp". In Russian dialects, kavysh is “duckling”, “gosling”; kavka - "frog". Thus, quotation marks are “traces from duck or frog legs”, “hook”, “squiggle”.

As you can see, the names of most punctuation marks in Russian are native Russian. The names of only two signs were borrowed. Hyphen (dash) - from it. Divis (from lat. divisio - separately) and dash (line) - from the French tiret

The first attempts to comprehend punctuation in Russia are associated with names M. Greka,

L. Zizania, then - M. Smotrytsky.

Punctuation marks developed gradually in the history of the Russian language and acquired a modern look only by the 19th century.

6. Ordering Russian punctuation

The beginning of the scientific study of punctuation was laid by M. V. Lomonosov (Appendix 6) in the Russian Grammar. Today we use the Rules of Spelling and Punctuation adopted in 1956.

M. V. Lomonosov gives an exact list of punctuation marks used by that time in Russian printed literature, sets out the rules for their use in a system, formulating these rules on a semantic and grammatical basis.

The greatest merit in streamlining Russian punctuation in the 19th century belongs to Academician Ya.K. publications until 1917. Grotto sets out in detail the history and principles of Russian writing, difficult cases of spelling, gives a scientifically systematized and theoretically meaningful set of spelling and punctuation rules. The rules for the use of punctuation marks formulated by him are valuable in that they sum up the searches in the field of punctuation of previous authors. Grot's ordered punctuation, as well as spelling, rules have entered the practice of the school and publishing houses and, at their core, with minor changes, are still in effect today.

The fundamental foundations of Russian punctuation remain unchanged, which contributes to its stability, although individual punctuation rules are periodically refined and specified in connection with the development of Russian grammatical theory and the Russian literary language as a whole. Today we use the Rules of Spelling and Punctuation adopted in 1956.

7. Functions of punctuation marks in modern

Russian language

Punctuation marks are divided into:

highlighting signs that serve to mark the boundaries of a syntactic construction that is introduced into a sentence to supplement, explain its members or the entire sentence, explain its members or the entire sentence as a whole, the intonation-semantic highlighting of any part of the sentence, as well as to indicate the boundaries of the construction containing the name of the person or object to which the speech is addressed, or expressing the subjective attitude of the writer to his statement, or shaping someone else's statement: two commas - as a single pair sign, two dashes - as a single pair sign, quotation marks, brackets;
separating signs that serve to distinguish between independent sentences, their parts (main and subordinate clauses, the subject group and the predicate group), homogeneous syntactic elements (homogeneous members of the sentence, subordinate subordinate clauses), as well as to indicate the type of sentence for the purpose of the statement, the emotional the nature of the sentence, for a speech break: dot, question mark, exclamation point, comma, semicolon, colon, dash, ellipsis.

Consider the modern concept of punctuation marks:

Dot (.) in modern Russian written speech, put at the end of a declarative or motivating sentence: “It was evening. The sky was dark. The waters flowed quietly "(A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin"). The dot is used in abbreviated spelling of words (for example: etc., etc.).

Question mark (?)- a punctuation mark used to express a question. In modern Russian written speech, a question mark is put:

at the end of an interrogative sentence, including after incomplete interrogative sentences following one after another: “Who are you? Live? Dead? (A.A. Blok, "Poems about a beautiful lady");

in interrogative sentences with homogeneous members after each homogeneous member in order to dismember the question: “Yes, what am I to whom? before them? to the whole universe?

(A.S. Griboedov "Woe from Wit");

Exclamation mark (!)- a punctuation mark used to express an exclamation. In modern Russian writing, an exclamation mark is placed:

at the end of an exclamatory sentence: "Long live the revolution, joyful and speedy!" (V. Mayakovsky, poem "V. I. Lenin");
in exclamatory sentences with homogeneous members after each homogeneous member to indicate the emotional discontinuity of speech: “I rejected everything: laws! conscience! faith!" (A.S. Griboedov "Woe from Wit");
after words pronounced with exclamatory intonation - sentences, appeals, interjections, standing at the beginning (in poetic speech - and in the middle) of a sentence or used independently: “Old man! I heard many times that you saved me from death ”(M.Yu. Lermontov“ Mtsyri ”);
in brackets inside or after a quote to express the author's attitude (irony, indignation, etc.) to the quoted text.

Comma (,) - the most common punctuation mark, acting in a separating function (one comma) or in an excretory function (paired punctuation mark - two commas). The comma is used:

between homogeneous members of a sentence (connected without unions, repeating or paired unions, non-repeating unions with an opposing or concessive meaning) and between repeating words: “Winter was waiting, nature was waiting” ( A.S. Pushkin "Eugene Onegin");

between simple sentences that are part of a complex non-union or compound sentence: “The sun went behind the mountains, but it was still light”

(M.Yu. Lermontov, poem "Demon");

between the main and the subordinate clause (or to highlight the subordinate clause on both sides), between the subordinate clauses: “Go along the free path, where the free mind leads you” (A.S. Pushkin, poem “To the Poet”);
to separate or highlight isolated members of a sentence, with words or groups of words that limit or clarify other words in the sentence: “In the distance, closer to the grove, axes thudded dully” (I.S. Turgenev “Notes of a Hunter”);
with comparative turns: “like a storm, death takes the groom” (A.S. Pushkin “Boris Godunov”);
to separate or highlight words that are not grammatically related to the members of the sentence (introductory words, addresses, interjections, affirmative, negative and interrogative words): “With his eyes, it seems that he would like to eat everyone.” (I.A. Krylov, fable "Wolf in the kennel").

Semicolon (;)in modern Russian writing is put:

in complex non-union and compound sentences, if their parts are significantly common and contain commas, for example: “The pale gray sky was brighter, colder, bluer; the stars now twinkled with a faint light, then disappeared; the earth is damp, the leaves are sweating ... ”(I.S. Turgenev“ Bezhin Meadow ”).
in a simple sentence between homogeneous members of the sentence, if they are significantly common and contain commas, for example: “The same obscure objects vaguely appeared in the darkness: in some distance a black wall, the same moving spots; next to me is the croup of a horse, which, waving its tail, widely spread its legs: its back is in a white Circassian coat ... ". (L.N. Tolstoy, collected works, story "Raid").

A colon (:) is put:

before the enumeration, if it is preceded by a generalizing word or words, for example, somehow, namely, for example: “A large fish beats with a spear, such as: pikes, catfish, asps, pike perches” (S.T. Aksakov “Hunting with a spear » );
in a complex non-union sentence, if the second part reveals the content of the first part, complements the first or indicates the reason for what is said in the first part, for example: people "(M.Yu. Lermontov" Hero of Our Time ");
after the author's words introducing direct speech, for example: "I look after him and think:" Why do such people live. (M. Gorky "At the bottom").

Dash - (French tiret, from tirer - pull) - a punctuation mark in the form of a horizontal bar (-), used in simple and complex sentences, is put:

between the subject and the predicate: “Lgov is a large steppe village” (I.S. Turgenev “Notes of a Hunter”);
in front of a generalizing word after homogeneous members: “Hope and a swimmer - the whole sea swallowed up” (I.A. Krylov, works in 2 volumes. “The Old Man and Three Young”);
before a separate appendix, usually standing at the end of a sentence: "I had a cast-iron teapot with me - my only joy in traveling around the Caucasus."

(M.Yu. Lermontov "The Hero of Our Time");

between members of a sentence to express surprise or opposition: “I wanted to travel around the whole world - and didn’t travel a hundredth” ( A.S. Griboedov “Woe from Wit”);
in a complex non-union sentence to indicate a quick change of events, to express a sharp contrast, to express temporary, conditionally investigative and other relationships: “Ignat lowered his gun, the gun misfired” ( A.P. Chekhov “White-browed”);
between replicas in a dialogue given without a paragraph, or at the beginning of replicas given from a paragraph;
to indicate the breakdown of a simple sentence into verbal groups, which often happens when a member of a sentence is omitted:

“I ask you: do the workers need to be paid?” (A.P. Chekhov "Ivanov");

“Everything is obedient to me, but I am nothing” (A.S. Pushkin “Eugene Onegin”);

after a direct speech in front of the words of the author: ““ How, it’s boring! ”I exclaimed involuntarily” (M.Yu. Lermontov “A Hero of Our Time”).

Dots - (...)- a punctuation mark in the form of three adjacent dots. Dots are used:

to indicate incompleteness or a break in a statement caused by the speaker’s excitement or an unexpected transition to another thought, as well as to indicate a pause that emphasizes the text following it: “Not receiving an answer, Dunya raised her head ... and fell on the carpet with a cry.” (A.S. Pushkin "The Stationmaster");

when quoting (before the beginning of a quotation, in the middle or after it) to indicate that a frequently quoted text has been omitted. In order to distinguish a gap in a quotation from the author's ellipsis, in some special editions a special technique is used: in the case of a gap, not three, but two dots are placed side by side.

Quotes are used to textually bring someone else's speech, other people's phrases, and even individual words that the writer does not consider his own (specific intonation).

Parentheses indicate that the thought given in them completely falls out of the general course of speech, which is expressed by a different pitch of what is pronounced in brackets.

There are also additional written characters that do not belong to punctuation marks. This hyphen, space between words, apostrophe. They do not belong to punctuation marks, as they are not related to phrasal intonation.

III. Conclusion

Without punctuation marks it is impossible to imagine life today

In all countries, punctuation has the same purpose: to make speech more expressive, accessible and understandable.

Without the ability to punctuate, it is impossible to master written speech in general, which is why it is so important to know punctuation - a branch of the science of language that talks about their use. And without mastering the written language, thanks to which human knowledge and experience are passed on from generation to generation, it is impossible to even imagine life today.

Punctuation marks arose from the need to divide the written text into segments of greater or lesser independence in accordance with the semantic structure of speech. Thus, the first punctuation marks denoted pauses of greater or lesser duration within the written text. It goes without saying that writers could only be satisfied with such primitive punctuation during the initial stages of writing. And indeed, with the development of writing, especially after the introduction and spread of printing, the punctuation system became more complicated and deepened, until, in a relatively short period, it reached the state that is still preserved.

Modern Russian punctuation relies on the meaning, structure, and rhythmic-intonational division of the sentence in their interaction. Therefore, Russian punctuation is quite flexible and, along with mandatory rules, contains indications that allow punctuation options.

Punctuation is a living, mobile, developing, historically established system. Summing up the centuries-old history of writing and printing, one can see that it has steadily developed towards an increase in both the number and variety of functions of the signs used - this was facilitated by the improvement of the ways of presenting information, and the complication of human activity and the emergence of its new forms led to the emergence of new categories of written signs that appeared as a response to the need for new types of information.

Over time, punctuation has changed and become more complex. But the Russian language only benefited from this. The rich punctuation of the Russian language makes it the most beautiful language in the world. The richness of intonational shades allows it to be a poetic, picturesque language, according to many linguists and writers, the most beautiful language in the world.

The topic "The History of Punctuation" will always be relevant, because the Russian language does not exist in a frozen form. It is constantly evolving, changing, and punctuation, as a branch of the science of language, will also develop.The history of punctuation is as interesting as the past of any phenomenon.

IV. Bibliography

Aksakov S. "Notes of a rifle hunter in the Orenburg province", stories and memoirs of a hunter about various hunts. Moscow 1997
Babaitseva V. V., L. D. Chesnokova. Russian language. Theory. Moscow 1994
M. Baranov, Russian Language: Reference Materials: A Study Guide for Students. St. Petersburg 1998
Block A. Poems. Moscow. Publishing house "Moscow worker" 1975
Vakhrusheva T.V. Complete collection of spelling and punctuation. – M.: AST-PRESS, 1999.
Gorky M. "At the bottom". Moscow 1997
Granik G. G., Bondarenko S. M. "Secrets of Punctuation". 1998
Griboyedov A. S. "Woe from Wit." Publishing house "Children's Literature". Leningrad 1964
Davydova N.V. Gospel and Old Russian Literature. Moscow 1992
KrylovI. Works in 2 volumes. "The old man and three young", "Two pigeons", "The wolf in the kennel".
Lermontov M. Yu. Selected works. Moscow. " Fiction» 1983
Mayakovsky V. Poems. Moscow, 1981
Osipov B. I. History of Russian writing. Omsk 1990
Pushkin A.S. Dramatic works, prose. Publishing house "Fiction". Moscow 1981
Pushkin A. S. "Eugene Onegin" (a novel in verse). Moscow. "Children's Literature" 1977
Tolstoy L. N. Fables, fairy tales, epics. Leo Tolstoy and children. Moscow. "Children's Literature" 1975

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Do you think signs are necessary?

punctuation?

100%

Do you know what the first point looked like?

Do you know what the original name of the "semicolon" was?

The first punctuation marks appeared in the 3rd century BC, and they were proposed by the manager of the famous Alexandrian Library, the ancient Greek philologist Aristophanes. Before that, not only commas or dashes, but also capital letters or even spaces were neglected in the texts: much more in Ancient Greece and Rome appreciated a well-prepared and persuasive speech. Fluent sight reading, even on mother tongue then it looked incredible. Words and sentences that were not delimited by anything merged into a mess, and the reader, unfamiliar with the text, inevitably stopped and stammered.

Aristophanes proposed the use of three kinds of characters: the dot in the middle of a line ( ), below (.) and above ( ), which he called them comma ("comma"), colon ("colon") and period ("periodos"). True, in fact, these were rather not punctuation marks, but comments on the texts - they prompted readers how long the pause should be left between words and sentences.

The Romans were not impressed by the innovation of Aristophanes, and therefore, with the beginning of their dominance in the Mediterranean, the forerunners of modern punctuation marks again disappeared from the manuscripts. Cicero, one of the most famous Roman orators, even said that the end of a sentence should not be determined by a pause taken by the speaker, or by any symbol set by the scribe, but only by "the demands of rhythm." Later, the Romans experimented a little more with the delimitation of words by dots, but also without much enthusiasm - in the second century AD, they were canceled. Cult public speaking was too strong and the speeches delivered there were not read from paper, but were memorized by the speakers.

Punctuation marks returned to books only with the advent of Christian culture in the 4th-5th centuries of our era: if the pagans could transmit their traditions orally, then for the Christian culture the books became central part her identity. The Psalter, the four Gospels - the word of God went around the world and was actively decorated with decorative letters, intricate engravings and, of course, various signs.

Christian authors began to use punctuation marks around the 6th century to place accents in texts that helped avoid ambiguities and misunderstandings among readers. Even later, already in the 7th century, Isidore of Seville, later canonized by the Catholic Church, returns to the system of Aristophanes. At the same time, he endows the old signs with new additional meanings. The lower dot (.) now denotes not only a pause between words, but also gets the grammatical functions of the first ever comma, while the upper dot (·) marks the end of a sentence.

Shortly thereafter, in the 8th century, spaces between words also appear. They are introduced by Irish and Scottish monks, tired of isolating individual words from an endless string of unfamiliar Latin letters.

Since then, the system of points proposed by Aristophanes has become medieval Europe generally recognized and gradually develops. The new signs come from music notation inspired by Gregorian chants. These are punctus versus, which suspends the sentence (a harbinger of the modern semicolon), punctus elevatus, which indicates changes in tone (in writing it looked like an inverted semicolon, and eventually developed into a modern colon), and punctus interrogatives, used to highlight exclamatory and interrogative sentences (the modern exclamation mark appeared only in the 15th century).

As a result, the Aristophanean points began to gradually degenerate. With the advent of more specific signs, the distinctions between them became so subtle that the authors got bored with these small, medium and long pauses. Now the point could be placed anywhere in the text, and it meant something between a modern comma, a semicolon and, accordingly, a point.

An entirely new punctuation system was proposed in the 12th century by the Italian writer Boncompagno da Signa. It had only two characters: a slash (/) to indicate pauses and a dash (-) to complete a sentence. And if the fate of the latter is vague - not the fact that it was he who became the ancestor of the modern dash, then the slash immediately became incredibly popular. Compact and conspicuous, it was much better than Aristophanes' commas for marking pauses.

The punctuation system finally took shape with the release of the first printed Bible: in it, the slash Boncompagno da Signa fell down, acquired a tail and became a modern comma, a colon similar to them and a question mark joined the medieval semicolon and exclamation mark, and the ancient Greek period finally found its rightful place at the end of a sentence. For writers, this set was quite sufficient, and the printing process fixed it as the standard for many centuries to come.

And only now, when the main way of transmitting information was no longer newspapers with books, but the Internet, the punctuation system came to life again - with commas and periods scattered across the keyboard, an abstract writer of the 15th century could still cope, but what to do with emoji and emoticons?

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