Essay on social studies how many arguments. Social studies essay (USE): structure, cliché phrases, typical mistakes. Secrets of a good mini-essay
Tips for working with task C9.
When choosing a topic, a graduate should be guided by the following considerations: “I am sure that ...
1) I understand the meaning of the statement;
2) I know what the main problems of social science are related to this topic;
3) I will be able to express my attitude to the statement;
4) I know the terms;
5) I can give examples from history, public life, own experience».
1) the essay should begin with a clear and precise definition of personal position: “I agree with this opinion”; “I cannot agree with this statement”; “There is something in this statement that I agree with, and that. which seems controversial to me";
2) in the next sentence it is appropriate to formulate an understanding of the statement that became the topic of the essay;
3) the main part of the essay is a relatively detailed statement of your own opinion regarding the problem posed;
4) it is advisable that each paragraph of the essay contains only one main idea;
5) the final sentence (paragraph) summarizes the results of the work.
Example 1
“It is not the art of acquiring that one should learn, but the art of spending.” (I. Sgobey)
1. The author argues that consumers need to learn how to spend their income rationally before purchasing goods and services.
2. It's about on issues related to consumer economics.
3. I completely agree (disagree) with this statement.
4. Terms: income and expenses, limited resources, family budget, consumer behavior, consumption structure.
5. Examples: Russian nobles of the 18th - early 20th centuries... who lived “beyond their means”; some “new Russians” of the 1990s.
Additional information welcome:
1) brief information about the author of the statement (for example: I. Kant, the founder of German classical philosophy);
2) the names of his predecessors, followers or scientific opponents;
3) descriptions of different points of view on the problem or different approaches to solving it;
4) indications of the polysemy of the concepts and terms used with justification for the meaning in which they are used in the essay;
5) instructions on alternative options solving the problem.
So, the topic has been chosen. The next step is to properly structure your thoughts. In general, the structure of an essay might look like this.
"Under a pile of money may be buried human soul"(N. Hawthorne, American writer, XIX century)
1. Write the title of the topic and the name of the author again.
I paragraph
The statement of N. Hawthorne, an American writer, points to the problem of human immorality. This problem is also relevant for modern society. In our time, immorality has become so strongly integrated into a person’s personality that it leads to the commission of crimes.
II paragraph
Presentation of the author's point of view on the issue. The outstanding American writer N. Hawthorne in his statement talks about the influence of money on a person’s life, on his character, on his moral qualities. One cannot but agree with N. Hawthorne's point of view. As a person becomes richer, he “loses” his moral and ethical qualities. By receiving money, a person gains power. And having gained power over others, a person is deprived of all rationality.
III paragraph(theoretical justification of the point of view)
Morality is the degree to which an individual assimilates the moral values of society. The moral consciousness of a person is a reflection in the consciousness of a person of his attitude towards moral standards. This statement can be confirmed by the statements (opinions) of famous people (examples are given - quotes). Many active individuals discussed the morality of man, for example. Carlyle Thomas, who argued that “Cash is not the only connection between man and man.” There are sayings about that. that “money has no morals,” “money spoils a person.” And it’s difficult to resist this. Because in fact, this is how it is.
IV. Examples
The problem of the influence of money on personality was also touched upon famous writers. In his story “Hero of Our Time,” M. Yu. Lermontov reveals the essence of people who, at the head of everything, set the goal of acquiring wealth at any cost. So. the brother of the main character, in order to get a horse, decided to give his sister At the same time, the gypsy came up with a plan according to which it was conditionally impossible to involve him in committing an inhumane act.
V. Argumentation(own experience).
The influence of money on a person can be observed in Everyday life, you just have to turn on the TV. On any channel you can see news that talks about a crime committed for selfish purposes. There are so many court cases in which relatives go to extreme measures (including murder) in order to obtain a will.
VI. Conclusion
Returning to the topic raised, I can say that the problem of immorality in the country, as it was, will remain so until then. until the state establishes supervision over the observance of moral norms, since the problem of immorality is too great and cannot be “destroyed” without government intervention.
For other materials for essays and more, see the section
.
Maximum score – 6.
Work plan:
- Select one of the five quotes provided (blocks: sociology, economics, politics, philosophy, jurisprudence).
- Make an introduction by putting forward the idea of the statement and explaining it more specifically.
- Write terms that fit the idea of the quote, expand on them and link them together. Also write about your reasoning.
- Support the idea with two arguments from different sources.
- Draw a small conclusion.
Template (cliché):
1. Introduction
We form an idea for a quote (not a problem!) using the following cliche:
- “In his statement (full name) puts forward an idea...”
- And we explain it in more detail:
- “(Name) means that...”
- Write your opinion (optional):
- "I believe that…"
- “I agree (agree) with the opinion of the full name regarding...”
NO NEED TO WRITE ABOUT RELEVANCE! – most of the quotes given for the essay are unproblematic.
2. Theoretical part
Having written out the necessary concepts and terms (at least 3) on the draft, we reveal their concepts and organically fit them into the paragraph, connecting them with the idea of the quote. It is also necessary, as the theoretical part is revealed, to write your reasonings,
connecting from with terms. Cliche for the theoretical part:
- “To confirm this idea, let’s turn to theory.(First term and concept and so on) ».
3. Arguments
We write two arguments that reveal the given idea, taking them from different sources (media and literature, a movie and a social studies course at school, etc.). Cliche for arguments:
- “To confirm this idea, I will cite an article that I read in the newspaper"Bulletin". It talks about..."– the first argument.
- “From a geography/social studies/history course, I learned about this...”– second argument .
In arguments, we not only describe the situation, but also discuss its connection with the idea.
4. Conclusion
Let's briefly summarize everything written above:
- “Thus, both examples once again prove the idea put forward by the author that...”
We write briefly and clearly. We do not introduce new ideas and thoughts.
To successfully pass the exam, it is not enough to have a good command of the material; you need to learn how to write an essay in social studies.
Within the framework of it, it is important to be able to build cause-and-effect relationships, formulate conclusions and draw conclusions, referring to the facts of social life and historical events.
The article discusses how to create a competent outline and structure of an essay, as well as several specific cliches and examples.
What is a social studies essay
The written part of the Unified State Exam in social studies consists of several parts:
- text analysis;
- answers to specific questions;
- essay.
The last block is based on the fact that the graduate must choose one of several presented statements and formulate his thoughts about it, drawing on the knowledge of the social science course.
The student must reflect his understanding of the topic, position on the issue under discussion and argue for it, citing several facts from social life or history.
Essay writing rules and evaluation criteria
First of all, we will determine the basic rules that should be followed when writing an essay, as well as what the evaluators will pay attention to.
Before choosing a topic, you should carefully study not only the statements themselves, but also the area from which they are taken. It is important to be competent in the field of your chosen subject.
The point is that when writing important role Properly applied terminology will play a role.
The basic assessment criteria are as follows:
- Revealing the meaning– what is described should show an understanding of the essence of the quote. You should write as clearly and structuredly as possible. The examiner should not have the feeling that the author of the work simply superficially reformulated the statement.
- Traceable text structure, narrative logic, correct use of terms, presence of conclusions after reflection and at the end of the essay.
- Quantity and quality of arguments applied– the examples used must be relevant to the topic, reveal it more deeply and reflect the position of the author of the work. It is recommended to use information from the media, literature, and history. If there is a burning desire to make a personal argument, then it is worth veiling it under the formulation “in public life one can find a reflection of this...”.
It is important to note: If the examiner, after reading the work, is not ready to evaluate the first criterion, then zero points are given for the entire essay.
That is, even a perfectly and competently written text on the wrong topic will not be counted. In this regard, it is recommended to carefully select a topic and prepare in advance to write essays from several areas.
Writing plan and structure
Let's look at one example of a social studies essay plan:
- introductory remarks – a few words about the sphere;
- agreement or disagreement with the position of the author of the statement;
- reflection of understanding of the quote;
- making arguments;
- conclusion.
The specific template for class 11 will be provided below. A correctly written essay will solve problems with more than ten percent of the points.
How to Write an Essay on Social Studies
Below is an approximate structure of an essay that can be used as a template.
The statement I have chosen relates to the economic (social, political, spiritual, legal) sphere:
- Economic sphere studies the rules of farming, as well as individual economies of countries.
- The social sphere studies the structure of society, the totality of interconnected social groups, individuals and the relationships between them.
- The political sphere studies the fundamentals and standards in government, organization political life and the formation of the political system.
- The legal sphere studies a set of interrelated rules of conduct, as well as sanctions for violating norms protected by the power of the state.
- The spiritual sphere studies concepts related to culture and morality, as well as the foundations of knowledge and worldview.
The statement is associated with such a concept as *** *** - this (definition of the concept from the statement).
In public life/in history/in literature one can find confirmation of this:
1. Argument 1.
2. Argument 2.
Thus, we can conclude that (reformulation 2).
Quotes, cliché phrases for essays
Despite the fact that the topics are different, in order to emphasize your knowledge of terminology, it is acceptable to use certain blanks in the form of phrases and quotes. The main thing is to use them wisely, that is, insert them where it is relevant.
A few examples of how you can use ready-made cliche phrases:
- The Criminal Code indicates that “the law is favorable to minors”, since for many crimes of minor and medium gravity they receive leniency.
- The fact that personality is formed only in the process of interaction with other people shows that “a person is unthinkable outside of society.”
Below is a table with a bank of arguments and phrases that are allowed to be used. Wise sayings are not as typical for the 9th grade exam as for the graduation exam.
Social Studies Essay Examples
The essay is written first in a rough draft, and then in full on blank sheets. A sample is presented below.
Quote: “Business is a combination of war and sport.”
The statement I have chosen relates to the economic sphere. The economic sphere studies the rules of economic management, as well as individual economies of countries.
The statement is associated with the concept of a business - an enterprise whose activities are aimed at generating income.
I agree with the author of the statement that business is a competitive activity in which economic entities compete with each other. Just like in war and sports, business requires knowledge, experience and consistency of action.
In public life one can find confirmation of this:
- war is a conflict between parties in the form of armed struggle. In business, of course, cases of armed confrontation are rare, but there are conflicts between competitors, and they use different means struggle;
- Achieving success in business requires investing a lot of time, effort and energy. The same is true for sports.
Thus, we can conclude that the combination of war and sport characterizes business very well.
Statement – “Science is ruthless - it shamelessly refutes common misconceptions.”
The statement I have chosen relates to the social sphere. The social sphere studies the structure of society, the totality of interconnected social groups, individuals and the relationships between them.
The statement is associated with such a concept as science. Science is one of the forms of human knowledge, a system of reliable knowledge about the laws of development of nature, society and man.
History confirms this:
- people were sure that the Earth was flat, but Magellan's voyage refuted this, and it became known that the planet was spherical;
- for millennia there has been a misconception about geocentric system world, but the teachings of Copernicus debunked this myth. It became known that all planets, including the Earth, revolve around the Sun.
Thus, we can conclude that scientific advances constantly refute previously acquired knowledge, forcing people to reconsider their beliefs.
Man is unthinkable outside of society (L. N. Tolstoy)
Laws owe their power to morals (C. Helvetius)
Culture always implies the preservation of previous experience (Yu. Lotman)
To manage means to foresee (Catherine the Great)
Man is the only creature subject to education (I. Kant)
Progress is the father of problems
Science is organized knowledge (G. Spencer)
Power over oneself is the highest power (L. N. Tolstoy)
Everyone wants to be the exception to the rule (M. Forbes)
Science is a graveyard of hypotheses (A. Poincaré)
Art knows no conscience (G. Mann)
Society is created by moral principles (F. M. Dostoevsky)
The goal of creativity is dedication (B. Pasternak)
Writing a social studies essay is a step that requires the student to concentrate and be able to quickly respond to the information received. In this regard, it is recommended to do homework in the form of a learned structure, common cliches and ready-made statements.
When clarifying how many words there are in an essay, it is worth noting that the decisive role is played not by size, but by content. The easiest way to learn to write about society is to practice regularly.
Essentially, the subject “Social Studies” includes information on various aspects of social life, studied within the framework of the following humanities: economics, law, philosophy, sociology, political science and, to some extent, history. That's why to get good results careful and advance preparation is necessary.
Every year, students experience the greatest difficulties in completing task C9, to which the term “essay” has traditionally been assigned.
What is an essay? “Essay (French essai - experience, sketch) is a small genre of philosophical, literary-critical, historical-biographical, journalistic prose, combining the emphatically individual position of the author with a relaxed, often paradoxical presentation, focused on colloquial speech"(Modern Encyclopedia). It does not pretend to be an exhaustive completeness or a definitive interpretation of the subject; its task is to express an opinion. An essay on social science is a creative mini-essay on a specific issue related to one of the basic social sciences.
It is well known that few graduates manage to write an essay that maximally satisfies the criteria, but the success of the entire exam sometimes depends on the successful completion of this task.
Based on the results of the past school year Of the 40 students at our school who took the Unified State Exam in social studies, 3 graduates received 1 point for the essay, 2 graduates - 2 points, 18 graduates - 3 points, 15 graduates - 4 points, and only 1 graduate received the maximum number of points. How can you achieve better results?
I propose to my colleagues an algorithm that will help students prepare more thoroughly for the exam.
Algorithm for completing task C9
Paragraph I consists of two parts.
1) It is necessary to indicate what problem the author raises in this statement.
Cliché phrases:
In this statement the author raises the problem...
- significance (of something...),
- the role of (something...) in the life of a person and society.
2) It is important to indicate the relevance of this problem.
Cliché phrases:
This problem is relevant in the conditions...
I've thought about this many times in my life...
This topic is relevant to me personally...
For society as a whole...
For modern Russia...
For all humanity...(if the statement raises a global problem).
Paragraph II consists of three parts.
1) It is necessary to introduce the author.
2) Reveal the meaning of the statement in your own words (without quoting the author).
3) Say whether you agree or disagree with the author’s opinion.
Cliche phrases for the second part of the second paragraph:
The meaning of this statement is that...
The author draws our attention to the fact that...
The author is convinced that...
Cliche phrases for the third part of the second paragraph:
I am ready to agree with the author's opinion...
I am ready to share the author's point of view...
I am ready to agree with the author in that part of the statement where he...
I'm ready to argue with the author's opinion...
The author was right in asserting that...
I partly share the author’s point of view regarding... but I can’t agree...
Paragraph III consists of two parts.
1) Theoretical argumentation. It is necessary to reveal the meaning of social science terms and concepts.
2) Practical argumentation. Arguments must justify their own position.
Confirm your point of view with facts and examples from life, literature, history, and the media.
IV paragraph consists of one part - conclusion.
The conclusion should not coincide verbatim with the judgment; it brings together the ideas of the arguments and sums up the reasoning.
Cliché phrases:
This problem is so multifaceted that it is very difficult to give an unambiguous assessment...
The problem raised by the author has a number of aspects; in my essay I tried to reveal only one (some) of them. The rest remained outside the scope of my essay.
The topic for discussion remains open...
I have a different point of view, different from the author's...
Thus, we can conclude...
Summing up common feature, I would like to point out that...
To summarize, we can list questions that are related to this problem (topic), but remain unsolved...
Choosing an essay topic is also a responsible task. When choosing a problem, a graduate must be sure that he:
- has good knowledge of the basic science to which this topic relates;
- clearly understands the meaning of the statement (note: I do not agree with it, but understands what exactly the author is saying);
- can express his attitude to the statement (agree completely or partially, try to refute it);
- knows the social science terms that will be needed for a competent discussion of the topic based on theoretical knowledge (in this case, the terms and concepts to be used must relate directly to the topic of the essay);
- will be able to give examples from history, public life, and his own life experience to support his position.
It is worth noting that this technique should not limit the graduate; on the contrary, it is necessary that the work be free and creative.
I offer you some works of graduates of our school.
Essay on the topic “Children’s rights in the hands of adults”
The happiness of the whole world is not worth one tear on the cheek of an innocent child.
F.M.Dostoevsky
Not only in the past, but also in our time, when individual states differ extremely high level life, when the richest powers in the world spend billions on weapons, when citizens of these states buy luxury goods, when industry is so developed Agriculture, millions of children are fading away, deteriorating without the most necessary things, at least for physical development.
The growth rate of child crime has increased, drug addiction and alcoholism are becoming younger. In third world countries, the infant mortality rate is very high, and in some regions there is a serious problem with child nutrition. There is an economic crisis, and it is primarily destroying childhood.
Of course, a lot has changed in the field of law since the time of Dostoevsky.
System modern law more humane and developed, but the question remains open. There are many documents and decrees that protect the rights of the child, but the point is not whether these rights are violated or whether the laws are enforced. The problem, especially in our country, is this: the level of legal culture is very low. It is for this reason that the rights of the child are violated.
One of the main documents is the Declaration of the Rights of the Child, proclaimed by the UN General Assembly in 1959, which plays a major role in the protection of childhood. Its content was a call for justice for children.
However, we are adults and understand perfectly well that declarations are advisory in nature and their norms are not binding. Another thing is the convention, which is executed by those who signed it. Work on it began in International Year child (1979), on November 20, 1989, the convention was unanimously adopted by the UN General Assembly, and a year later it was ratified by our country.
I believe that every child should become familiar with the Convention on the Rights of the Child. Some provisions of the convention are unusual for everyday consciousness and may cause misperception and erroneous interpretation. Thus, the right to free expression of thought, taken literally, can result in a disrespectful attitude towards adults and become fertile ground for rudeness. As you can see, any law is a double-edged sword, so it should be recalled that the rights and freedoms of one person end where the rights and freedom of another person begin.
Children's rights in the hands of adults? I think, yes, undoubtedly, the rights of the younger generation are in the hands of adults, who accepted everything regulations, protecting the rights of children, they monitor the implementation of these rights. In turn, children are very dependent on adults who violate children's rights. But it also happens differently: children very often abuse their rights, and local authorities are ready to make an international scandal out of any incident, which is very clearly visible in European countries and the USA. Yes, in the West everything is strict and often exaggerated with this. Apparently, even in such a topic as children’s rights, the good old principle “everything is relative” is preserved, so I put an ellipsis in the title of the essay...
Essay on the topic “Triumph over oneself is the crown of philosophy” (Diogenes)
I am ready to agree with the words of Diogenes and accept his point of view. But in order to say one way or another, you need to know who this person is and what he did.
Diogenes of Sinope - former owner minting workshop, convicted of damaging coins and sold into slavery; the man who shouted at the slave market: “Who wants to buy himself a master?!” Diogenes, who challenged the moral principles and social values of Athens at that time, is one of the few philosophers who preached as they lived and lived as they preached.
He led a beggarly and ascetic lifestyle: he slept in a barrel, which served as his home, and ate mainly lentils and cabbage. Of course, the lifestyle of this thinker makes many wonder about his adequacy, and the philosopher himself called himself “Diogenes the dog.” All his life he tried to cleanse himself of everything unnecessary and sincerely believed that through external asceticism one could achieve wisdom and harmony.
But let's return to the statement. I will try to reveal its meaning. I would especially highlight the word “triumph”. They celebrate when they are happy about something: luck, victory. I think this is exactly what the philosopher wanted to say. Diogenes' triumph is a triumph of victory over oneself, which can be confirmed by an example from the life of Diogenes. One day he was sitting by a stream and watching a little boy who was drinking water, scooping it up with his hands. The Thinker exclaimed: “This boy has surpassed me in simplicity,” and after that Diogenes threw away his bowl, which he had used to draw water. Then, at the stream, Diogenes, as he himself believed, took a step closer to simplicity, having triumphed over himself and got rid of the unnecessary.
It is triumph over oneself after effort and struggle that saves many. Without him, we would not have such amazing records in sports. Remember our Paralympic team, which showed a much better result than the team of physically fit people. Victory over yourself through willpower helps you reach such heights. Without this, we would not have won the war, only the strength of spirit allowed the fighters to go into battle with one rifle between them, and the pilot Maresyev to dance “Yablochko” on prosthetics. All these are examples of victory over oneself.
I would say that triumph over oneself is the crown of not just philosophy, but the philosophy of life, which, of course, is a separate topic for discussion. Should a person live, overcoming himself, triumphing over himself, or live in idleness?! Everyone decides for themselves what is better and closer to them. In any case, the topic remains open.
Liliana AGAYAN, history and social studies teacher at secondary school No. 75 in Krasnodar
Description of the presentation by individual slides:
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Social studies essay (USE): structure, cliché phrases, typical mistakes Prepared by social studies teacher: Kalibernaya V.V.
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No. Essay evaluation criteria Points K1 Disclosure of the meaning of the statement The meaning of the statement is revealed OR the content of the answer gives an idea of its understanding 1 The meaning of the statement is not disclosed, the content of the answer does not give an idea of its understanding 0 K2 The nature and level of theoretical argumentation The presence of erroneous provisions from the point of view of scientific social science leads to reduce the score for this criterion by 1 point The selected topic is revealed based on relevant concepts, theoretical provisions and conclusions 2 Certain concepts or provisions related to the topic, but not related to each other and other components of the argumentation, are given 1 Argumentation on theoretical level absent (the meaning of key concepts is not explained; theoretical provisions, conclusions are missing) OR concepts, provisions and conclusions are used that are not directly related to the topic being disclosed 0 K3 Quality of factual argumentation Facts and examples are drawn from various sources: media reports, materials from educational subjects (history) are used , literature, geography, etc.), facts of personal social experience and own observations (at least two examples from different sources are given) 2 Factual argumentation is given based only on personal social experience and everyday ideas OR example(s) are given ) from a source of the same type 1 Factual information is missing OR the facts presented do not correspond to the thesis being substantiated 0 Maximum score 5
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1. Quote. 2. The problem raised by the author; its relevance. 3. The meaning of the statement. 4. Own point of view. 5. Argumentation at the theoretical level. 6. At least two examples from social practice, history and/or literature confirming the correctness of the opinions expressed. 7. Conclusion. Essay structure
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1. Selecting a statement When choosing statements for an essay, you must be sure that you know the basic concepts of the basic science to which it relates; clearly understand the meaning of the statement; you can express your own opinion (fully or partially agree with the statement or refute it); you know the social science terms necessary to competently substantiate a personal position at a theoretical level (the terms and concepts used must clearly correspond to the topic of the essay and not go beyond it); you will be able to give examples from social practice, history, literature, as well as personal life experience to confirm your own opinion.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Philosophy The relationship between matter and consciousness. Space and time as forms of being. Movement and development as ways of existence. The problem of the essence of consciousness. Features of the human psyche. The relationship between the conscious and the unconscious. The infinity of the process of cognition. The question of the knowability of the world: agnosticism and gnosticism. The relationship between the subject and the object of cognition. The relationship between sensory experience and rational thinking, their basic forms. Intuition and its role in cognition. Truth and its criteria. Relative and absolute truth.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Philosophy Empirical and theoretical levels of scientific knowledge. Interaction between nature and society. Ecological problem and ways to solve it. Material and spiritual aspects of social life, their relationship. The relationship between the individual and society. The relationship between freedom and responsibility of the individual. Culture as a transformative activity of man as a whole. Multivariate social development. The essence of civilization. Basic approaches to the study of society. Social progress, its criteria and main stages. Spiritual life of society.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Philosophy Social consciousness, its structure and forms. Science as a form of social consciousness. Aesthetic consciousness. Philosophical understanding of art. Religion as a form of culture, a type of worldview. Moral consciousness. Philosophical understanding of morality. The main global problems of humanity and possible ways to solve them. Information revolution as the most important component of scientific and technological revolution. The role of the masses and individuals in history. Globalization of public life.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Social Psychology Interpersonal communication, its essence and tasks to be solved. The essence and barriers of interpersonal communication and possible options for their elimination. Intrapersonal conflict– conflict social roles one man. Interaction, communication between people, building their relationships. Psychological climate of the team. A man among people. Essential characteristics of a small group. Relationships between the individual and the group. Features of group formation. Roles, norms and personality status. Self-control as the correlation of one’s behavior with the norms of society or group. Self-determination as choosing your own position.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Social psychology Discrepancy between the aspirations and capabilities of people. The relationship between the main spheres of personality socialization. National identity. Social interaction. The meaning of the communication process. The essence of social conflict. Relationships between the individual and the team. Sources of social progress. Social development. Family relationships. Conflict between fathers and sons. The essence of the crowd and herd instinct. Socio-psychological portrait of a leader. Family relationships. A system of organizational, socio-economic, psychological, moral and legal decisions that ensure effective implementation possibilities of the individual in society and group.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Economics Contradiction between limited resources and limitlessness human needs. The problem of economic choice. Factors of production and their importance in the economy. Labor as a type of activity and economic resource. Capital as an economic resource. Intellectual capital as main source formation of competitive advantages in economic activity. Factors that determine the productivity and competitiveness of production in modern economy. The essence and functions of money in economics. Efficient use of resources.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Economics The meaning of the social division of labor. Two sides of the social division of labor are specialization and cooperation. The benefits of social labor cooperation: collaboration, learning by doing and comparative advantage. Efficiency in the allocation of available resources. The role of trade in the development of society. Incentives and production efficiency. Fairness in the distribution of social benefits. The essence of market relations. The role of the state in regulating the economy.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Sociology Fulfillment of various social roles. Science as a social institution. Social features Sciences. Education as a social institution, its functions in society and its relationship with other social institutions. Interaction between religion and society. Family as a social institution and small group. Family structure and functions, patterns family behavior. A person's attitude towards work, his social activity. The impact of globalization on local life. The influence of national factors on the social structure and migration of the population. National identity. Trends interethnic relations. Interethnic conflicts. National characteristics value orientations and behavioral stereotypes.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Jurisprudence Law as a regulator of social life. Social value of law. The essence and specific features of the state. Politic system and the role of the state in it. Law and morality: similarities and differences. Lawmaking: principles, types, lawmaking process. Mechanism for the implementation of fundamental rights, freedoms and responsibilities of the individual. State and civil society. Concept, signs social state. Legal nihilism and ways to overcome it. Offences: concepts, signs and composition. Types of offenses. The essence of legal responsibility. Legal culture.
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Political Science The political system of society and its role in the life of society. The place and role of the state in the political system of society. Parties and social movements in the political system of society. Features of modern political relations. Subjects of politics. Global politics And international relationships. Types of human attitudes towards politics. Regulation of political behavior and political activity. The relationship between goals and means in politics. Political progress and its criteria. The relationship between economics, politics and law. Essence and features political power. The nature and functions of political power. Legitimacy of political power and its types. Political regime: concept and characteristics.
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2. Definition of the problem of statement Political Science The essence of a democratic regime. Authoritarian regime. Totalitarian regime. Political system of society: concept, functions and structure. Origin of the state. The essence and characteristics of the state. State sovereignty. State power as a special type social power. Form of state and its elements. The relationship between society and the state. Civil society: concept, structure, features. Correlation and relationship between state and law. Rule of law: concept and principles. Separation of powers as a principle rule of law. State and individual: mutual responsibility. Concept, functions, types and structure political parties. Party systems. Socio-political movements, pressure groups.
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2. Definition of the problem of statement Political Science Political relations. Political pluralism. Essence and structure political process. Revolution and reform as types of political transformations. Political modernization. Uprising, riot, mutiny, putsch as types of political process. Political campaigns: their strategy and tactics. Populism: concept and signs. Direct and representative democracy. Political decision. The essence and functions of political leadership. Political consciousness: concept, structure, functions. The role of ideology in politics. Political culture: concept and structure, types. Interaction of the individual, society and state. The functioning of political norms, values, expectations, orientations and aspirations characteristic of different social groups. Interaction of the institution of law with others social institutions
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2. Definition of the problem of the statement Sociology The relationship between objective and subjective factors influencing social processes. The role of spiritual and material assets in people's lives. Social inequality and struggle. Maintaining the stability of social life. Progressive change (progress) in the organization of society. Patterns of differentiation of male and female social roles. Historically unequal relationships between men and women. Specific qualities of the city. Social nature knowledge, thinking, activities of society. Processes of information transfer between social groups. Youth as a social community. Features of socialization of generations entering life. Features of the lifestyle of young people. Formation of life plans, goals and value orientations. Social mobility.
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After formulating the problem, it is necessary to indicate the relevance of the problem in modern conditions. To do this, you can use cliche phrases: This problem is relevant in the context of... ...globalization public relations; ...formation of a unified information, educational, economic space; ...exacerbation global problems modernity; ...special controversial scientific discoveries and inventions; ...development international integration; ...modern market economy; ...development and overcoming the global economic crisis; ...strict differentiation of society; ...open social structure modern society; ...formation of the rule of law; ...overcoming the spiritual and moral crisis; ...dialogue of cultures; ...the need to preserve one's own identity and traditional spiritual values.
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3. Formulation of the main idea of the statement “The meaning of this statement is that...” “The author draws our attention to the fact that...” “The author is convinced that...”
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4. Determining your position on the statement “I agree with the author that...” “One cannot disagree with the author of this statement regarding...” “The author was right in asserting that...” “In my opinion , the author quite clearly reflected in his statement the picture of modern Russia (modern society... the situation that has developed in society... one of the problems of our time)” “I beg to differ with the author’s opinion that...” “Partly, I share the author’s point of view regarding..., but I can’t agree with...” “Have you ever thought about the fact that...?”
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An additional advantage of the essay is the inclusion in it: brief information about the author of the statement (for example, “an outstanding French philosopher-educator”, “a great Russian thinker of the Silver Age”, “a famous existentialist philosopher”, “the founder of an idealistic movement in philosophy”, etc.); descriptions of different points of view on a problem or different approaches to solving it; indications of the ambiguity of the concepts and terms used with justification for the meaning in which they are used in the essay; indications of alternative solutions to the problem.
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Requirements for graduates' work: 1) adequate understanding of the problem and the meaning of the statement; 2) correspondence of the content of the essay to the stated problem; 3) highlighting and revealing in the essay the main aspects of the problem pointed out by the author of the statement; 4) aspects of the problem must be disclosed in a given scientific context; 5) a clear definition of the student’s position, his attitude to the problem, to the opinion of the author of the statement; 6) justification of one’s own position at the theoretical level; 7) reinforcement of the above theoretical provisions with meaningful facts of social life, social behavior, personal experience; 8) the logic of the graduate’s reasoning; 9) absence of social science (essential, terminological) and other (factual, logical, ethical) errors; 10) compliance of the essay with the requirements of the genre and the norms of the Russian language. There are no strict requirements for the length of an essay in social studies. It depends on many factors: the complexity of the topic, the student’s level of preparation, the graduate’s mindset, and the availability of time. The main attention is paid to the quality of work, adequacy and completeness of the problem.
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1. Quote “Culture is the inevitable path of man and humanity.” (N. Berdyaev) 2. The problem raised by the author, its relevance The problem of culture as a set of means and methods for transforming the world by man and all the results of this transformation. OR The problem of spiritual culture as a way to realize the creative needs and abilities of a person. The aspect of cultural continuity as a way of preserving and developing humanity. 3. The meaning of the statement The author argues that society cannot exist without creating culture. 4. For argumentation at a theoretical level, it is necessary to reveal theses and concepts: The concept of culture in the broad and narrow sense of the word. Types of culture: individual, collective. Typology of culture: folk, mass, elite. The problem of dialogue of cultures. The role of culture in the formation of an individual's personality. 5. Examples 1. A schoolgirl writes poetry, paints - she makes her contribution to culture. 2. Manifestations of youth subcultures (emo, goths, punks).
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